AP World Stearns Ch 17 Unit 4 - Europe

1. Chapter 17
The Transformation of the West
1450 - 1750

2. Italian Renaissance
Challenge of medieval values and styles
Boccaccio and Petrarch promote values in their
writing that is contrary to medieval logic and
theology
Niccolo Machiavelli – The Prince – political theory,
discussed realistic ways to seize and maintain power.
Humanism – focus on human kind as the center of
intellectual and artistic endeavor
 Religion isn’t attacked, but is no longer the dominant focus

3. Niccolo Machiavelli
The Prince
Published in 1513
Combined personal experience of politics with his
knowledge of the past to offer a guide to rulers on
how to gain and maintain power
“The end justifies the means” (do what you gotta
do)
Ruthless power politics, use whatever methods
necessary to achieve goals
Controversy? - some see this as an excuse to be
corrupt and deceitful politicians

4. Influence?
Commerce – merchants improve banking
techniques, b/m more openly profit-seeking
Political – leaders rule with emphasis on what they
could do to advance the well-being and glory of their
city
 Develop professional armies
 Sponsored cultural activities

5. Italian City-States
 Florence, Milan, Venice,
Genoa, Rome, Naples, etc.
 Because Italy was the
center of the Roman
Empire, Italy was a
natural place for the birth
of the Renaissance.
 Merchant class – wealthy
and powerful, promoted
cultural revival. Stressed
education, individual
achievement, and lavishly
supported the arts.

6. Patrons
Merchant class -

7. Northern Renaissance
 Albrecht Durer – “German Leonardo”
 Studied in Italy
 Wide-range of interests, painted and created engravings
 Engravings – artists etches a design on a metal plate with acid and uses the plate to
make prints
 Flemish painters – develop oil paint, which survives time more
successfully
 Hubert van Eyck
 Paintings of townspeople and religious scenes, realistic details
 Pieter Bruegel
 Vibrant colors to portrayal lively scenes of peasant life
 Peter Paul Rubens
 Enormous paintings of pagan figures from the classical past

8. Albrecht Durer – Praying Hands

9. The Rhinoceros

11. Jan van Eyck – The Arnolfini Marriage

12. The Virgin of Chancellor Rolin

13. Books from Alibris

14. Pieter Bruegel – Peasant Wedding

15. The Peasants’ Dance

16. Children’s Games

17. Northern
Humanists
 Erasmus –(Desiderius)
 Thought Bible should be translated to vernacular
 The Praise of Folly – uses humor to expose ignorant and
immoral behavior
by limiting church to Latin it is as if “the strength of the
Christian religion consisted in the ignorance of it”
 Thomas More’s Utopia
 Ideas society in which men and women live in peace and
harmony, no one is idle, all are educated, justice is used to end
crime
 Utopian “ideal society”

19. Writers for a New Audience
 Shakespeare – England
 Renaissance playwright and poet
 1590-1613 – wrote 37 plays
 Increases vocab of the English
language – over 1,700 words
(bedroom, lonely, generous,
gloomy, heartsick, etc)

20. Printing
Revolution
 1456- Johann Gutenberg,
Mainz, Germany
 Developed movable type
 Created first printing press
and the first complete
edition of the Bible
 By 1500 over 20 million
volumes were printed
 Cheaper and easier to
produce
 Literacy rates increase
 Broad range of knowledge

21. Martin Luther
 Was a devout Catholic, served as a monk, tried to
continually bring himself closer to God
 Nails his Ninety-five Theses to the door of the Castle
Church in Wittenberg, Germany on All Hallows Eve,
1517
 Protests sale of indulgences (“Heaven Insurance” for you and
your loved ones – dead or alive!)
 Salvation by faith alone; he opposed the Catholic Church’s beliefs
in penance and good works
 Bible is the only authority for Christian life; Pope is a false
authority
 Priesthood of all believers – each person should have an
individual relationship with God and should read/interpret the
Bible for him/herself
 All people are equal in the eyes of God

22. Wrote many books, essays, and letters – which are
quickly printed and spread throughout
Luther was not easily silenced – he ideas shake
Europe

