livestock

1. Topic Two: Livestock products and livestock
function
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2. 2.1. Livestock products
Foods
• Livestock products account for almost 30 percent of human
protein consumption and they directly contribute to nutrition
security
• The main products of livestock are meat, milk and eggs including
their derivatives.
• Milk, meat, and eggs, though expensive sources of energy, are
one of the best sources of high quality protein and micronutrients
that are essential for normal development and good health.
• But poor people tend to sell rather than consume the animal-
source foods that they produce.
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3. • In the first half of the 1990s, residents of developed countries
consumed as food 78 kg of meat and 22 kg of fish per capita,
with higher amount of meat in the United States and higher
amount of fish in Japan.
• Corresponding figures for Sub Saharan Africa were 12 kg of
meat and 8 kg of fish.
• The significance of livestock in the food chain can be expected
to increase over the next decades.
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4. • Current levels of meat and milk consumption in the developing
world are only about one-fifth of those in the industrialized
world
• The driving force for the increased demand for livestock
products is a combination of population growth, and rising
incomes and urbanization
• The current demand driven livestock revolution underway is in
response to the ever-increasing demand for animal origin food in
developing countries.
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5. • Both supply of food and meeting preference are
elements of food security and livestock contribution
to the availability of food is important in the efforts to
ensure food self-sufficiency.
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6. Nutritional Merits of Animal Source Foods
• Animal products contribute significantly to the total nutrients in
the food supply
• They are primary source of vitamins B12 and B6, riboflavin,
niacin, zinc, phosphorus, and calcium and proteins
• – For example in the USA it account for 68 percent of the
protein available in the food supply
• Milk, meat, and eggs provide around 13% of the energy and
28% of the protein consumed globally; in developed countries,
this rises to 20 and 48% for energy and protein, respectively
(FAO, 2009)
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7. • Consumption of even small amounts of animal-source foods has
been shown to contribute substantially to ensuring dietary
adequacy, preventing under-nutrition and nutritional deficiencies
(Neumann et al., 2002)
• having positive impacts on growth, cognitive function, and
physical activity of children; better pregnancy outcomes as well
as reduced morbidity from illness
• Consumption of adequate amounts of micronutrients, such as
those that can be found in animal-source foods, is associated
with more competent immune systems and better immune
responses (Keusch and Farthing, 1986).
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8. • meat
• Ethiopia produced a total of 3,334,550 metric tons of
meat in 2010 for home consumption.
• Small ruminant meat accounted for 70% of the total
meat produced, while beef and camel meat accounted
for 21% and 9%, respectively.
• This indicates that small ruminants constitute the
highest proportion due to higher off-take rates and
market demand.
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9. • pastoral areas remain the major supplier for both formal and
informal live animal and meat exports.
• Ethiopia’s exports consist of live cattle, sheep, goats and camels,
as well as chilled goat meat and mutton, which are mainly
sourced from same place.
• The main supply areas are Borana for cattle and chilled sheep
and goat carcasses, and Somali Region for live camels, sheep
and goats.
• Other supply areas include the lowlands of Bale, Southern
Nations, Afar and the mid-altitude Agro-pastoral zones of
Oromia.
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10. Milk and milk product
• Ethiopians produced 3.3 billion liters of milk in 2011/2, worth
$1.2 billion, and imported an additional $10.6 million of dairy
products.
• The main dairy animals produced are cattle, camels and goats
depending on the agro ecology (MoA and ILRI, 2013).
• At 19 liters per annum, per capita annual milk consumption is
well below the world average of 105 liters and the African
average of about 40 liters.
• The major dairy products in Ethiopia include traditional and
industrially produced products.
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11. Milk and milk product
• Ethiopians produced 3.3 billion liters of milk in 2011/2, worth
$1.2 billion, and imported an additional $10.6 million of dairy
products.
• The main dairy animals produced are cattle, camels and goats
depending on the agro ecology
• At 19 liters per annum, per capita annual milk consumption is
well below the world average of 105 liters and the African
average of about 40 liters.
• The traditional products are: sour milk, ‘irgo’ (fermented milk),
cooking butter and ‘ayib’ (cottage cheese).
• Industrial products include pasteurized milk, skimmed milk,
yoghurt, fermented milk, table and cooking butter, cheese,
cream and ice cream (MoA and ILRI, 2013).
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12. • Ethiopia’s milk markets are essentially domestic. Available
information indicates that the country exports milk and
milk products, particularly camel milk, from pastoral areas
to neighboring countries (MoA and ILRI, 2013).
• A significant amount of camel’s milk formally and
informally exported for Somali consumption through
Jijiga/Togochalle / Somali land route.
• For instance, the formal export of camel’s milk is on range
between 1600 and 2500 liters per day, at a price of USD
0.08/liter.
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13. • The major marketable dairy product in Ethiopia is butter which
has a relatively longer shelf life as compared to fresh whole
milk (MoA and ILRI, 2013).
• Butter is also illegally exported to Djibouti and South Africa
(targeting the Ethiopians in Diaspora). Additionally, as
indicated by SNV (2006), small quantities of cream are
exported to Djibouti from Dire Dawa.
• Ethiopia is the second largest producer of camel milk (12%)
next to Somali (53% of global camel milk production).
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14. Hides and skin
• Ethiopia generates various livestock by-products, though one of
the major economic relevance is hides and skins.
• Other livestock by-products include bones, blood, hoofs and
offal which are used in the manufacturing of stock feeds.
• Compared to Ethiopia, Botswana produces about 280,937 hides
and 48,150 skins per annum, while Ethiopia produces larger
quantities.
• In Ethiopia, small ruminants account for the largest production,
followed by cattle and camels while in Botswana cattle account
for a larger proportion than small ruminants
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15. Hides and skin …
• Ethiopia, therefore, has a more diversified and resilient resource
base, which is able to sustain the leather and manufacturing
sectors.
• The largest proportion of hides and skins is generated from
backyards and slaughter slabs, followed by municipality
slaughter houses and export abattoirs
• The market chain for raw hide and skins consists of the primary
producers/consumers, who are the initial sources (individual
meat consumers, rural slaughter slabs, municipal slaughter
houses, abattoirs, meat processing plants), agents of traders,
collectors, local tanners, regional medium/small traders,
regional/Addis Ababa big traders and tanneries.
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16. Hides and skin
• The Ethiopian leather industry is one of the leading generators
of foreign currency in the country and an important creator of
jobs.
• Until 2006/07 exports of pickled sheepskins and wet-blue
goatskins ranked second only to coffee as a source of foreign
exchange.
• The global market for leather and leather products is huge, yet
Ethiopia has a small fraction of the total global market for such
products.
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17. Hides and skin …
• In 2010 world imports of leather were valued at USD 19.9
billion, with USD 6.3 billion worth going to China, USD 2.3
billion to Italy and USD 1 billion to Vietnam.
• Ethiopia has direct long-term links to many of these markets,
including Italy, China, United Kingdom, Russia and Hong
Kong, which collectively account for about 75% of all leather
exported from Ethiopia (AGP-Livestock Market Development
Project, 2013).
• As the global economy recovered and the tanneries in Ethiopia
began to invest more in finishing capability, the
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18. • Ethiopia experiences cross-border trade of about 4,925,000
pieces of hides and 10,870,000 pieces of skins into Djibouti,
Kenya, the Sudan and Somalia through informal routes.
• The major concerns in the production of hide and skins in
Ethiopia similar to most countries across COMESA/SADC are
inappropriate animal husbandry practices,
– lack of flaying tools, unskilled flayers and lack of technology
across the value chain, which compromise the quality of raw
hide/skins (COMESA Leather Chain Strategy, 2011).
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19. 2.2. Livestock Functions
• Livestock helps on food supply, family nutrition, family
income, asset savings, soil productivity, livelihoods, transport,
agricultural traction, agricultural diversification and
sustainable agricultural production, family and community
employment, ceremonial purposes and social status.
• The functions of livestock refer to the mode of action or
activity by which livestock fulfill their purpose.
• Partially the functions of livestock are tied to the livestock
products.
• In the case of meat and milk, the related function of livestock
is to provide income and subsistence through their sale or
consumption
– while with manure, the function of livestock is to provide
an input to crop agriculture thereby increasing
production and income.
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20. Livestock Functions
• The differentiation of products and functions allows the
differentiation of livestock production systems even if they are
based on the same product, e.g. herd growth for security, for
social reasons (prestige) or for a pure income objective.
• It is also a prerequisite for the realistic valuation of livestock
products because the value of meat for export can be judged
differently from its value as a source of subsistence.
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21. 2.3. Output Function (income and nutrition)
a) Food products (meat, milk, egg etc)
b) Non-food products (hides, skin, hooves, horn,
slaughter wastes)
c) Reproduction and growth (Flock increment etc)
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22. Input functions
Manure :-
 Soil fertility
 Fuel
Work:-
 Land cultivation
 Threshing
 Transportation of the harvested crops to market and
threshing sites

23. Input …
• Livestock provide input functions such as draft power,
manure and transport services which used as inputs into food
crop production and marketing.
Manure
• The value of livestock droppings for soil fertility is
recognized by most tropical farmers.
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24. Input functions…
Work
• Livestock have diverse functions for the livelihood of farmers
in both the mixed crop-livestock systems in the high lands and
pastoral livestock production systems in the lowland areas.
• The domestic farm animals are regularly employed for various
agricultural and non-agricultural activities such as land
improvement (e.g. contour ploughing, drainage ploughing);
soil preparation (e.g. ploughing, hoeing, and harrowing); crop
husbandry (e.g. seeding with drills); crop processing (e.g.
threshing) and on-farm transport

25. • Importance of livestock as major source of power in tropics
has been well documented
• Millions of people depend upon animal power for cultivation,
planting, weeding, threshing and transportation.
• In the last decades evidence show that draft animals provide
the power for the cultivation of nearly 50 % of the world
cultivated land and the transportation of 25 % carts.
• More than 240 million cattle and 60 million buffalo are kept as
work animals.

26. • In Ethiopia, the vast majority of rural people comprising 85
percent of the total population depend on animal power for
cultivation, weeding, threshing and transportation.
• As elsewhere in developing countries use of tractors is very
insignificant, for reasons of economy, topography and highly
fragmented land holdings.
• Draft animals provide power for about 96 percent of the
cultivated land in the Highland areas.
• Work animals can be also used to cultivate arable land
inaccessible to tractors.

27. • They are relatively affordable and do not require inputs,
which tractors would require such as fuel, repairs, and spare
parts.
• In Ethiopia studies observed that a positive relationship
between the number of oxen owned by farm household and
both the area cultivated and percentage of sown to marketable
cereals

28. Integration crop livestock farming
• The term Crop-Livestock Integrated Farming System (CLIFS)
refers to it as an agricultural system that is characterized by
the systematic production of livestock and crops on the
same farm.
• In crop-livestock integrated farming systems the most visible
feature is the synergy between crops and livestock.
• At one level, animals gain from crops produced on the farm.
• For example, crops provide animals with fodder from grass,
leguminous forages, and crop residues.

29. Integration …
• At the other level, crop farming takes advantage of
the animals on the farm to improve the environment
in which crop production takes place.
• The animals provide draught power in crop
production where the practice of animal traction is
popular and their dung (or waste matter) can be used
as manure to improve soil fertility on crop fields.
• Animals can also be used in weed control when they
graze under trees and on stubble.

30. Integration …
• There are other dimensions of integration
• For instance, crop-livestock integration may occur at other
segments of the supply and value chain in both production and
marketing.
• when the integration of crops and livestock in a farming
system occurs in terms of products or by-products of one
component serving as a resource or input for the other
products in the chain.
• where the system is capturing synergies and complementarities
among the two enterprises which is feasible when the farming
activities are treated as interdependent entities rather than
being viewed as isolated enterprises

31. Integration …
• There are several reasons for implementing crop-livestock
integrated farming system,
 the main reason put forward is that it is one important
strategy to improve sustainable productivity.
 As compared to other farming systems, it is possible to gain
the same or higher levels of output with integrated farming,
whereas integrated farming uses relatively less inputs,
making it a highly efficient system in terms of resource use.
 the yield would be inherently more sustainable because the
waste of one enterprise becomes the input of another, leaving
almost no waste to pollute the environment or to degrade the
resource base.
• In this way, crop-livestock integration becomes an effective
and at the same time productive means for achieving waste
recycling

32. Integration …
• An integrated crop livestock farming system consists
of
– a range of resource-saving practices that aim to
achieve acceptable profits and high and sustained
production levels, while minimizing the negative
effects of intensive farming and preserving the
environment.

33. Integration …
• Based on the principle of enhancing natural biological
processes above and below the ground, the integrated
system represents a winning combination that,
– reduces erosion, increases crop yields, soil
biological activity and nutrient recycling,
intensifies land use, improving profits; and can
therefore help reduce poverty and malnutrition and
strengthen environmental sustainability

34. Asset and Security Functions
 Source of Income and Living Bank
 Livestock are important sources of income for at least 200 million small-holder
farmers in the Asia, Africa and Latin America (Haan et al. 1998). In the
highlands of Ethiopia livestock are indicators of wealth of a family and are used
for wealth ranking. Further, they are the main form of investment because of the
absence of financial institutions. Livestock are cash at hand and provide owners
with purchasing power. In many countries, access to food is limited not by
availability but by purchasing power (Animal Agriculture and Global Food
Supply, 1999). For example in Ethiopia, crop production has increased and the
country has become a net exporter. Yet, some of the export has been purchased
by the European Community, for distributing to poor Ethiopians who cannot
purchase food regardless of its availability. Livestock are often sold to generate
cash,

35. Asset and …
 The asset function means that the livestock are a kind of savings
account by being a relatively safe and durable form of storing
wealth.
 Livestock serve as store of wealth in rural areas where financial
organizations are not available (unaffected by inflation)
 It has also risk balancing effect if cropping activity failed to give
expected output
 It provides regular income as opposed to cropping
e.g. Income from milk production provides daily income

36. Asset and Security …
• For rural poor livestock are wealth and a sort of insurance substitute during
times of crisis
• In the rural areas of many developing countries, financial services such as
credit, banking and insurance are virtually non-existent.
• In these areas, livestock play an important role as a means of saving and
capital investment, and they often provide a substantially higher return than
alternative investments.
• A combination of small and large livestock that can be sold to meet petty-cash
requirements to cover seasonal consumption deficits or to finance large
expenditure represents a valuable asset for the farmer.
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37. 2.7. Livestock Production efficiency