The document discusses the emergence of independent countries and nation-states in the 19th century. It defines key terms like state, nation, and nation-state. It also outlines some of the common characteristics of independent countries like having defined territory, population, economy, government and sovereignty. The document then discusses the rise of nationalism and population growth in Europe in the late 18th century. It also summarizes some of the major revolutionary movements and events that helped shape nation-states like the French Revolution, Congress of Vienna, revolutions of the 1820s-1830s, 1848, Italian and German unification in the late 19th century.
1. Chapter 23 –
State by State,
Nations Emerge
The age of –isms and -izations
2. Defining an Independent
Country
While the terms country, state, and nation are
often used interchangeably, there is a
difference.A State (note the capital "S") is a
self-governing political entity. The term State
can be used interchangeably with country.
A nation, however, is a tightly-knit group of
people which share a common culture. A
nation-state is a nation which has the same
borders as a State.
3. States and Independent
Countries
Has space or territory which has internationally recognized boundaries (boundary
disputes are OK).
Has people who live there on an ongoing basis.
Has economic activity and an organized economy. A country regulates foreign and
domestic trade and issues money.
Has the power of social engineering, such as education.
Has a transportation system for moving goods and people.
Has a government which provides public services and police power.
Has sovereignty. No other State should have power over the country's territory.
Has external recognition. A country has been "voted into the club" by other countries.
Examples of entities that are not countries include: Hong Kong, Bermuda,
Greenland, Puerto Rico, and most notably the constituent parts of the United
Kingdom. (Northern Ireland, Wales, Scotland, and England are not countries.)
“state” spelled with lower case is an internal entity of a federal State (ex.- USA and
FL)
4. Nations and Nation-States
Nations are culturally homogeneous groups of people,
larger than a single tribe or community, which share a
common language, institutions, religion, and historical
experience.
When a nation of people have a State or country of their
own, it is called a nation-state. Places like France, Egypt,
Germany, Japan, and New Zealand are excellent
examples of nation-states. There are some States which
have two nations, such as Canada and Belgium. Even
with its multicultural society, the United States is also
referred to as a nation-state because of the shared
American "culture."
There are nations without States. For example, the Kurds
are stateless people.
5. Population Revolution
After 1730 – Western Europe’s population
mushroomed
Britain and Prussia 100%, France 50%
Border policing – reduced mvmt of disease
bearing animals
POTATO! – reduced death rate!
Results?
More competition for gvt and church positions
Rapid expansion of domestic manufacturing in W.
Europe and US
6. Bastille, Austria,
France Prussia, and Britain,
Robespierre, etc.
Napoleon Bonaparte –
1799
Converts
revolutionary republic
to authoritarian
empire
Napoleonic Code –
all men are equal and
have natural rights
Public education,
centralized secondary
schools and
universities
And, expansion
7. 1802 – Crowns himself Emperor
1804 – begins Outward expansion
Gains majority of Europe in the years leading up to 1812
General Winter – Napoleon’s first failure
1814 and 1815 Napoleon beaten back
Battle of Waterloo – Napoleon returns from Elba and tries with
one last hurrah. Britain fights, Prussia arrives, Napoleon is
done.
8. Napoleon replaced many of the
governments he overthrew with family or
friends
France’s invasions had two effects in
Italy and Germany:
Whetted appetites for greater national unity
as French invasion helped people realize
their loyalties to their own nations
Local governments had been
disassembled…
9. Congress of Vienna - 1815
Reestablished balance of power
Tweaked borders to ensure that
stronger powers surrounded
France (gains for Prussia and Italy)
Realignments facilitated national
unification
100 years of Inter-European Peace
But not domestic peace
Restoration of monarchies
10. Nationalism
Replaced older loyalties to church or
locality (Go Germany…NOT Go
Mecklenburg!)
National Symbols
France is the first to coin their national
anthem
US flag during the Revolutionary War,
France’s flag, etc.
11. Conservatives – defined themselves as
ones who opposed revolutionary goals
Liberals – want to limit state interference
in individual life and urge representation
of propertied people in government
Constitutional rule and protection for
freedoms of religion, press, assembly, etc.
Radicals –accept liberal demands, also
want wider voting rights, even
democracy
12. Revolutions of 1820s and 1830s
Greek Revolution – 1820s
1830’s
France – different king and more liberal monarchy
Italy and Germany
Belgian Revolution – liberal regime and newly
independent nation
Britain – Reform Bill 1832 – parliamentary vote to most
middle class men
US – universal male suffrage (except slaves)
France, Britain, Belgium, and US
Guarantee individual rights against arbitrary state action
Religious freedom (Judaism included)
Voting systems for all men
13. Revolutions of 1848
Bad harvests 1846 and 1847
Artisans want to restrain industrialization
Peasants want to end manorialism
Germanic and Italian regions –
nationalism demands
Women want right to vote
Spreads like wildfire through Europe
Revolutions in France, Britain, Germany,
Italy, Austria and Hungary
14. Fires extinguished quickly
Artisans and factory workers’ needs are
disregarded
Nationalist efforts fail for now
France – Napoleon’s nephew replaces republic
with authoritarian empire until 1870
***Serfdom is fully abolished throughout
Western Europe***
Many liberals and working-class leaders decide
revolutions are too risky, gradual methods are
better
Improved transportation reduces food crises
from recurring
15. Industrialization
Railroads
Canals
Urbanization
Sanitation
Louis Pasteur – 1880’s
Birth rates and death rates
Children are source of emotional
satisfaction and parental responsibility
Rise of corporations
18. Social Changes ~1900
Civil Service Exam for Western Gvts
Gvts extend control – inspect factory safety, monitor
health of prostitutes, hospital conditions,
papers/passports for travel, etc.
Compulsory schooling
Up to age 12
US states beginning to require high school
W. nations expand to public secondary schools
Girls taught about the importance of women in the home
Nationalism is emphasized – taught superiority of
nation’s language and history (often attacked immigrant
or minority cultures)
Literacy Rates – by 1900 about 90-95% of all adults in W.
Europe and US are literate
19. Karl Marx
Communist Manifesto – 1848
Class struggle
Human perfectibility – set up exemplary
communities where work and rewards
would be shared and the evils of
capitalism would end
Socialism
21. Mass Culture – 1900’s
White-collar labor force growing
Secretaries, clerks, salespeople
Bicycle Fad
First true product craze
Middle-class families “have” to have it
Influences women’s dress
Mass leisure culture
Sensationalist journalism
Shock and entertainment
Theatre
Comedy routines
Music halls
Vaudeville
Motion pictures
Vacation trips and seaside resorts, (Coney Island in the
US)
Team Sports
Soccer, American football, basketball
Olympic Games – 1896 (perfect for nationalist passions)
22. Science
Charles Darwin – 1859
The Origin of Species
Albert Einstein – theory
of relativity
e=mc2
Sigmund Freud
Id, ed, ego
subconscious
23. Art and Literature
Impressionism
Pointillism
Romanticism – intense
passions and emotions,
not rational thought
Beauties of nature,
novelists want to move
readers to tears – not
evoke philosophical
debate
By 1900 Art and
Literature becomes
increasingly abstract,
continues to violate
rules and expectations