23. Pope Leo X issues a Papal Bull June 15,1520 and
threatens to excommunicate Luther unless he
recanted
Luther and his students at the University of
Witten berg burned the Papal Bull in a bonfire
Pope excommunicates Luther

24.  Charles V – HRE
 1521 – summons Luther to the Imperial Diet at Worms to
stand trial
 Refuses to recant his ideas,
 “Unless I am convinced by Scripture and plain reason…my
conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and I will not
recant anything, for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe.
Here I stand. I cannot do otherwise. Amen.”
 Charles V replies –
 “A single friar who goes counter to all Christianity for a thousand
years must be wrong…I will proceed against him as a notorious
heretic”
 Charles V issues Edict of Worms – declaring Luther an
outlaw and heretic

25.  Frederick the Wise – German prince of Saxony,
protects Luther in his castle for the first year after
the Diet of Worms
 Spends the year translating the New Testament into
German
 Luther’s ideas were practiced – priests began
leading worship in German, calling themselves
“ministers”
 People give up on trying to reform the Catholic
Church and become a group known as Lutherans

26. Changing Views of the Universe
 Copernicus
 Heliocentric theory – sun is center
of universe, Earth revolves around
sun
 On the Revolutions of the
Heavenly Spheres
 Tycho Brahe
 Evidence to support Copernicus’s
theory
 Galileo
 Assembled astronomical telescope
 Sees Jupiter with moons rotating
around it, like Copernicus’s claim of
the Earth around the sun
 Condemned for challenging
Christian teachings that the
heavens are fixed, unmoving and
perfect
 Tried before the Inquisition, was
threatened death if he didn’t
rescind his claims (he gives in)

27. Absolute monarchies
“Reality checkers” –
Parliament/Estates
General

28. Extending Spanish Power
 Charles V and the Hapsburg
Empire
 Inherits huge empire – Spain
and the Austrian Hapsburg
Empire
 Reign of continual conflict
 Protestant Reformation
 Ottoman empire and Suleiman –
up to Vienna
 Charles V divides his empire,
gives up his titles, and enters a
monastery in 1556
 HRE lands to bro- Ferdinand
 Spain and Netherlands to his son,
Philip (Philip II)

29. King Philip II of Spain
 1556-1598
 Hard-working
 Devout and ambitious
 42 year reign
 Made his own power absolute
 Claimed divine right
 Saw himself as guardian of the
Catholic Church and worked to
strengthen it
 Enforced religious unity
 Spanish Inquisition against
Protestants and heretics

30. Netherlands viciously revolted for freedom from
Spain’s reign
 Revolts in the 1560’s, 1581 – Dutch Netherlands (they’re
Protestant btw), not official til 1648
Queen Elizabeth I of England is the archenemy
(she and England are Protestant)
 Queen Elizabeth secretly, then openly supported the
Netherlands efforts for freedom
 Encouraged Sea Dogs (English privateers) to plunder
Spanish treasure ships
 British navy defeats the Spanish Armada
 Spanish had 130 ships 20,000 men and 2,400 artillery
 Long term effects of this event!!!

32. 1600s Spain’s power and prosperity begin to
decline
Lack of strong leadership
Economic issues
 Overseas wars drain wealth
 Treasure from the Americas caused imbalance – Spain
neglected their agriculture and commerce
 Expulsion of Muslims and Jews caused a deficit of skilled
artisans and merchants
 American gold and silver caused soaring inflation

33. France under Louis XIV
 Huguenots – French Protestants
 Catholicism is majority in France
 St. Bartholomew’s Day, August 24, 1572 –
 Huguenot and Catholic nobles gather to celebrate a royal wedding
 Violence erupts and 3,000 Huguenots are massacred
 Many more Huguenots are slaughtered during the next few days
 St. Bart’s Day Massacre becomes a symbol of a complete deterioration of order in
France

34. Henry IV
 Huguenot prince who inherits the
French throne in 1589
 “Paris is well worth a Mass”
 Edict of Nantes – 1598
 Officially tolerated Huguenots,
allowed them to fortify their
own towns and cities
 “a chicken in every pot”
 Attempt to mend peasant life
 Improves roads, builds bridges,
revives agriculture
**by reducing role of nobles, he
lays groundwork for absolutism

