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Copyright & Disclaimer
Copy it, adapt it, use it – but acknowledge the source!
Copyright
Included in the SSWM Toolbox are materials from various organisations and sources. Those materials are open source. Following the opensource concept for capacity building and non-profit use, copying and adapting is allowed provided proper acknowledgement of the source is
made (see below). The publication of these materials in the SSWM Toolbox does not alter any existing copyrights. Material published in the
SSWM Toolbox for the first time follows the same open-source concept, with all rights remaining with the original authors or producing
organisations.
To view an official copy of the the Creative Commons Attribution Works 3.0 Unported License we build upon, visit
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0. This agreement officially states that:
You are free to:
• Share - to copy, distribute and transmit this document
• Remix - to adapt this document. We would appreciate receiving a copy of any changes that you have made to improve this document.
Under the following conditions:
• Attribution: You must always give the original authors or publishing agencies credit for the document or picture you are using.
Disclaimer
The contents of the SSWM Toolbox reflect the opinions of the respective authors and not necessarily the official opinion of the funding or
supporting partner organisations.
Depending on the initial situations and respective local circumstances, there is no guarantee that single measures described in the toolbox
will make the local water and sanitation system more sustainable. The main aim of the SSWM Toolbox is to be a reference tool to provide
ideas for improving the local water and sanitation situation in a sustainable manner. Results depend largely on the respective situation and
the implementation and combination of the measures described. An in-depth analysis of respective advantages and disadvantages and the
suitability of the measure is necessary in every single case. We do not assume any responsibility for and make no warranty with respect to
the results that may be obtained from the use of the information provided.
SSWM Implementation Tools
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Contents
1. Implementation Tools
2. Hardware
3. Software
A) Awareness Raising Tools
B) Command & Control Tools
C) Economic Tools
D) Creating an Enabling Environment
4. References
SSWM Implementation Tools
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1. Implementation Tools
SSWM Implementation Tools give a concrete and specific
answer to the main question:
How can I optimize my local water
management and sanitation system
and make it more sustainable?
= „What can I do?“
SSWM Implementation Tools
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1. Implementation Tools…
...can be technical (Hardware) as well as economic, political and
social tools (Software).
Seven overarching themes include a large number of different tools to:
• Water Sources
Management
• Water Purification
• Water Distribution
• Water and Nutrient Use
• Wastewater Collection
• Wastewater Treatment
• Reuse and Recharge of
Nutrients and Water
Source: www.sswm.info
SSWM Implementation Tools
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2. Hardware
Hardwares are…
… technical tools to optimize your water and nutrient cycle
… they answer questions like:
?What technology options exist?
Save Water !
?How can I design and built
them?
Save Energy !
?In which context are they
applicable?
Save Money !
?Can I built them on my own?
Save Nutrients!
Source: www.sswm.info
?How much do they cost?
?How do I maintain and operate
them?
?Etc, etc, etc, etc, etc, etc…
SSWM Implementation Tools
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2. Hardware
Hardwares are…
… technical tools to optimize your water and nutrient cycle
•
•
Source: www.sswm.info
SSWM Implementation Tools
These are physical solutions that you can
see and touch with your hands such as
water filters, toilets, treatment systems or
technologies to recycle water and
nutrients.
Usually, you will nee a combination of
different hardware and software tools to
really make a sustainable impact.
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3. Software
Why software tools?...
Source: http://www.wsp.org/userfiles/image/2009_JUL.jpg [Accessed: 23.03.2010]
… because hardware is not enough!
SSWM Implementation Tools
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3. Software
Softwares are…
… are instruments and set-ups with aim to change the behaviour and
attitudes of different actors
•
Software tools are a bit "fuzzy", as one
cannot really see or touch them.
•
Software tools can also be implemented
without combining them with hardware
tools.
•
Software tools are divided into four
different groups
Source: www.sswm.info
SSWM Implementation Tools
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3. Software
What are Software Tools?
The SSWM Software Tools are divided into four groups:
SSWM Implementation Tools
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A) Awareness Raising Tools
... because people pursue goals in accordance with their values and
knowledge.
Different types of information, education and communication
instruments used to initiate behavioural change and to stimulate social
pressure towards a more sustainable use of water resources.
Tools:
•Media campaigns
•Advocacy to influence leaders
•Empower young people as promoters
•School campaigns
Etc.
SSWM Implementation Tools
Source: http://portal.worldwaterforum5.org/wwf5/enus/Lists/Kyoto%20Prize%20Application
%20Form/Attachments/68/Tankaposter-%20poster
%20guj.jpg [Accessed: 23.03.2010]
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A) Awareness Raising Tools
Example: Advocacy
Advocacy is the action of delivering an argument to gain commitment
from political and social leaders and to prepare a society for a
particular issue.
