2. NOUN CLASSES
• COMMON & PROPER
-Naming a particular person, place, thing, event, or idea
(proper noun)
-Nouns that present general idea (common noun)
• CONCRETE & ABSTRACT
-nouns which names something or someone that can be
perceived by our senses (concrete)
-ideas that we understand even if we haven’t perceive
them yet
(Abstract)
3. • Count & non-Count
-nouns that can have singular or plural form (count
nouns)
-nouns that you cannot count (non count)
• Collective Nouns
-nouns naming a group of things, animals, or
persons. Members of the group are countable yet
they usually regard the group as one.
4. • Subject of Verbs
Several items have ambiguous stems.
• Direct object of Verbs
They administered the test.
• Indirect objects of Verbs
The lecturer provided the participants handouts.
• Subject noun predicates
We are LET reviewers
5. • Object of Noun predicates
-the class chose him their representative
• Object of prepositions
-in the DSLU review class
• Appositives
LET, a professional examination, is
conducted every year.
• Vocatives
Anne, how did you find the exam?
6. TYPES OF PRONOUNS
• PERSONAL – I, me, you, he, him, her, she, it, we, us,
they, them
• POSSESSIVE – my, mine, your, yours, her, hers, his its,
our
• DEMONSTRATIVE – this, that, these, those
• INTERROGATIVE – who, whom, whose, which, what
8. • Denote action
• Has 4 inflections
• INTRANSITIVE VERBS do not take an object
• TRANSITIVE VERBS require an object
• Linking/copula verbs
• TENSE
• ASPECT
9. • Non-count noun subjects take singular
verb.
• The food is good
• Unity builds a nation
• In most cases, collective noun subjects
take singular verbs, but if the group I
viewed as individual members, use a plural
verb.
• The class is going on a field trip
10. • Subject nouns that are derived from adjectives and
describe people take plural verbs.
• The rich are in favour of tax cut
• The poor are opposing the proposal to revise the constitution.
• Some proper noun subjects that ends in –s such as
names of courses, diseases, places, as well as book and
film titles and the word news, take singular verbs.
•
•
•
•
Wales is a beautiful region
Measles often has side effects
Mathematics is an interesting subject
The news was very good.
11. Note: There are some nouns that have the same
singular and plural form, in this case, the subject
may take either a singular or a plural verb,
depending on the intention or the meaning that you
wish to express.
• Several species have died over the past centuries
• Every species has its own means for survival.
• Plural subject nouns of distance, time, and
money that signal one unit take a singular verb.
• Nine hundred nautical miles is too far to travel in a day.
12. • Basic arithmetical observations (add, subtract, multiply,
divide) takes singular verb
• Four times five equals twenty.
• For items that have two parts, when you use the word
“pair”, the verb is singular but without the word “pair”, the
verb is plural.
• My pair of scissors is lost
• My scissors are lost.
• Clausal subjects are singular even if the nouns referred
to are plural.
• What we need is more reference books.
13. • Gerund and infinitive subjects take a singular verb
• Reading books is my hobby
• To err is human
• With fractions, percentages, and the quantifiers all (of), a
lot of, verb agreement depends on the noun coming after
these phrases:
• A singular noun, noun clause, or non-count noun takes a singular
verb.
• A lot of information is about maritime disasters and safety
procedures
• A plural noun takes a plural verb
• A lot of students need a review on previous materials
• A collective noun can take either a singular or plural verb
depending on meaning
• All my batchmates (stay, stays) at the dorm.
14. • The ff. indefinite pronouns are always singular:
-one words
-body words
-thing words
others
Anyone
Everyone
Someone
No one
One
Anybody
Everybody
Somebody
Nobody
Anything
Everything
Something
Nothing
Each
Every
• Every cadet has a responsibility to study their lessons well.
• Nothing satisfies her.
15. Note: Indefinite pronouns such as: all, any, a lot of, none,
most, and some can be singular or plural. They are singular
when they refer to a singular or non count noun or pronoun.
They are plural when they refer to a plural noun or
pronoun.
• Some of the books are important
• Some of the snow has melted
• With a number of as a subject, use a plural verb
• With the number of as a subject, use a singular verb
• A number of cadets are taking the exam
• The number of cadets taking the exam is 75.