35. Richelieu
 Henry IV killed by an assassin
 Louis XIII (his son) becomes king
and appoints Cardinal Armand
Richeleiu as his chief minister
 Richelieu – cunning, capable
leader, spends his time
strengthening the central
government
 Tries to destroy nobles’ power
 Smashes the walls of Huguenot
cities and bans formation of
Huguenot armies
 Defeated private armies of
nobles and destroyed their
fortified castles
 Handpicks his successor –
Cardinal Jules Mazarin

36. Louis XIV,
the Sun King
 Became king at very young age (5 yrs
old), Mazarin essentially rules for him
 The Fronde – uprising of nobles,
merchants, peasants, and urban poor
rebel, rioters even drive Louis out of the
palace (even as a young boy)
 Mazarin dies 1661
 “L’etat, c’est moi” – I am the State –
Louis XIV takes responsibility for his
reign and becomes an absolute
monarch.
 The Sun – becomes his symbol of
absolute power
 Sun is the center of the universe and
I am the center of the nation “I am
the State”
 Doesn’t call up the Estates General
during his reign (so his power isn’t
checked)
 From 1614-1789 The Estates General
isn’t called up

37. Colbert
 Intendant system – royal officials
who collect taxes, recruit soldiers,
and carry out king’s policies in
each province
 Army becomes Europe’s best –
state paid, fed, trained and
supplied up to 300,000 soldiers
 Jean Baptiste Colbert – brilliant
finance minister
 High tariffs on imports,
encouraged overseas colonies,
export to colonies
 Becomes wealthiest state in
Europe

38.  Built in the countryside near Paris
 Spared no expense
 Became the king’s home and seat of government
Versailles  Housed 10,000 people from nobles and officials to
servants
 Elaborate ceremonies and rituals “levee”
 **Controlling the nobles by luring them to Versailles**

39. Triumph of Parliament in England
 Tudors Line of Successors –
 While the Tudor rulers believe in divine right, they also gave
Parliament consideration
 King Henry VIII
 Asked Parliament to pass the Act of Supremacy – when they do, the
monarch of England becomes the head of the Church of England
 Parliament becomes used to being consulted
 Edward VI
 Mary I
 Queen Elizabeth I – 1559-1603
 Consulted Parliament when needed, made her a very popular ruler
 Forbade Parliament to meddle with the concept of her marriage (or
lack of)

40.  When Elizabeth dies in 1603, no direct heir
 Stuarts – ruling family of Scotland, closest
relative
 King James I
 Butted heads with Parliament
 Actually dissolves Parliament and
collects the taxes he wants on his own
 Dissenters – Puritans wanted to “purify”
the Church of England of Catholic
practices
 Call for simpler services and a more
democratic church (no bishops)
 K. James tells them to leave or he’ll
“do worse”
 King James version of the Bible emerged
in 1611

41.  Charles I – inherits throne in 1625
 Behaved like an absolute monarch
 Imprisoned people without trial and squeezed
nation for money
 1628 needed to raise taxes again and has to
summon Parliament
 Won’t approve taxation til K. Charles signs the
Petition of Right (prohibits king from taxing
without Parliament’s approval, and prohibits
imprisonment for unjust cause)
 Signs it, but dissolved Parliament in 1629
 Rules for 11 years without them
 Creates bitter enemies – especially the Puritans
 1637 – tries to impose the Book of Common Prayer
on the Scottish Calvinists
 They revolt, Charles summons Parl. To pay for the
army needed to take care of the revolt

42. The Long Parliament
Met on and off from 1640-1653
Parliament tried and executed the King’s chief
ministers
Declare Parliament can’t be dissolved without their
own consent
Charles I lashes back
Leads troops into the House of Commons to arrest
its most radical leaders
 They escape through the back door and flee to form their
own armies

43. English Civil War
 1642-1649
 Cavaliers v. Roundheads
 Charles I and supporters v.
Parliament and supporters –
country gentry, town-dwelling
manufacturers, and Puritan clergy
 Roundheads led by Oliver
Cromwell
 Skilled general
 New Model Army
 By 1647 the king was in the
hands of Parliamentary forces

44.  Parliament puts King Charles on trial
 Condemned to death as a “tyrant, traitor, murderer, and public enemy”
 January 1649 “I am a martyr of the people”
 Says a prayer and then signals the executioner
 ***Implications in Europe?***

