course materials

1. Literature Review: Treatment of Hypertension
Literature Review: Treatment of HypertensionLiterature Review: Treatment of
HypertensionHypertensionHypertension, also known as high blood disease pressure is a
serious condition that ultimately results in damaging of blood vessels leaving an individual
prone to heart attack, stroke, and other conditions. Various factors increase the likelihood of
developing the disease they include obesity, consumption of a lot of salt, diabetes, smoking,
and alcohol intake. Globally, hypertension results in the death of millions of people, but with
the right administration, the mortality rates can be reduced. Treatment of hypertension is
diverse including lifestyle changes and treatment through drug therapy. Lifestyle approach
in the treatment of hypertension involves intake of healthy diets, quitting smoking, physical
exercise, and reducing alcohol intake. Considering the complexities that surround the
treatment and management of hypertension, this paper seeks to demonstrate that it is
crucial to incorporate lifestyle modifications alongside medical treatments in the
management of high blood pressure. Scholarly Activity Summary Template & Example
Assignment NRS-490.ORDER COMPREHENSIVE SOLUTION PAPERS ON Literature Review:
Treatment of HypertensionBackground of the ProblemHypertension is a worldwide health
issue that afflicts many individuals. The causative factors for the condition can be genetic or
acquired through poor lifestyle habits. The disease may also present as a co-morbidity to
other illnesses such as diabetes and kidney disease or hypertension may lead to the onset of
these diseases. Hence, the problem prevails in a vicious cycle pattern making treatment
goals difficult to achieve (Wang, Ning, Yang, Lu, Tu, Jin & … Su, 2014). In addition, the
advancement of the food processing industry has immensely contributed to the
development of hypertension because of the relatively higher amounts of salts and other
harmful food additives in the diets. If left unmanaged, hypertension can lead to the
development of co-morbidities such as heart disease, diabetes, and stroke. Blood pressure
involves exertion of force on the walls of the blood vessels, with the amount of force exerted
dependent on the levels of resistance from the blood vessels and the amount of work done
by the heart.Problem StatementEstimates issued by the World Health Organization indicate
that in the United States alone, over 85 million people are suffering from hypertension. In
the low and middle-income countries in the world, urbanization has steadily caused an
upsurge in the number diagnosed cases of hypertension due to changes in lifestyle habits.
Globally, increased blood pressure has been found to cause over 7 million deaths, a figure
which accounts for over 12% of the total world deaths. Overall, both men and women
develop high blood pressure, although the prevalence rates are higher for men than for

2. women. Therefore, hypertension is a public health concern that has been found to cause the
development of cardiovascular disease and stroke (Khdour, Hallak, Shaeen, Jarab & Shahed
2013).A lot of research work has been carried out with the intention of deciphering the
etiology of the disease and the best treatment approaches to the problem of hypertension.
Although the research efforts have centered on the medical perspectives of treatment,
exploration of the role of lifestyle modification as a preventive measure for hypertension
needs to be carried out (Khdour, Hallak, Shaeen, Jarab & Shahed 2013). Furthermore, lack of
adequate awareness about hypertension on the part of the patient substantially influences
the onset of hypertension, and the delayed seeking of treatment for the condition. Also,
because of an increase in population and the sharp increase of the geriatric demographic
age group, the number of people living with unmanaged hypertension in the world has been
on the increase; hence this paper advocates for the use of lifestyle modifications in the
management of hypertension among adult males. Scholarly Activity Summary Template &
Example Assignment NRS-490. Purpose of the Change ProposalConsidering the
complexities that surround the treatment and management of hypertension, this paper
seeks to demonstrate it is crucial to incorporate lifestyle modifications alongside medical
treatments in the management of high blood pressure. This is because ideally, lifestyle
changes should be considered not only as preventive measures but also as first line
treatment options. These adjustments include dietary changes such as consumption of low
sodium, high glycemic index foods, and daily intake of 3-5 servings of fruits and vegetables.
Physicians and nurses recommend that pre-hypertensive or hypertensive patients engage
in physical exercise which includes half an hour of low to moderate intensity aerobic
exercise such as swimming, jogging walking or cycling (Nwankwo, Yoon, Burt, & Gu, 2013).
In addition, utilizing stress reduction measures significantly assists with blood pressure
control. These measures include avoidance of cigarette smoking and alcohol and
consumption of unhealthy diets.PICOT StatementTo address the problem of hypertension,
the following PICOT question was developed: For male grown-ups between the ages of 40
and 70 with hypertension, and with various co-morbidities, will the adjustment in way of
life (drawing in routinely in exercise and eating more beneficial and adjusted suppers),
contrasted with patients who utilize prescription to treat/deal with their hypertension, help
to control their pulse and diminish the danger of creating cardiovascular illnesses in their
recuperation period inside a half year? The period will be sufficiently long to make a patient
to be capable not to experience the ill effects of hypertension and to likewise lessen the
dangers that the people will ordinarily go through. Scholarly Activity Summary Template &
Example Assignment NRS-490 Literature Search Strategy EmployedFor the search of
literature review, the Ebscohost data base search was used. Key words used in the search
were hypertension, high blood pressure, and hypertension among males. A total of 25
articles related to hypertension were found and another 13 articles discussing high blood
pressure and other morbidities were found. Further, no articles related to the topic of
hypertension among males were found in the data base. Of the 38 articles found, those that
failed to meet search criteria of hypertension and high blood pressure and lifestyle
adjustments were eliminated. A total of three articles were left for the literature
review.Literature ReviewAs discussed earlier, the problem of hypertension has a high

3. prevalence in the United States and the world. Wang et al. (2013) assert that high blood
pressure is the single most significant risk factor in the development of cardiovascular
disease. The authors further state that low awareness lack of treatment and management
leads to an increase in the number of deaths and complications from hypertension. Risk
factors such as high body mass index lack of physical exercise and consumption of
unhealthy diets cause further problems into an already complex issue.A National Health and
Nutrition Survey reveals that early diagnosis and treatment ensures the prevention of
complications of hypertension for instance damage of the arteries and blindness
(Nwankwo, Yoon, Burt, & Gu, 2013). However, research by suggests that hypertensive
patients may fail to develop signs or symptoms in which case treatment is sought for the
eventual complications such as blindness. Lifestyle changes in combination with medication
may lower high blood pressure and lead to an improved quality of life for the patient.
However, lifestyle modifications alone have been found effective as a first line option
treatment for hypertension. These changes include the incorporation 30 minutes of physical
activity into the patient’s daily routine.Ideally the goal of physical exercise is to assist the
patient with weight loss and a reduction of the BMI (Khdour et al., 2013). Dietary
adjustments entail intake of low sodium diets, intake of high fiber diets, which includes
fruits and vegetables, and consumption of low-fat dairy products. Lifestyle modifications
also constitute the avoidance of stress and its causative factors such as smoking and alcohol
consumption. Dietary changes may involve the nurse or the nutritionist assist the patient
develop a feeding plan which is known as dietary approaches to stop hypertension
diet.Applicable Change ModelFor patients suffering from hypertension and other chronic
diseases, the Chronic Care Model is an effective organizational strategy to caring for
hypertensive patients. I this scenario, the model is applicable because it utilizes evidence
based research and creates interactions between an educated patient and a proactive team
of health care professionals. Moreover, the system is practical and offers support for the
patient in management of hypertension (Davy, Bleasel, Liu, Tchan, Ponniah, & Brown,
(2015). Scholarly Activity Summary Template & Example Assignment NRS-
490.Implementation PlanFollowing the six components of the Chronic Care Model, the
implementation plan will aim to decrease high blood pressure, manage weight, support self-
management and decision making that will impact on the overall well-being of the patient.
Self-management is critical because it indicates that the patient is in charge of their own
health care situation. Applicable changes will be filtered through the components of the
Chronic Care Model and tested against evidence-based research to ascertain that they are
effective at achieving the goals of blood pressure reduction and weight reduction (Davy,
Bleasel, Liu, Tchan, Ponniah, & Brown, (2015).Potential Barriers to
ImplementationPotential barriers to the implementation of the plan include patient apathy
and non- adherence to the issues such as physical activity and consumption of healthy diets
to achieve the treatment goals of lowering blood pressure and weight reduction (Khatib,
2012). Another key barrier from the patient is an attitude of indifference which may result
in the patient viewing the plan as inconsequential and non-contributory to the management
of their blood pressure.ConclusionAs noted, hypertension is among the leading causes of
heart attacks, strokes, and other complications. With the right interventions in place, the

4. condition can be managed and treated; hypertension treatment considers two forms of
treatment including the use of anti-hypertensive drugs as well as lifestyle modifications.
Anti-hypertensive drugs used include diuretics, angiotensin, converting enzymes blockers,
beta blockers among others each of the drugs work differently, but all ultimately result in
lowering the blood pressure. Therefore, apart from medication, lifestyle changes are also
crucial in management and treatment of the disease especially in reducing cardiovascular
risks and lowering the blood pressure. Scholarly Activity Summary Template & Example
Assignment NRS-490 ReferencesDavy, C., Bleasel, J., Liu, H., Tchan, M., Ponniah, S., & Brown,
A. (2015). Effectiveness of chronic care models: Opportunities for improving healthcare
practice and health outcomes: A systematic review. BMC Health Services Research, 15, 194.
http://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-015-0854-8Khatib, O. M. (2012). Clinical guideline for the
management of hypertension. New York, NY: World Health Organization. Scholarly Activity
Summary Template & Example Assignment NRS-490Khdour, M., Hallak, H., Shaeen, M.,
Jarab, A., & Shahed, Q. A. (2013). Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of
hypertension in the Palestinian population. Journal of Human Hypertension, (10), 623.
doi:10.1038/jhh.2013.26Nwankwo, T., Yoon, S. S., Burt, V., Gu, Q. (2013). Hypertension
among adults in the United States: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011-
2012. NCHS Data Brief (133),1-8.Wang, J., Ning, X., Yang, L., Lu, H., Tu, J., Jin, W., & … Su, T.
(2014). Trends of hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control in rural areas
of northern China during 1991-2011. Journal of Human Hypertension, 28(1), 25-31.
doi:10.1038/jhh.2013.44Literature Review: Treatment of Hypertension Literature Review:
Treatment of Hypertension