16. • With NONE as a subject, use a singular verb
• None of the supplies is here
• With EITHER or NEITHER as a subject, use a singular verb
• (Either/Neither) was acceptable to me.
• With correlative subjects EITHER OR or NEITHER NOR, the
verb agrees with the closer subject
• Either Bob or my cousins are going to do it.
• Neither my cousins nor Bob is going to do it.
17. • With there subjects, the verb is singular or plural
depending on whether the noun phrase following the verb
is singular or plural.
• There is one book on the table
• There are (three books/ a book and a pen) on the table
• When the subjects joined by AND refer to a single unit or
is considered as one, it takes a singular verb.
• Bread and butter is a common breakfast for Americans
18. • Follow the general rule in pairing subjects and verbs
regardless of prepositional phrases or clauses that are
sometimes placed in between subject and verb
• The color of his eyes is blue.
• The verb after the relative pronouns who, which, and that
agrees with its antecedent.
• Children may not see a film that has an X-rating
• Children may not see films that have an X-rating
19. • PARTICIPLE - Verb form used as an adjective
• Present participle (clinging, winding, running, sinking)
• Past participle (reserved, buried, worn, bent)
• The winning team shook hands with the defeated team.
• The blazing sun melted the frozen pond.
• Participle Tim carefully repaired his torn jackets
• Verb
His jacket was torn in several places.
20. • PARTICIPIAL PHRASE is a participle with its modifiers
and complements – all working together as an adjective
• Purring softly, the car seemed very contented
• The instructions, written in French, were impossible for me to read
• Every runner winning a race will receive a medal
• GERUND is a verb that is used as a noun
•
•
•
•
•
•
As a SUBJECT
As a DO
As an IO
As an OP
As a PN
Appositive
Pointing is impolite
Pamela likes Skating
she gives her running an hour each day
My friend went a whole day without speaking
this year, my favorite winter sport was skiing.
Tim has a new major, engineering
21. • GERUND PHRASE is a gerund with its modifiers and
complements – all working together as a noun.
• Traveling inexpensively is a necessity for them
• Bryan surprised us by visiting for a week
• Painting landscapes is Rebecca’s specialty
• INFINITIVE is a verb form that usually begins with to. It is
used as a noun, adjective or adverb.
• To err is human
• Everyone should learn to cook
• Chimpanzees are quick to learn
22. • INFINITIVE PHRASE is an infinitive with its
modifiers and complements – all working
together as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb
• Everyone on the committee promises to work hard
• To win at chess requires concentration and patience
23. 1. The number of girls taking mechanical drawing
(has, have) doubled this year)
2. Some of the milk (was, were) spilt
3. Coffee, like many other beverages, (acts, act)
as stimulant
4. Either Jane or Maria (is, are) driving tonight
5. The jury (has, have) been out for ten hours.
6. The jury (has, have) not been able to come to
an agreement.
24. 7. (Was, Were) the dog fed today?
8. Mumps (is, are) a dangerous disease for adults
to contract.
9. My Life and Hard Times (tell, tells) about
amusing incidents in James Thurber’s
childhood.
10. Bacon and egg (is, are) my normal breakfast.
FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS
11. Due to arthritis, she could no longer hold the
needle
12. Hannah will be our new treasurer
13. Andrew Johnson became the president after
25. 14. Jerry gave his car a name.
15. In the sandhill by the sea, you’ll find her.
VERBALS and VERBAL PHRASES
16. Those are the strawberries to freeze.
17. Talking is not allowed in the study hall.
18. The heaviest dog on record was a Saint
Bernard weighing 295 pounds.
19. They gave rehearsing all of their free time
20. He trained to become a nurse
26. • IDENTIFYING PARTS OF SPEECH
1. Porch furniture is on sale now.
2. They climbed aboard the ship.
3. Put the card inside.
4. The roses were a symbol of his love
5. The somewhat awkward child dances quite well.
6. The tomatoes and green beans will soon be ready.
7. How large is you stamp collection?
8. Ink the stamp pad!
9. Take either the bus or the train
10. The bicycle certainly looks sleek.
