14. ประวัตการใช้ ยา การแพ้ยา โรคภูมแพ้ (ต่ อ)
ิ ิ
ยาที่ได้ จากโรงพยาบาลสูงเม่ น
paracetamol syrup 1 tsp o prn
amoxycilline syrup 1 tsp o tid pc
domperridone syrup 1 tsp o tid ac
ยาที่ได้ จากโรงพยาบาลแพร่ คริสเตียน
paracetamol syrup 1 tsp o prn
ibuprofen syrup 1 tsp o tid pc
benadyl syrup 1 tsp o tid pc
Cef-3 (50MKD) IV OD >>(ถ้ า dose meningitis ต้ อง 100 MKD)
5%D/N/3 IV drip
>> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >>
18. Physical examination
V/S : Body temp : 36.5 °c, PR: 82/mins, RR: 28/min,
BP 160/60 mmHg ,O2sat 100% room air
Weight : 12 kg(P 25 ), Height : 89 cm(P25-P50)
GA : A thai boy, looked ill, drowsiness, crying no dyspnea, no pallor,
no jaundice, no cyanosis
Skin,hair.nail : no rash, no petechiae, no purpura, good skin turgor,
no abnormal pigmentation, normal hair distribution, no koilonychia
>> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >>
19. Physical examination
HEENT :
Head : normocephalic without evidence of head trauma,
no tenderness, no hydrocephalus
Eyes : no pale conjunctiva, not injected, no ictericsclera,
no eye retraction, no sunken eye ball,
eye ground cannot test
Ears : pinna no deformity pharynx, no tenderness, no discharge
tympanic membrane intact
>> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >>
20. Physical examination
HEENT :
nose : no deformity, no tenderness, mucus clear discharge,
no bleeding
mouth and throat : normal lips, gum and tongue, oral ulcer,
pharynx no injected, tonsil no enlargement or exudate
neck : limitation range of motion, trachea in midline,
no neck mass, no thyroid enlargement
>> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >>
21. Physical examination
Cardiovascular system :
PMI at 5st ICS Lt MCL, normal S1, S2 , regular rhythms,
no murmur, peripheral pulse full grade 2+ all extremities
Respiratory system :
normal chest movement and expansion, no chest wall retraction,
no adventitious sounds
Abdomen :
no surgical scar, no visible peristalsis, soft, no guarding,
no tenderness, no mass, liver and spleen are not palpable
>> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >>
22. Physical examination
Genitourinary system :
kidney no palpable
Nervous system :
drowsiness, crying, E4V2M5
Cranial nerve I,VIII : not test
II : pupil 3 mm. react to light both eyes
III, IV, VI : no limitation of eye movement
V : normal tone of temporalis and masetter muscle
>> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >>
23. Physical examination
Cranial nerve VII : no facial muscle weakness
IX, X : no deviation of uvula
XI : no weakness of sternocleidomatoid and
trapizius muscle
XII : no tonnge deviation
Sensory : can not test
Motor : normal muscle tone, no muscular atrophy,
motor power at least grade II all
>> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >>
27. Problem list
Acute febrile illness
with alteration of conscious
with meningeal irritation sign
with headache
with generalize tonic seizure
>> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >>
32. Differential diagnosis
Meningoencephalitis
Meningitis Encephalitis
o fever meningeal irritation sign
o fever
o Headache o Headache
o Nuchal rigidity o Alteration of conscious
(neck stiffness) o Seizure
o Photophobia o focal neurologic sign
(intolerance of bright light)
>> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >>
38. Plan for investigation
CT brain :
ผล : Imp. meningoencephalitis with small vasculitis or infarction
in right thalamus is first considered
no well forming abscess or hydrocephalus
>> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >>
50. Positive finding of investigation
• CBC : WBC 11,790 /cu.mm. N 32 %, L 49.9%, M 8.7 %,E 9.1%, B 0.3%
• PBS : Leukocytosis lymphocyte predominant
• CT brain : Imp. meningoencephalitis with small vasculitis or infraction in
right thalamus is first considered
no well forming abscess or hydrocepalus
• Lumbar puncture : CSF profile = viral meningitis
>> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >>
53. Pathophysiology
• inflammatory response
increased vascular permeability,
alterations of the blood-brain barrier,
increase ICP and vascular thrombosis,
cerebral cortical necrosis Cerebral infarction.
• Inflammation of spinal nerves and roots produces meningeal signs
• inflammation of the cranial nerves produces cranial neuropathies
of optic, oculomotor, facial, and auditory nerves.
>> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >>
54. Pathophysiology
Raised CSF protein levels
loss of albumin-rich fluid from the capillaries and veins traversing
the subdural space.
Hypoglycorrhachia (reduced CSF glucose levels)
decreased glucose transport by the cerebral tissue.
If damage to the cerebral cortex
• impaired consciousness, • motor and sensory deficits,
• seizures, • later psychomotor retardation.