Influencing and involving important leaders, because political support
together with support from community leaders and religious leaders can
give a water-related project or campaign a powerful boost.
Political support: The mayor of
Mymensingh Pourashava has supported the
Malgudam community to create a
demonstration plot for using toilet bags
as fertilizer.
Source: http://www.pseau.org/gif/couv_gtz_ecosan_newsletter.gif
SSWM Implementation Tools
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B) Command & Control Tools
… because people want to avoid the penalties for non-compliance.
Direct regulations which government bodies can establish so water
users as well as services providers are obliged to comply.
Tools:
• Prohibitions
• Restrictions
• Permits
• Standards
• Etc.
SSWM Implementation Tools
Source: http://themoderatevoice.com/wordpressengine/files/2008_july/Stop_Sign.jpg [Accessed: 23.03.2010]
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B) Command & Control Tools
Example: Water Restrictions in Water Use
Restrictions, rationing or full prohibitions are legal tools that have a
direct impact on the forms of conduct.
In water use restrictions, public authorities or independent regulatory
agencies establish restrictions and bans that water users and provides
are obliged to follow.
Water Policeman in Australia controlling
that water is properly used.
Source: http://www.ballardian.com/images/water_police.jpg
SSWM Implementation Tools
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B) Command & Control Tools
Example: Australia drought Stages Planning
Stage
Reticulation
sprinklers:
1
2
3
4
5
Daily
Alter
nate
days
3
times/
week
Twice
weekly
Once
weekly
Sprinkler
times:
Any time
7
No sprinklers
Before 9.00am or after 6.00pm
Hose watering
of gardens:
6
Swimming
pools:
Car washing:
No
restriction
No overfilling
No restriction
No hose
watering
No topping-up
No filling
Bucket only
Different concrete stages of water restrictions which can currently be applied in Western Australia
Source: http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/wa/consol_reg/waub2007297/sch2.html Accessed: 08.06.2010]
SSWM Implementation Tools
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B) Command & Control Tools
Example: Water Restrictions in Water Use
Restrictions are a “quick-fix” and not a tool that guarantees a
sustainable use of water in the long run Restrictions are a “quickfix” and not a tool that guarantees a sustainable use of water in
the long run.
Water use restrictions should be regarded as a last resort tool that
can be applied in critical situations
Awareness raising campaign on TV in Sydney,
watering before 10 am.
Source: http://www.sydneywater.com.au/Water4Life/WaterWise/ Accessed:
08.06.2010]
SSWM Implementation Tools
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C) Economic Tools
…. because people want to achieve maximal benefit at minimal cost.
Involve the use of prices and other market-based instruments to
provide incentives to consumers and all water users to change
behaviour.
Tools:
• Water pricing (tariffs)
• Subsidies
• Charges (irrigation, wastewater)
• Tradable water rights
• Etc.
Source: http://www.wsp.org/userfiles/image/november2002.jpg [Accessed: 23.03.2010]
SSWM Implementation Tools
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C) Economic Tools
Example: Subsidies
A subsidy, also known as a subvention, is a form of financial assistance
paid to an individual, a business or an economic sector in order to
achieve certain policy objectives.
(WSSCC 2009)
Subsidies are usually implemented by public authorities but in
developing countries non-governmental organizations also implement
subsidies.
A typical subsidy is the subvention
from governments to big farmers.
Source: http://rothroad.blogspot.com/2009/02/comicfarm-subsidies.html [Accessed: 08.06.2010]
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D) Creating an Enabling Environment
… because you need a sound framework to establish a sustainable
water and sanitation management strategy.
These tools are the necessary preconditions for a successful
implementation of the other tools.
Tools:
• Policies and legal framework requirements
• Building an institutional framework
• Developing human resources
• Etc.
SSWM Implementation Tools
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D) Creating an Enabling Environment
Example: Building an Institutional Framework
An institutional framework for SSWM consists of a range of different
organisations that are in place (or need to be in place) to develop and
manage water resources and the delivery of water and sanitation
services, at different levels of society.
(GWP 2008)
Policy
Policy
Formulation
Formulation
Allocation and
Allocation and
Supply of
Supply of
Water
Water
Flood Control
Flood Control
and Risk
and Risk
Mitigation
Mitigation
Education and
Education and
Awareness
Awareness
Raising
Raising
Networking,
Networking,
Information
Information
Exchange
Exchange
Conservation
Conservation
and Protection
and Protection
SSWM
SSWM
Regulation,
Regulation,
Control and
Control and
Enforcement
Enforcement
Surveillance
Surveillance
and Monitoring
and Monitoring
SSWM Implementation Tools
Adjudication
Adjudication
Water
Water
Treatment and
Treatment and
Reuse
Reuse
Pollution
Pollution
Control
Control
Wastewater
Wastewater
Collection
Collection
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D) Creating an Enabling Environment
Building an Institutional Framework: Regulatory Bodies and
Enforcement Agencies
(GWP 2008)
Functions include:
Allocation of water rights, ensuring water quality,
monitoring, etc.
