1. Geography notes 5 themes, Location and Region

2. 5 Themes of Geography M-M17

3. 5 Themes of Geography Location Where is it? Regions Areas that share at least 1 common feature Place Natural and human features that make it different Movement How do people, goods, and ideas move from place to place Interaction Human-environment interaction, each change and affect each other

4. 5 Themes of Geography Questions

5. Location Earth, globes, maps etc.

6. Location Absolute location Street Address Longitude and latitude in degrees Relative location Referring to a location based on knowledge of its position in comparison to another location

7. Location Hemispheres Northern and Southern Western and Eastern

8. Location 0° E-180° E 0° W-180° W 0° N-90° N 0° S-90° S

9. Location Special latitude lines Arctic Circle Tropic of Cancer 0° Equator Tropic of Capricorn Antarctic Circle Special longitude lines 0° Prime meridian

10. Location How to use a map Back bulletin board M8-9

11. Regions Common climate, physical features, culture, government (politics), or history The same area can be in more than 1 region

12. Regions Political regions: countries, states, providences, counties, cities

13. Regions Physical feature maps:

14. C1

15. Unit 1: Toward Civilization Prehistory-500 BC Chapters 1-2

16. Beginnings of Human Society Chapter 1

17. Geography and History C1S1 I. Intro – Iceman Alps mountain pass, Italian-Austrian border 1991 Scientists studied skeleton and possessions to learn about how he lived Dated the Iceman to about 3,000 BC Copper axe was the key to dating, Europeans first used it in 4,000 BC Iceman must be from after that time

18. Geography and History cont. II. Understanding History: Humans are curious about our origins Before and After Writing 5,000 years ago history started in Southwest Asia and Africa History is the written and other recorded events of people Prehistory is the time before history Prehistory: Digging Up the Past Archeologists must dig up the past to learn about past peoples Sift through dirt in prehistoric camps to find tools and other objects Objects help them learn about the people who lived there

19. Geography and History cont. II. Understanding History cont. History: A Record in Writing With the aid of archaeologists, historians examine written records from humans of that society They also consult records from other societies that refer to them A Record of the Spoken Oral traditions are stories passed down in families and societies by word of mouth Not all are historically accurate, but many are based on facts Tend to change with each retelling Describe how a society lived and what was important to them

20. Geography and History cont. III. Linking Geography and History Knowing when something happened is important Geography is the study of the Earth’s surface and the processes that shape it It also refers to the features of a place Climate/weather Landscape Location etc Egypt for example Last paragraph p.9

21. PrehistoryC1S2 I. Intro A. Discusses a volcanic eruption B. Humans walked on the thick ash mud, leaving their footprints C. In 1972 scientists found the footprints Millions of years ago?

22. PrehistoryC1S2 cont. II. Stone Age Hunting and Gathering A. Earliest Human Culture 1. During the Stone Age humans made lasting tools and weapons from stone, wood, and animal bones 2. The Stone Age continued until humans began using metal for tools 3. Stone Age divides into 3 periods a. Old (hunter gatherers rather than farmers) b. Middle c. New

23. PrehistoryC1S2 cont. II. Stone Age Hunting and Gathering cont. B. Fire! 1. No one knows how humans began using fire 2. We do know that they were terrified by it until they could control it 3. This was an important step because people could move to colder climates C. Settling New Areas 1. With the development of tools, humans moved from Africa, spreading over the whole Earth 2. These wanderers were called nomads, people with no settled home

24. Prehistory C1S2 cont. Nomads were hunter –gatherers P. 18-19 III. The Beginning of Farming A. Early Farmers 1.Those who began farming entered the New Stone Age (Old Stone Age continued in some places until the 1900s) 2. They realized they could not only gather food, but also replant the seeds a. Women gardened b. Men hunted 3. This allowed them to stay in one place 4. Pastoral nomads remained nomads, but raised livestock to eat

25. Prehistory C1S2 cont. III. The Beginning of Farming cont. B. Farming Around the World 1. Some places in the world are more fertile, rich in substances that plants need to grow, than others a. warmth, light, rain, growing seasons 2. Plants grow best in certain places a. Rice in China b. Corn, beans, and squash in Central America

26. PrehistoryC1S2 cont. III. The Beginning of Farming cont. C. Plant Selection 1.Plants were domesticated, wild plants that have been adapted for human use 2. they looked for the biggest, best tasting plants and used their seeds D. Raising Animals 1. Animals were domesticated, taming wild animals for human use a. dogs, sheep, goats, pigs b. hunting, wool, meat, milk, skins (hides) E. The Challenge of Domestication 1. Sometimes animals that have been domesticated do not breed well in captivity a. Elephants for battle use b. Cheetahs for hunting

27. The Beginnings of Civilization C1S3 I. Intro A. Early communities built irrigation systems, supplying water from another place using canals B. This allowed them to dam up the spring flood waters, release the gates to irrigate crops during the dry season

28. The Beginnings of Civilization C1S3 cont. II. Advantages of Settled Life A. The Population Grows 1. Surplus is having more than what is needed 2. Important for population growth a. hunter-gatherers had only a few children b. farming families could have more 3. Population exploded!! B. Early Villages and Towns 1. As the food surpluses continued, towns grew 2. People could do other jobs a. artisan: skilled worker who made items by hand b. artisans made baskets, leather goods, tools, pottery, or cloth

29. The Beginnings of Civilization C1S3 cont. III. The Growth of Cities A. Earliest Cities 1. Surplus food + dependable water source + building materials = good location for a city 2. Many began next to large rivers: Nile, Tigris, Euphrates, Huang, and Indus 3. Cities have public buildings for worship, storage, or sales 4. People contributed in many ways instead of just farming B. Government Forms 1. As population grew, governments formed to keep order in society and provide services 2. Governments also settled disputes and managed public building projects

