5. ➲Osteology – study of structure, function and
composition of bones
Chondrology - study of structure, function and
composition of cartilges
Function Of Bones
Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral storage
Hemopoeisis/hematopoiesis
Leverage for locomotion
6. Gross Anatomy of Bones
I. Compact Bones
Long Bones
Diaphysis
-tubular part
Epiphyses
-bone ends
Epiphyseal Plate
7. • Blood Vessel
-with nutrient arteries and veins
• Medullary cavity
-marrow cavity of bones
Membrane
Periosteum
-covers the entire outer surface of
each bone except in epiphyses
Endosteum
- innermost covering of bones
11. Bone Development
OSSIFICATION – process of bone
development
1. Intramembranous ossification
- direct bone development of membrane
bones
2.Endochondral ossification
- development of bones preceeded by
cartilages
12. Classification of Bones
1. Long Bones
Ex. femur, humerus
2. Short Bones
Ex. trapezoid
3. Flat Bones
Ex. Sternum, ribs
4. Irregular Bones
Ex. Hip bones, vertebrae
13. TYPES OF BONES :
(OSTEOGENESIS)
1. Compact Bone (Lamellar Bone)
- hard bone matrix – CaCO3,CaPO4,OH)
- long bones
2. Spongy Bone (Cancelous Bone)
- consist of bony trabecullae and bone marrow
- trabeculae – beams,bars,rods
- irregularly arranged lamellae without
haversian canals
14. BONE MARROW
Occupies cavities between trabellae
Yellow marrow – a reticulum of connective
tissue fibers that support blood vessels, nerve
fibers, adipose tissues
Red Marrow – (Hemopoietic Bone)
- site of RBC and Some type of WBC
production
- ex. Flat bones
15. 3.ACELLAR BONES (ASPIDIN)
Bones formed in scales of modern fishes
No canaliculi
Ex. Scales of fishes,cementum of teeth
4. MEMBRANE BONE
formed by blastema (mesenchymal cells w/c differentiates into
tissues)
Develop through ossification
Bone deposited directly within the membranous blastema without
being preceeded by cartilages (intramembranous)
May be compact or spongy,lamellar or non-lamellar, no haversian
canals
Ex. Lower jaw, skull, pectoral girdles,dentin, dermal bones of
teleost,apodans
16. 5. Replacement Bones
Arise from pre-existing cartilages
Soft bones
Endochondral ossification
Ex. Fontannels, tetrapod bones with
cartilaginous diaphysis and 2 epiphysis,
epiphyseal plate
17. II. Cartilage
- specialized connective tissue in which fibers
are laid down along the lines of stress in long,
parallel arrays firm and flexible
chondrocytes - cartilage cells that live within
spaces (lacunae) within cartilage matrix
-CHONDRIFICATION – chondroblast-
chondrocytes
17
21. 4. THE CALCIFIED CARTILAGE
The cartilages replaced by bones
Ex. Jaw, fins of sharks, fontannels of the fetal
human skull
22. III. DENTIN
Developed from the odontoblast
Odontoblast are not trapped in lacunae during
osteogenesis – retreat as dentin deposits
Canaliculi – dentibal tubules
Ex. Enameloid of placoid scales, dentin of the
teeth
23. IV. ENAMEL
Developed from ameloblasts
Teeth – important for digestion
24. V. BONE REMODELING
PRESKELETAL MESENCHYMAL BLASTEMA
CARTILAGES
RESORPTION OF Ca Membrane Bone
Replacement Bones
CONTINUAL RESORPTION AND REMODELING
25. PARATHORMONE AND
CALCITONIN
The hormones that influence or regulates the
withdrawal of calcium to maintain calcification
OSTEOBLAST – developing bone cells
OSTEOCLAST – bone destructing cells
OSTEOCYTES – bone-building cells
28. Phases of Healing of Fractures
Hematoma Formation
Fibrocartilaginous Callus Formation
Body Callus Formation
Bone Remodeling
29. FRACTURE HEALING
HEMATOMA CARTILAGINOUS BONY REMODELING
NORMAL FORMATION CALLUS CALLUS
BONE & CARTILAGI-
NOUS
MEMBRANE
30. The Articular System
Joints/articulation
-places where the rigid elements of the skeleton
meet.
TYPES OF JOINTS ACCORDING TO FUNCTION:
1. Synarthroses
-fixed or immovable joints
2. Amphiarthroses
-slightly movable joints
3. Diarthroses
-freely movable joints
31. TYPES OF JOINTS ACCORDING
TO STRUCTURE:
1. FIBROUS JOINTS
a. structures
-minimal connected tissue
b. syndesmoses
-connected by ligaments
c. gamphoses
-peg-in-socket joint
32. 2. CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
a. synchondrosis
-hyaline cartilage
b.symphyses
-fibrocartilage
3. SYNOVIAL JOINTS
-most movable joints of the body
-diarthoroses
33. Features of Synovial joints
1. Articular cartilage
2. Joint cavity/ synovial cavity
3. Articular Capsule
2 LAYERS:
a. fibrous capsule
-strengthens joint so that bones are not pulled apart
b. synovial membrane
-cover enternal joint surfaces
4. Synovial fluid
-a filtrate of blood which contains glycoproteins
5. Reinforgang ligaments
-thickened parts of fibrous capsule itself