2. Possible answers:
A. NEUTROPHILS J. ASTHMA
B. LYMPHOCYTES K. AUER ROD
C. PATHOLOGIC L. PELGER HUET
D. PHYSIOOGIC M. TOXIC
E. 20-40 % GRANULES
F. 5000-10000/cumm N. LEUCOPENIA
G. 0-3 % O. PARASITISM
H. MALARIA P. SCARLET FEVER
I. AZUROPHILIC Q. DOHLE BODIES
GRANULES R. BASKET CELLS
16. QUALITATIVE CHANGES-
WBC
Morphologic abnormalities involving
either the nucleus or cytoplasm
Functional abnormalities
Inherited or Acquired
Examination of peripheral blood or a
bone marrow evaluation
17. The White blood cells:
Nucleus details:
- Mononuclear or Polymorphonuclear
Granules present:
- Granulocytic or Agranulocytic
Function:
- Phagocytic or Immunocytic
20. Abnormal granulocyte
morphology (inherited)
Alder-Reilly anomaly - dense
azurophilic granules,
mucopolysaccharoidoses
May-Hegglin anomaly - Giant platelets,
Dohle-bodies like inclusions seen even
in monocytes
Pelger Huet anomaly – failure of normal
segmentation of nucleus, bi-lobed
nucleus or stab forms only,
“pince-nez nucleus”
24. Continuation:
Chediak Steinbrinck Higashi syndrome –
large lysosomes containing hydrolases and
other enzymes. There is
anemia,thrombocytopenia, leucopenia and
increased susceptibility to infection. There is
partial albinism & photophobia.
Also seen in Aleutian mink, mice, cat, cattle &
killer whale as caused by abnormal WBCs.
26. Other abnormalities:
Smudge or basket cells – squash-
degenerated nucleus of WBCs
Jordan’s anomaly – fat-containing
vacuoles in WBC cytoplasm, Ichthyosis
Twinning deformity
Auer rod – rod-like structure seen in the
cytoplasm of myeloblasts, diagnostic for
Acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML)
27. Variants of the Lymphocytes
Plasmacytoid lymphocyte or Turk’s
irritation cell
Downey cell (atypical lymphocyte)
Transformed lymphocyte (reticular or
pyroninophilic cell)
Reider cell – “clover-leaf like nucleus”
Plasma cells
31. Plasma cells
Ovoid or fibrillary shaped
Eccentric location of nucleus
Perinuclear halo
“cart-wheel pattern or spoke of the
wheel pattern of nucleus”
basophilic cytoplasm
33. Inherited abnormalities involving
Monocyte-macrophage group
MUCOPOLYSACCHAROIDOSES
- Hunter syndrome, Hurler’s disease
LIPIDOSES – lipid accumulation
- Gaucher’s disease – accumulation of
glucocerebroside due to lack of beta-
glucosidase enzyme
- Neimann Pick disease – sphingomyelin
and cholesterol accumulation due to
lack of the enzyme sphingomyelinase
35. WBC functions
Neutrophil – phagocytic
Eosinophil – phagocytic and damage to
larval stages of parasite.
Basophil – storage of histamine,
involved in immediate hypersensitivity
reaction.
Monocyte – phagocytic, cellular and
humoral immunity
36. Functions….
Lymphocytes – immune leucocytes
a)humoral b) lymphokines c) cytotoxic
- Not obligate end cells
- Heterogenous group of cells
- Destined to migrate
37. PHAGOCYTOSIS process
Motility – random movement and
directed movement
Recognition
Ingestion
Degranulation or release of granules
Microbial killing
38. Inherited functional
abnormalities
Job’s syndrome – defective directed
movement, characteristic “cold boils”
Lazy leucocyte syndrome – both
random & directed movements are
defective
Chediak Higashi syndrome – failure to
release the granules
39. Non-neoplastic (non-clonal)
disorders of the WBC
Include a) growth regulation
abnormalities, b) leukemoid reaction
(an increased proliferative response to
various stimuli) including bone marrow
aplasia and hypoplasia and
c) qualitative leucocyte disorders (both
acquired & inherited) characterized by
deficiency of leucocyte function.
41. Clonal (neoplastic) disorders
of WBC
Derived from a single precursor cell with
all the affected cells (progeny) showing
features of deviation from the precursor
cell.
Myeloproliferative disorders
Lymphoproliferative disorders
Immunoproliferative disorders
42. Leukemoid reaction
High WBC count = <50000/cu mm
Toxic granulation & Dohle bodies
Predominant band forms
LAP score = >100
Negative for Philadelphia chromosome
- Translocation of genetic material from
long arm of Chromosome 22 to Ch 9
43. Hodgkin’s disease
Belongs to a group of malignant
disorders referred as Lymphomas
Lymphomas involved abnormal lymph
node enlargement with replacement or
alteration in its histologic characteristic
The neoplastic cell involved is known as
the Reed-Sternberg cell. Mostly
appears as binucleated with the 2
halves of the cell appearing as mirror
images.
44. Hematopoietic malignancy
Defined as growth or proliferation of
one or more clones of abnormal cells.
These cells don’t respond to normal
control and even produce substances
inhibiting growth of normal cells.
These malignancy may be manifested
in the peripheral blood as in cases of
anemia and thrombocytopenia.
45. Leukemias
In the case of WBC, these malignant cells
may or may not circulate in the peripheral
blood. Hence, WBC count may be increased
or otherwise.
Should these abnormal cells be present both
in the bone marrow and the peripheral blood,
the term leukemia is used.
Aleukemic leukemia – if only confined to the
marrow and do not circulate.
46. Classification of the leukemias
According to the stem cell line involved
- Myeloid – involves the granulocytes,
monocytes, RBCs and
megakaryocytes. Also known as
myeloproliferative disorders or
nonlymphocytic leukemias.
- Lymphoid – involving the B or T cells
and may be a leukemia or lymphoma
47. Classification of leukemias
According to duration (life span)
- Acute – days to weeks (3 months)
- greater than 30 % blasts forms
- Chronic – more than a year (1-2 years)
- less than 10 % blast forms
48. Examples :
Acute myeloid leukemia myeloblast
Chronic myelogenous Myelocyte, metamyelocyte &
leukemia neutro
Acute lymphoblastic lymphoblasts
leukemia
Chronic lymphocytic Small mature lymph
leukemia
Erythroleukemia > 50% of the nucleated cells
Di Guglielmo syndrome are erythroblasts
49. Comments on the leukemias:
AML – most common form of acute
leukemias in first few months of life, in
middle aged group and later years
CML – more common in young & elders
ALL – seen among children 2 – 10 y.o.
CLL – common among > 60 years old