30. The Beginnings of Civilization C1S3 cont. IV. The First Civilizations: a society that has cities, central governments, workers who specialize, and have forms of writing, art, and architecture A. The Bronze Age 1. In 3000 BC, artisans figured out how to strengthen copper by adding tin to make bronze 2. This allowed them to make more durable tools, weapons, helmets, and shields

31. The Beginnings of Civilization C1S3 cont. IV. The First Civilizations cont. B. Trade and the Spread of Ideas 1. With the surplus of food, artisans were able to sell their goods 2. This allowed trade between cities to develop a. people were able to get items not grown or created in their cities 3. Around 3500BC the wheel and axle were invented 4. People also began trading goods over water 5. This trade also allowed ideas to travel as well

32. C. Social Classes Develop 1. A social class is a group of people having similar backgrounds, incomes, and ways of living

33. C2

34. The Fertile Crescent C2

35. Land Between Two Rivers C2S1

36. Geography of Mesopotamia Mesopotamia means “land between two rivers” Tigris & Euphrates Rivers were their life source Rivers were also terribly destructive Part of the Fertile Crescent: region in SE Asia site of the world’s 1st civilizations Major seas in the area: Mediterranean Sea & Persian Gulf 1st civilization: Sumer

37. Schools and Writing 1st school: 4,oo0 years ago in Sumer Boys (and a few girls) were taught to write Scribes: professional writers/recorders 10 years to graduate Worked for kings and priests

38. Sumerian Civilization Cities shared a common language and culture, but not a common ruler City-state: city that is a separate, independent state Each city had its own god/goddess, government, and leader (king) Tour of Sumer Public squares filled with activity Musicians, acrobats, beggars, scribes Market places filled with merchants and their wares to sell Houses faced inner courtyards where they would eat, play, gather, and sleep on hot nights

39. Sumerian Religion Polytheism: belief in many gods/goddesses A temple was called a ziggurat The giant brick building in the middle of the city Ramps and stairs for the gods to descend to earth All religious, social, and economic activities met here Myths: stories about gods that explain their beliefs Gods were honored with ceremonies with meals as offerings music and incense filled the air

40. Fall of Sumer Wealth City-states fought over land and water Conquered by Akkadia and King Sargon but only united for 100 more years In the 1700s BC, Babylonia took control

41. Babylonia and Assyria C2S2

42. Mesopotamia Filled with stories of conquest “You go and carry off the enemy’s land; the enemy comes and carries off your land” Those in control of the area gained great wealth from trade and agriculture 2 major civilizations fought over the area The Empires of Babylonia and Assyria An empire is an area of many territories and peoples controlled by the same government

43. The Two Empires of Mesopotamia

44. Babylon Rises Again Under Chaldeans the empire was reborn King Nebuchadnezzar rebuilt the destroyed city of Babylon and made it even greater The Hanging Gardens Astronomers charted star paths to discover the length of the year Raised honey bees Was later destroyed by the Persian Empire

45. The Legacy of Mesopotamia C2S3

46. Hammurabi’s Code Hammurabi: ruled Babylonia from 1792-1750 Created Hammurabi’s code Code: organized list of laws and punishments Not the first attempt at laws First organized, recorded set archeologists have found

47. Art of Writing Traced back to Sumer Record in clay Wet clay was shaped into smooth, flat tablets Letters were carved with sharp tools When the clay dried, the record was permanent Larger tablets were reference materials Smaller tablets were personal messages Script formed from symbols to depict objects Later ideas were expressed

48. Cuneiform Groups of wedges and lines used by scribes Used to express different languages Sumerians did not borrow writing ideas from others Symbols set in rows Rows read left to right Page read top to bottom

49. Mediterranean Civilizations C2S4

50. Phoenicia Coastal region Grew rich by gathering snails Tyre Produced a purple dye Highly valued by the rich Also had dense cedar forests Controlled trade in the Mediterranean Sea (1100-800BC) Even sailed into the Atlantic Ocean But told stories of sea monsters to keep others from attempting to compete for Atlantic trade routes Tyre and Sidon had massive bazaars filled with expensive and exotic wares from Africa and Europe

51. Phoenician Alphabet Relied on writing in trade Created an alphabet (symbols that represent the sounds of a language) system with 22 symbols Basis for alphabets in many languages including English Each symbol stood for one consonant sound Much easier to learn than cuneiform Trade allowed the language to spread

52. Israelites/Hebrews Never built a large empire, but greatly influenced civilization History is told in the Torah, Hebrew Bible Also supported with archeological evidence and other records Monotheistic: belief in one god Famine: time with so little food that many people starve Exile: force people to live in another place or country

53. Rise of the Israelites

54. Judaism C2S5

55. Beliefs History and religion are connected, shows God’s plan God is present everywhere God knows everything God has complete power Covenant: promise made by God Abraham and later Moses

56. Beliefs 10 Commandments Duties toward God Rules for correct behavior The Torah had other laws too Everyday matters like food preparation, crimes, etc. Justice with mercy Some laws protected women, but women were their husband or father’s property Prophets: religious teachers who spoke for God Expressed how God wanted them to live Warned the people to not disobey, bringing on disaster All people were equal in God’s sight no matter what they did for a job

57. Effects Diaspora: the scattering of a group of people The Assyrians and Babylonians (Chaldeans) began this process, it continued with the Romans Where ever the Jews settled, they took their faith and culture with them Even today they celebrate the Passover which began when they were slaves in Egypt Both Christianity and Islam are affected by the Jewish faith because their roots are Jewish Monotheistic Honor Abraham, Moses, and the prophets Same moral point of view