Setting prices and performance standards for service
providers
Tools for enforcement: Fines, taxes, penalties,
withdrawal of permits and licences etc.
The legitimacy of the regulatory body is critical in
ensuring compliance.
SSWM Implementation Tools
Source: https://www.adultsfancydress.co.uk/scripts/prodView.asp?idproduct=47249
Extremely important role in establishing and ensuring the
effective application of other tools.
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4. References
GWP (2008). Toolbox. Integrated Water Resource Management. Global Water Partnership (GWP). URL:
http://www.gwptoolbox.org/ [Accessed: 21.09.2010]
WSSCC (2009): Public Funding for Sanitation. The Many Faces of Sanitation Subsidies. Geneva: Water
Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC). URL:
http://www.wsscc.org/fileadmin/files/pdf/publication/Public_Funding_for_Sanitation_the_many
_faces_of_sanitation_subsidies.pdf [Accessed 21.09.2010]
SSWM Implementation Tools
23. “Linking up Sustainable Sanitation,
Water Management & Agriculture”
SSWM is an initiative
supported by:
Compiled by:
SSWM Implementation Tools
23
Hinweis der Redaktion
The SSWM Measures are divided into “Hardware” and “Software”.
Hardware stands for all technical measures how to optimise the sanitation and water management system (like toilets, sewers, taps etc.)
Software covers regulatory and social measures, taking into account the importance of social norms and attitudes in SSWM.
Just providing structures (e.g.) toilets is not enough.
Many sanitation or water programmes have failed because they were supply driven (organisations wanted toilets, not the people!)
People will only use and maintain SSWM systems properly which they really want themselves (demand driven).
People will only accept solutions when they understand them and see benefits of them.
The SSWM Software Measures are divided into four groups:
Creating an Enabling Environment
Command & Control Measures
Economic Measures
Awareness Raising Measures
Some of the factsheets will also be identical or very similar for each section. This is due to the fact that some measures do not have to be adapted specifically to the subsections. For example, an approach to a school campaign will be more or less the same for water use or water treatment. Naturally, case studies and further readings have to be adjusted.
Example:
Empower young people as promoters: Teachers encourage children to communicate hygiene messages
In the evaluation of the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Program, WaterAid (Tanzania) support for the child-to-child program is seen as “perhaps the most successful approach." Teachers are trained in the PHAST approach. The teachers then encourage children to communicate hygiene and sanitation messages through a variety of media such as songs, drama and stories. (Schaap et al. 2002)
Awareness Raising Tools in general:
Pros:
Can be applied by all actors
Suited to supporting the acceptance and effectiveness of other instruments
Effective quickly
New forms of social organisation could arise
Effective in the long term if there is a corresponding trend in society
High acceptance of traditional forms
Contras:
Effectiveness difficult to measure
Hesitant acceptance of unfamiliar forms of communication
Resistance to new forms of participation possible
Costs:
for planning and executing projects and action campaigns
Costs for education and research
Example:
Water Restriction policy in households during drought seasons in Sydney.
Watering, including with sprinklers and irrigation systems, is allowed any day before 10 am and after 4 pm to avoid the heat of the day.
All hand held hoses must have a trigger nozzle.
No hosing of hard surfaces such as paths and driveways. Washing vehicles is allowed.
Fire hoses may be used for fire fighting activities only.
Wash your car on the lawn wherever possible. This will not only water and fertilise your lawn but will also avoid stormwater pollution.
Avoid any form of outdoor hosing between 10 am and 4 pm to avoid the heat of the day, when evaporation is high.
Use a broom to clean up leaves, grass clippings, dirt, dust or general litter on paths or driveways instead of hosing.
http://www.sydneywater.com.au/Water4Life/WaterWise/
In the field of SSWM this includes granting the right to use water resources and as environmental or quality standards are established, through granting permits for activities
Pros:
Effectiveness highly foreseeable
Effective if compliance easily controlled
Accepted as the main element of current environmental policy
Spread of best available technologies
Contras:
Compliance should be easily controlled
Monitoring is expensive
Relatively inflexible
Creating and instituting laws is time-consuming and has administrative costs
Example:
Water Restriction policy in households during drought seasons in Sydney.
Watering, including with sprinklers and irrigation systems, is allowed any day before 10 am and after 4 pm to avoid the heat of the day.
All hand held hoses must have a trigger nozzle.
No hosing of hard surfaces such as paths and driveways. Washing vehicles is allowed.
Fire hoses may be used for fire fighting activities only.
Wash your car on the lawn wherever possible. This will not only water and fertilise your lawn but will also avoid stormwater pollution.
Avoid any form of outdoor hosing between 10 am and 4 pm to avoid the heat of the day, when evaporation is high.
Use a broom to clean up leaves, grass clippings, dirt, dust or general litter on paths or driveways instead of hosing.
http://www.sydneywater.com.au/Water4Life/WaterWise/
Example:
Water Restriction policy in households during drought seasons in Sydney.
Watering, including with sprinklers and irrigation systems, is allowed any day before 10 am and after 4 pm to avoid the heat of the day.
All hand held hoses must have a trigger nozzle.
No hosing of hard surfaces such as paths and driveways. Washing vehicles is allowed.
Fire hoses may be used for fire fighting activities only.
Wash your car on the lawn wherever possible. This will not only water and fertilise your lawn but will also avoid stormwater pollution.
Avoid any form of outdoor hosing between 10 am and 4 pm to avoid the heat of the day, when evaporation is high.
Use a broom to clean up leaves, grass clippings, dirt, dust or general litter on paths or driveways instead of hosing.
http://www.sydneywater.com.au/Water4Life/WaterWise/
Example: water pricing
Instrument: Increasing block rate
Definition: Higher rates for consumption of greater quantities of water␣
Advantages: Promotes water conservation effectively & Greater consumption is penalized to avoid excesses by users
Disadvantages: May require metering & May impact low income households
Economic Instruments in general:
Pros:
Reaches goals at minimal cost
Provides incentives for improvements beyond the prescriptions
Innovations in company organisation
Increasing political acceptance
Development and spread of new technologies, processes, and products
Contras:
In practice often limited effectiveness due to low taxes, undifferentiated charges, and approval of exemptions
Resistance to new costs
Creation of legal bases is time-consuming
Costs:
Administrative costs (can be covered by revenues from taxes and charges)
Costs for subsidies
Example: water pricing
Instrument: Increasing block rate
Definition: Higher rates for consumption of greater quantities of water␣
Advantages: Promotes conservation effectively & Greater consumption is penalized to avoid excesses by users
Disadvantages: May require metering & May impact low income households
Economic Instruments in general:
Pros:
Reaches goals at minimal cost
Provides incentives for improvements beyond the prescriptions
Innovations in company organisation
Increasing political acceptance
Development and spread of new technologies, processes, and products
Contras:
In practice often limited effectiveness due to low taxes, undifferentiated charges, and approval of exemptions
Resistance to new costs
Creation of legal bases is time-consuming
Costs:
Administrative costs (can be covered by revenues from taxes and charges)
Costs for subsidies
Examples:
Developing Human Resources training water professionals, staff development is crucial to establish long-term projects in the field of awareness raising
Establishing a Legal Framework to clarify entitlement and responsibilities of users and water providers or to provide legal status for various water user groups
Pros:
obviously, you need them
Contras:
Local authorities have limited influence towards higher governmental powers and could be restricted on their actions
Regulatory and enforcement bodies have an extremely important role in establishing and ensuring the effective application of tools.
Functions: allocation of water rights, environmental management related to water use, water quality, land use planning, etc.
Regulatory bodies also have a function in setting prices and performance standards for service providers (economic regulation).
The actual function of regulatory and enforcement bodies should be set out in a clear legal framework reflecting water policies. In some cases the same body undertakes regulation and enforcement; in other cases they are separate.
Regulatory and enforcement agencies normally have a range of tools for enforcement – fines, taxes, penalties, withdrawal of permits and licences etc.
Regulatory bodies and enforcement agencies may be financed through central government funds, or by user fees (e.g. pollution charges) or fines for non-compliance. If the latter applies, the terms need to be very clear or there is a potential risk of conflict of interest.
The specific functions of regulatory bodies and enforcement agencies are determined by government policy on water resources management. These bodies and agencies are usually in the government sector but may subcontract specific activities (e.g. monitoring and testing samples) to non-governmental organisations, including private companies. It is important that they can act without day-to-day political interference.Effective capacity in regulation and enforcement is essential and this applies whether traditional regulatory instruments or innovative pricing and economic instruments are used.
However, capacity in regulatory and enforcement bodies varies widely from region to region and a focus on capacity building and support is essential. The legitimacy of the regulatory body is critical in ensuring compliance.