45. Shockwave through Europe
Kings had been assassinated or killed in battle but
never tried and executed by their own people
In England – no ruler can claim absolute power and
ignore the rule of law

46. The Commonwealth
The House of Commons abolishes the monarchy, the
House of Lords, and the Church of England
Declares England a republic, called the
Commonwealth
Oliver Cromwell will serve as their leader

48. Puritan Influence
 “rule of saints” – social revolution
 Sunday set aside for religious
observance
 Anyone 14 or older caught
“profaning” the Lord’s Day could be
fined
 Theatres, lewd dancing, taverns, and
gambling are all restricted/closed
down
 Education is highly encouraged so
both boys and girls can read the Bible
 Encourage marriage to be based on
love to encourage fidelity
 Cromwell allowed religious freedom
to other Protestants, and even
welcomed Jews back into England
(after 350+ yrs of exile)

49. Lord protector
Oliver can’t get along with the Rump
Parliament either
 House of Commons wants to disband Cromwell’s
50,000 man army
 So he disbands Parliament
1653 – Declares himself Lord Protector
 Imposes Puritan prohibitions
 Creates the first written constitution for his
“republic”…de facto dictatorship
 Dies 1658, son Richard succeeds him, but England has
had enough

50.  Cromwell dies 1658
 Puritans lose grip on England
 1660 – Parliament invites Charles II to take his rightful place as King
 Monarchy is restored and the people warmly welcome him
 Reopened taverns and theatres
 Restored Church of England, tolerated other Protestants

51.  James II inherits throne 1685
 Flaunts his Catholic faith –
even appoints Catholics in
high office positions
 English Protestants really
worried James II will
reinstate Catholicism
 Parliamentary leaders ask
James II’s daughter, Mary
and her husband William to
become the rulers of the
throne

52. Glorious Revolution
 William and Mary come over from the Netherlands
 James II flees to France
 Bloodless overthrow of leadership called a “glorious
revolution”
 King William III and Queen Mary II are not crowned until
they recognize SEVERAL of Parliament’s conditions
 English Bill of Rights – requires monarch to summon
Parliament regularly and gives the House of Commons
“power of the purse”
 Bars Catholic monarchs
 Restates traditional rights of English citizens (trial by
jury)
 Abolishes excess fines, cruel or unjust punishment
 Habeas corpus – no person can be held in prison without
first being charged a specific crime
 Toleration Act 1689 – limits religious freedom to
Puritans, Quakers and other dissenters (not Catholics
yet); but, only CofE can hold gvt positions

53. Enlightenment
Early Philosopher –
Thomas Hobbes
 Humans are flawed and need strong, harsh leadership
John Locke
 Natural rights
 Tabula rasa
 Social contract
Enlightenment Philosophers
 Rousseau – “Social Contract”
 Montesquieu – checks and balances

54. Status Check
Spain
France
England
HRE
Italy
The Church

55. Chapter 18 – Russia!
Russia: the third Rome?
Ivan III
Ivan IV
 Time of Troubles
 oprichniki
Michael Romanov

56. Peter the Great
His Focus (the 3 W’s)
Westernization
Window to the West
 Building St. Petersburg
Warm water ports
 Needs to acquire them

57. Selective Borrowing
Toured all over Europe incognito
Shipbuilding from Holland
Ballet from France
Christmas trees from Germany

58. St. Petersburg
“Window to the West”
Built in 1703
Built on a marsh
Capital from 1703-1918

59. Organizes military in
Western style
First navy for Russia
Establishes secret police
Continually extended
territory
Builds up industry
 Some serfs sent to mines
and the industrial jobs

61. Forcing Westernization
Forced on aristocracy
Beards
Wedding whips (p. 408
Stearns)
Western clothes
Speaking French

62.  Marries Peter III
Catherine the  Prussian princess, converted to
Great Orthodoxy once her marriage is
arranged
 Becomes main ruler and helps
develop a strong central state
 Pugachev Rebellion
 Claims Alaska
 Fights Ottomans, wins Crimean Sea
 Partition of Poland – split between
Austria, Russia, and Prussia