• cranial nerve deficits,
>> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >>
55. Clinical Manifestations
• Nonspecific findings include fever, anorexia and poor feeding, symptoms
of upper respiratory tract infection, myalgias, arthralgias, tachycardia,
hypotension, Seizures (focal or generalized), irritability, lethargy, stupor,
photophobia (older children)
• various cutaneous signs, such as
• petechiae, purpura in H. influenzae type b, N meningitis
• erythematous maculopapular rash in N meningitis, S. pneumoniae sepsis
• Meningeal irritation is manifested as nuchal rigidity, back pain, Kernig
sign and Brudzinski sign
>> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >>
56. • Fever may have cold
hand and feet
• unusual crying
• very sleepy with a
reluctance to wake up
• vomiting
• loss of appetite,
refusing feeds
• pale and blotchy
skin
>> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >>
65. Bacterial meningitis
สาเหตุและชนิดของเชือแบคทีเรี ยแบ่ งตามกลุ่มอายุ
้
the first 2 mo of life
Gram positive : Group B streptococcus, Group D streptococcus
Gram negative : Listeria monocytogenes , E. coli, Enterobacter spp.
children 2 mo-12 yr of age
S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis, or H. influenzae type b (Hib)
Salmonella (<6 mo.)
H. influenzae type b vaccines and conjugated pneumococcal vaccine,
beginning at about 2 mo. of age >> The incidence of H. influenzae type b
meningitis dropped precipitously.
>> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >>
66. Bacterial meningitis
• Otitis media infection ,cochlear transplantation >>
S. pneumoniae
• Splenic dysfunction (sickle cell anemia) or asplenia is
associated with an increased risk of S. pneumoniae,
H. influenzae type b
• Lumbosacral dermal sinus and meningomyelocele >>
staphylococcal and gram-negative enteric
• Meningocele, head injury, ผ่ าตัดศีรษะ >> H. influenzae type b
>> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >>
67. Bacterial meningitis
Treatment : initial(empirical) antibiotic >> sensitivity
o Specific treatment
should receive antibiotics immediately after an LP is performed.
If there are signs of increased ICP or focal neurologic findings
antibiotics should be given without performing an LP and before
obtaining a CT scan.
o Supportive and symptomatic treatment :
Fever ,control vital sign, fluid imbalance , electrolyte imbalance,
cardiovascular instability,etc.
o Preventive complication
Seizures, increased ICP, cranial nerve palsies, stroke, Depressed
level of consciousness, SIADH
>> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >>
68. Bacterial meningitis
Treatment .
กลุ่มอายุ เชือที่พบบ่ อย
้ ยาปฏิชีวนะเบืองต้ น
้
ทารกแรกเกิด Gram negative, Group B Cefotaxime + ampicillin
streptococcus, Group D
streptococcus
ทารกและเด็กเล็ก H. influenzae, S. Cefotaxime or ceftriaxone
pneumoniae, N. ± vancomycin *
meningitidis, Salmonella ± ciprofloxacin**
เด็กโต > 5 ปี และผู้ใหญ่ S. pneumoniae, N. Cefotaxime or ceftriaxone
meningitidis
*เมื่ อสงสัย drug resistant S. pneumoniae ** เมื่อสงสัย drug resistant Salmonella
>> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >>
75. Fungal meningitis
Treatment
Cryptococcal meningitis amphotericin B 1 mg/kg/day IV for 6 wks.
Candidiasis amphotericin B 1 mg/kg/day IV for 10-14 day
+ 5- fluorocytosine 200 mg/kg/day oral for 6-9 wks.
Cerebral aspergillosis voriconazole 6 mg/kg twice at 12-h intervals
(loading doses) followed by 4 mg/kg q12h.
Nocardiasis cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim 10-12 mg/day)
4-6 wks.
>> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >>
76. Prevention
Primary prevention Chemoprophylaxis
H. INFLUENZAE Hib conjugate vaccine beginning at rifampin 20 mg/kg/day
TYPE B 2 mo of age (adult 600 mg/day) 4 days
S. pneumoniae • Pneumococcal conjugated vaccine
(PCV7) ในเด็กอายุต่ากว่ า 2 ปี
• PPV23 ในเด็กอายุ 2 ขึนไป ้
N. menigitis Meningococal polysaccharide vaccine rifampin 10 mg/kg/dose
ใช้ ในเด็กที่มีอายุ > 2 ปี ขึนไป
้ bid 2 days
TB meningitis BCG Isoniazid 5 -10 mg/kg/day
6 months
Viral meningitis MMR, varicella-zoster vaccine
>> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >>
77. Encephalitis
An inflammation of the brain parenchyma, presents as diffuse
and/or focal neuropsychological dysfunction. Although it primarily
involves the brain, the meninges are frequently involved
“ meningoencephalitis ”
1. Direct viral invasion
Extraneural phase : viral >> lymphatic system <-> Blood circulation
organ >> Neural phase = encephalitis
• Enterovirus
• Arbovirus
• Herpes virus type I – II
>> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >>
80. encephalitis
Clinical Manifestations
The classic presentation is encephalopathy with diffuse or
focal neurologic symptoms, including the following:
• Behavioral and personality changes, with decreased level of
consciousness
• Neck pain, stiffness
• Photophobia
• Lethargy
• Generalized or focal seizures (60% of children with CE)
• Acute confusion or amnestic states
• Flaccid paralysis (10% of patients with WNE)
>> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >>