Foreign and Military Policy

Chapter 20Chapter 20
Foreign andForeign and
Military PolicyMilitary Policy

Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage
 WHO GOVERNS?WHO GOVERNS?
1.1. Is American foreign policy set by publicIs American foreign policy set by public
wishes or elite views?wishes or elite views?
2.2. If only Congress can declare war, whyIf only Congress can declare war, why
has the president become so powerfulhas the president become so powerful
in military affairs?in military affairs?
 TO WHAT ENDS?TO WHAT ENDS?
1.1. Why do we go to war against someWhy do we go to war against some
dictatorships and not others?dictatorships and not others?
2.2. Should our foreign policy be based onShould our foreign policy be based on
American interests or some conceptionAmerican interests or some conception
of human rights?of human rights?

Kinds of Foreign PolicyKinds of Foreign Policy
 Majoritarian PoliticsMajoritarian Politics
• Decision to go to warDecision to go to war
 Interest Group PoliticsInterest Group Politics
• Decisions regardingDecisions regarding
tariffstariffs
 Client PoliticsClient Politics
• Aid to American businessAid to American business
abroadabroad
Benjamin Netanyahu
became prime
minister of Israel in
2009.
Source: Ronen
Zvulun/Reuters/Landov

The Constitutional and LegalThe Constitutional and Legal
ContextContext
 Presidential Box ScorePresidential Box Score
 Evaluating the PowerEvaluating the Power
of the Presidentof the President
 Checks on PresidentialChecks on Presidential
PowerPower
• LimitationsLimitations
• The War Powers ActThe War Powers Act
• Intelligence OversightIntelligence Oversight
Following the attack on
Pearl Harbor, President
Roosevelt ordered all
Japanese Americans
living on the West Coast
be interned in prison
camps. p. 531
National Archives

The Machinery of Foreign PolicyThe Machinery of Foreign Policy
 Expansion after WWIIExpansion after WWII
• The president put foreign policy at topThe president put foreign policy at top
of the agendaof the agenda
• Policy was shaped by scores of agenciesPolicy was shaped by scores of agencies
 RivalriesRivalries withinwithin the executive branchthe executive branch
intensify rivalriesintensify rivalries betweenbetween thatthat
branch and Congressbranch and Congress
 Interests of the various organizationsInterests of the various organizations
affect the positions they takeaffect the positions they take

Foreign Policy and PublicForeign Policy and Public
OpinionOpinion
 World War IIWorld War II
 VietnamVietnam
 September 11, 2001September 11, 2001
 Backing the PresidentBacking the President
 Mass versus EliteMass versus Elite
OpinionOpinion
Candlelight vigil
supporting American
troops serving overseas.
p. 534
Justin Sullivan/Getty Images

p. 535 Source: Updated from Theodore J. Lowi, The End of Liberalism (New York: Norton, 1969), 184. Poll data are from
Gallup poll. Time lapse between “before” and “after” samplings of opinion was in no case more than one month.

Source: Global Views 2004 (Chicago: Chicago Council on Foreign Relations, 2004).

Cleavages AmongCleavages Among
Foreign Policy ElitesForeign Policy Elites
 How a worldviewHow a worldview
shapes foreign policyshapes foreign policy
• IsolationismIsolationism
• ContainmentContainment
• DisengagementDisengagement
• Human RightsHuman Rights
 Political PolarizationPolitical Polarization
A meeting that named an era: in
Munich in 1938, British prime
minister Neville Chamberlain
attempted to appease the territorial
ambitions of Hitler. Chamberlain’s
failure brought World War II closer.
p. 538 Source: Corbis

The Use of Military ForceThe Use of Military Force
 Two views of the role of theTwo views of the role of the
militarymilitary
• MajoritarianMajoritarian
• ClientClient
 Military-industrial complexMilitary-industrial complex
 War in IraqWar in Iraq

U.S. Military Intervention in the Middle EastU.S. Military Intervention in the Middle East

The Defense BudgetThe Defense Budget
 Total SpendingTotal Spending
 What do we get with our money?What do we get with our money?
• PersonnelPersonnel
• Big Ticket ItemsBig Ticket Items
 Cost OverrunsCost Overruns
 Gold platingGold plating
• ReadinessReadiness
• BasesBases

U.S. Military Intervention in Central AmericaU.S. Military Intervention in Central America
and the Caribbean Since 1950and the Caribbean Since 1950

Figure 20.1 Trends in MilitaryFigure 20.1 Trends in Military
Spending (constant dollars)Spending (constant dollars)
p. 544
Source: Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller), “National
Defense Budget Estimates for FY 2007.”

Figure 20.2 Most Americans Think NationalFigure 20.2 Most Americans Think National
Defense Is Either “About Right”Defense Is Either “About Right”
or “Not Strong Enough”or “Not Strong Enough”
Source: Gallup Poll

Source:
Statistical
Abstract of the
United States,
1998, 363.

The United States has triedThe United States has tried
to decide whether to buildto decide whether to build
interceptorsinterceptors
like this one to shoot downlike this one to shoot down
incoming missiles fromincoming missiles from
enemies. p. 546 Source:enemies. p. 546 Source:
Vanderberg Air Force BaseVanderberg Air Force Base
Women in training forWomen in training for
the armed forces. p.the armed forces. p.
546 Source: Richard546 Source: Richard
Ellis/CorbisEllis/Corbis
Gays campaign forGays campaign for
greater acceptancegreater acceptance
in the armed forces.in the armed forces.
p. 546 Source: C.p. 546 Source: C.
Nicklas HillNicklas Hill

The Structure of DefenseThe Structure of Defense
Decision MakingDecision Making
 National Security Act of 1947National Security Act of 1947
 Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986
 Joint Chiefs of StaffJoint Chiefs of Staff
 The ServicesThe Services
 The Chain of CommandThe Chain of Command
• President – Commander-in-ChiefPresident – Commander-in-Chief
• Secretary of DefenseSecretary of Defense

The New Problem of TerrorismThe New Problem of Terrorism
 Bipolar worldBipolar world – A political landscape– A political landscape
with two superpowerswith two superpowers
 Unipolar worldUnipolar world – A political landscape– A political landscape
with one superpowerwith one superpower
 Doctrine of preemptionDoctrine of preemption – attacking a– attacking a
determined enemy before they candetermined enemy before they can
attack us or an allyattack us or an ally
 Iraq and AfghanistanIraq and Afghanistan

M E M O R A N D U MM E M O R A N D U M
To:To: The presidentThe president
From:From: National security adviserNational security adviser
Subject:Subject: HostagesHostages
The six Americans held hostage in the Middle East areThe six Americans held hostage in the Middle East are
beginning their second year of captivity. One, a CIA officer,beginning their second year of captivity. One, a CIA officer,
is undergoing torture. It has been the policy of thisis undergoing torture. It has been the policy of this
administration not to negotiate with terrorists. Criticism ofadministration not to negotiate with terrorists. Criticism of
this refusal is being heard from hostage families and theirthis refusal is being heard from hostage families and their
sympathizers. The terrorist groups are demanding that wesympathizers. The terrorist groups are demanding that we
end our support of Israel. A government in the region hasend our support of Israel. A government in the region has
secretly indicated that, in exchange for military supplies, itsecretly indicated that, in exchange for military supplies, it
may be able to help win the release of “some” hostages.may be able to help win the release of “some” hostages.
WHAT WOULD YOU DO?WHAT WOULD YOU DO?

Your options:Your options:
1. Maintain the “no-negotiations” policy but use quiet diplomacy with1. Maintain the “no-negotiations” policy but use quiet diplomacy with
friendly nations in the region to see whether they can intercedefriendly nations in the region to see whether they can intercede
with the terrorist groups on behalf of the hostages.with the terrorist groups on behalf of the hostages.
AdvantagesAdvantages: (a) Our “no-negotiations” policy remains credible, and: (a) Our “no-negotiations” policy remains credible, and
this will deter other terrorist groups from thinking that they canthis will deter other terrorist groups from thinking that they can
win concessions by capturing Americans. (b) This policy iswin concessions by capturing Americans. (b) This policy is
consistent with our insistence that U.S. allies not negotiate withconsistent with our insistence that U.S. allies not negotiate with
terrorists.terrorists.
DisadvantagesDisadvantages: (a) There is no evidence that our traditional policy: (a) There is no evidence that our traditional policy
will get the hostages released. (b) Public sympathy for thewill get the hostages released. (b) Public sympathy for the
hostages may increase, and this will lead to more criticism of thishostages may increase, and this will lead to more criticism of this
administration for failing to free captive Americans.administration for failing to free captive Americans.

Your options:Your options:
2. Secretly exchange arms for the release of Americans.2. Secretly exchange arms for the release of Americans.
AdvantagesAdvantages: (a) Some or all hostages may be released. (b) We: (a) Some or all hostages may be released. (b) We
may earn the goodwill of more moderate elements in the area andmay earn the goodwill of more moderate elements in the area and
thereby increase our influence there.thereby increase our influence there.
DisadvantagesDisadvantages: (a) We may deliver arms and no hostages will be: (a) We may deliver arms and no hostages will be
released. (b) If secret arms deliveries become public, we will bereleased. (b) If secret arms deliveries become public, we will be
heavily criticized for abandoning our “no-negotiations” policy.heavily criticized for abandoning our “no-negotiations” policy.
3. Use military units to find and free the hostages.3. Use military units to find and free the hostages.
AdvantageAdvantage: The hostages may be freed without our having to make: The hostages may be freed without our having to make
any concessions.any concessions.
DisadvantagesDisadvantages: (a) The military is not optimistic that it can find: (a) The military is not optimistic that it can find
and free the hostages, who are being kept in hidden, scatteredand free the hostages, who are being kept in hidden, scattered
sites. (b) The hostages may be killed during the rescue effort.sites. (b) The hostages may be killed during the rescue effort.

Your decision:Your decision:
Option 1 _________________Option 1 _________________
Option 2 _________________Option 2 _________________
Option 3 _________________Option 3 _________________

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