1. Chapter 1
Nursing Science
and the
Foundation of
Knowledge

2. Objectives
• Define nursing science and its relationship to
various nursing roles and nursing informatics.
• Introduce the Foundation of Knowledge
Model © 2007 as the organizing conceptual
framework for the book.
• Explain the relationship between knowledge
acquisition, knowledge processing, knowledge
generation, knowledge dissemination and
wisdom.

3. Building Blocks of Informatics
• Nursing Science
• Information Science
• Computer Science
• Cognitive Science

4. Thought Provoking Question
Imagine you are in a social situation and
someone asks you, “ What does a nurse do?”
Think about how you will capture and convey
the richness that is nursing science in your
answer.

5. ANA Definition of Nursing
“Nursing is the protection, promotion, and
optimization of health and abilities,
prevention of illness and injury,
alleviation of suffering through the
diagnosis and treatment of human
response, and advocacy in the care of
individuals, families, communities, and
populations.” (ANA 2003).

6. Nursing
• Focus of nursing is on the human responses to
actual or potential health problems, and
advocacy for various clients.
• Nurses must possess:
• the technical skills to manage equipment and
perform procedures,
• interpersonal skills to interact appropriately with
people, and
• cognitive skills to observe, recognize and collect data,
analyze and interpret data and reach a reasonable
conclusion that forms the basis of a decision.

7. Nursing
• Nursing is an information intensive profession.
• The steps of utilizing information, applying
knowledge to a problem, and acting with
wisdom form the basis of nursing practice
science.
• We acquire data and information in bits and
pieces and then transform the information
into knowledge.

8. Nursing Science and Informatics
• What is nursing informatics?
– One of the most frequently quoted and widely
accepted definitions of nursing informatics is that
it is a combination of nursing science, information
science and computer science (we add Cognitive
Science as well)
• Nursing Science as a building block of nursing
informatics

9. Use of Knowledge
• Individuals have an amazing ability to manage
knowledge. This ability is learned and honed
from birth.
• We experience our environment and learn by
acquiring, processing, generating and
disseminating knowledge.

10. Foundation of Knowledge Model
• Organizing conceptual framework for text
• Helps to explain the ties between nursing
science and informatics and knowledge
• Informatics is viewed as a tool for founding
knowledge

12. Nursing and Knowledge
• Nurses are knowledge workers
– work with information and generating
information and knowledge as a product.
• We are knowledge acquirers
– providing convenient and efficient means of
capturing and storing knowledge.
• We are knowledge users
– individuals or groups who benefit from valuable,
viable knowledge.
• Nurses are knowledge engineers
– designing, developing, implementing and
maintaining knowledge.

13. Nursing and Knowledge
• Nurses are knowledge managers
– capturing and processing collective expertise and
distributing it where it can create the largest
benefit.
• We are knowledge developers or generators
– changing and evolving knowledge based on the
tasks at hand and information available.

14. Knowledge Viability
• Refers to technology based applications that
offer easily accessible, accurate and timely
information obtained from a variety of
resources and methods and presented in a
manner as to provide us with the necessary
elements to generate new knowledge.

15. Use of Knowledge
• All nurses have the opportunity to be involved
in the formal dissemination of knowledge via
their participation in professional conferences
either as presenters or attendees.
• All nurses, regardless of the practice arena,
must use informatics and technology to
inform and support that practice.

16. Use of Wisdom
• Wisdom is the application of knowledge to an
appropriate situation.
• In the practice of nursing science, we expect
action and/or actions directed by wisdom.
• Wisdom uses knowledge and experience to
heighten common sense and insight to
exercise sound judgment in practical matters.
It is developed through knowledge,
experience, insight and reflection.

17. Beyond Clinical Nursing Practice
• In order for nurse educators to be effective,
they must be in the habit of constantly
building and rebuilding their foundation of
knowledge about nursing science.
• Nurse researchers must acquire and process
new knowledge as they design and conduct
their research studies.

18. Nursing in the Future
• The future of nursing science and nursing
informatics is intimately associated with the
nursing education and nursing research
arenas.
• Skiba (2007) suggests that we need techno-
saavy and well-informed faculty who can
demonstrate the appropriate use of
technologies to enhance the delivery of
nursing care.

19. Nursing in the Future
• Informatics and the use of technology in the
practice of nursing are equally important in
the nursing research arena.
• Participants in the development of The
National Nursing Research Agenda (NNRA)
identified these two technology related
priorities (among other research priorities) for
nursing research:
– Nursing Informatics: Enhancing Patient Care
– Technology Dependency across the Life-span

20. Nursing in the Future
• Goosen (2002) believes that the focus on nursing
informatics research should be on the structuring
and processing of patient information and how
these inform nursing decision making in clinical
practice.
• It is clear that the increasing use of technology to
enhance nursing practice, nursing education, and
nursing research will open new avenues for
acquiring, processing, generating, and
disseminating knowledge.

21. Group Discussion
Choose a clinical scenario from your recent
experience and analyze it using the
Foundation of Knowledge Model.
• How did you acquire knowledge?
• How did you process knowledge?
• How you generate knowledge?
• How did you disseminate knowledge?
• How did you use feedback and what was the effect
of feedback on the foundation of your knowledge?