2. Technically…
Early Middle Ages
500-1000s
High Middle Ages
1000-1400s
3. The Early Middle Ages
Sparsely populated, dense forests,
rich soil, etc.
From 400-700 Germanic tribes
carved Western Europe into small
kingdoms
Franks – strongest kingdom
Clovis, king of the Franks
Conquers Gaul
Ruled lands like the
Franks, but preserves
Roman legacy
Converted to Christianity
(religion of people in Gaul)
Earns support AND
gains the Christian
Church of Rome as an
ally
6. Battle of Tours - 732
Islam appears in 622
Muslim armies overrun
Christian lands
Palestine – N. Africa – Spain
When Muslim enter
France, Charles Martel
rallies Frankish warriors
Christians triumph – sign that
“God is on their side”
Muslims are stopped and
only overrun Spain
Christians view Muslim world
with hostility
7.
8. Charlemagne
Grandson of Charles
Martel
Built an empire across
France, Germany, and part
of Italy
Loved battle
Muslims in Spain, Saxons in
the North, Avars and Slavs in
the east, Lombards in Italy
Conquests reunite much of
the old Roman Empire
9. Pope Leo III asks Charlemagne
to help against rebellious nobles
in Rome
Frankish armies crush the
rebellion
Pope crowns Charlemagne on
Christmas day, 800, to show his
gratitude
Declares Charlemagne –
Emperor of the Romans (why is
this so significant?)
**Christian Pope crowns a
German king successor to the
Roman emperors
Also sets up conflicts between
Roman Catholic popes and
German emperors
10. •Eastern Empire is Furious
•Ruler of the Eastern Roman
Empire saw himself as the Roman
ruler
**Furthers division between the
eastern and western regions of
the old Roman empire
11. Uses officials to make sure people are
happy (roads, complaints, justice, etc)
Missi dominici
Charlemagne can read, but can’t write
Alcuin creates curriculum based on Latin
learning
becomes the model educational system for
Medieval Europe
Extends Christian civilization to Northern
Europe
12. Roaming threats
Muslim forces threaten
thru 900s
Magyars
settle in Hungary and
plunder Germany, ½
France, and Italy
(eventually pushed back to
Hungary)
Vikings
stretch out from
Scandinavia and attack
England, Ireland, N.
France, Russia, N.
America, etc.
13.
14. Feudalism and
Manorialism
Feudalism – political
and military
Manorialism -
economic
Vassals – pledge
service and loyalty to
greater lord
15.
16. Happenings in the Kingdom of England
King Edward (Anglo-Sax) dies
Harold (weak guy) put in charge
William of Normandy (strong leader, of Viking
descent)
Raises an army and gets pope’s support
William triumphs and defeats Harold
William the Conqueror!
Norman (French) influence
Battle of Hastings
Bayeux Tapestry
17. King William (the Conqueror)
Required feudal allegiance
Domesday Book – listed every castle, field
and pigpen in England
Helped with efficient tax collection
Royal exchequer – royal treasury
18. Unified Legal System
King Henry II
1154 – common law – legal system based on
custom and court rulings and applied to all of
England
Created a jury – group of men sworn to speak
the truth
19. King Henry and Thomas Becket
King Henry – claimed the right to try clergy in
royal courts
Thomas Becket – Archbishop of Canterbury,
fiercely disagreed with the king
“what a pack of fools and cowards I have
nourished, that not one of them will avenge me
of this turbulent priest”
4 knights kill Thomas Becket for King Henry
Becket’s honored as a martyr and saint,
pilgrimage destination
20. King John the Soft
King John – clever, greedy, cruel,
untrustworthy
Not a people person
War with Philip II – loses French lands
Gives into Innocent III to avoid kingdom
wide excommunication, has to recognize
England as a fief to Rome.
21. Magna Carta
1215 at Runnymeade, 63 demands
Magna Carta – Great Charter
Due Process of Law
Free men are protected from arbitrary arrest
and imprisonment
Taxation
King can’t raise taxes without consulting the
Great Council
No taxation without representation
22. MC’s significance
1. nobles now
have certain rights
(later extended to
all citizens)
2. monarch must
obey the law (and
the charter)
23. Great Council
House of Commons (2 knights from each
county)
House of Lords
King summons this parliament for his own
purpose
Serve as a checks and balance
24. Onto France!
Capetians –
Hugh Capet – 987 – Count of
Paris, voted to the throne
300+ years Capets rule –
“Capetians”
Gains support from Church
25. Philip Augustus (Philip II)
Shrewd, able, bald, red-face, big drinker
Pays middle class officials to fill government
officials (buys their support)
Normandy and Anjou from England
Gains S. France
By his death in 1223, Philip II is most powerful
ruler in Europe
26. Louis IX
Perfect medieval monarch
Becomes king at 12
Generous noble devoted
justice and charity
Persecuted heretics and
Jews, led the French knights
in 2 wars against the
Muslims
Roving officials checkout the
countryside
Dies in 1270 – France has
an efficient central
government
Declared a saint 30 years
after death
27. Philip IV
Louis’s grandson
Extends royal power (good), tries to
tax the clergy (not so good)–
Pope Boniface VIII – not happy
about tax
“God has set popes over kings and
kingdoms”
Forbids Philip to tax the clergy
without papal consent
Philip threatens arrest clergy who
don’t pay their taxes
Philip sends troops and they seize
the pope
Pope Boniface VIII – escapes, but
was beaten badly and dies
French pope is appointed
New pope moves the church court
to Avignon
28.
29. Estates General
Created in 1302
3 parts – clergy, nobles, townspeople
Body of people that have a say in the
government
NOT AS POWERFUL as the English
Parliament (Great Council) because
Estates General has no control of taxation
30. Holy Roman Empire
Otto I of Saxony – King of Germany
Helps pope out
962 – crowned as Holy Roman Emperor
Holy – crowned by the pope
Roman – heir to the emperors of ancient
Rome
Pope Gregory VII – banned lay
investiture
Only Pope can appoint bishops
HRE Henry IV
Disagreement with GregoryVII because
he thinks the HRE should appoint
bishops to their royal fiefs
Concordat of Worms – 1122
Church has sole pwr to elect and invest
bishops w/spiritual authority; emperor has
right to invest them with fiefs
33. The Crusades
Byzantine emperor
Alexius I asks Pope
Urban II for Christian
knights to help him fight
the Turks
Muslim groups were
interfering with Christian
pilgrimages to the Holy
Land
Urban II
“an accursed race…has
violently invaded the lands
of those Christians and has
depopulated them by
pillage and fire”
34. God wills it!
1096 – armies of knights, and
ordinary men and women all left
for the Holy Land
Motivations
Religious zeal
Hopes of wealth and land
Adventure
Pope – hoped to heal the split
between Roman and Byzantine
churches
Hoped Christian knights would
no longer waste time fighting
each other
Many Crusades – Round 1, 2, 3,
etc.
35.
36.
37. Over 200 years – roughly 1095-
1290s
1st Crusade – massacre of Muslim
and Jewish residents of Jerusalem
Saladin (Muslim) retook Jerusalem
Results and effects of the
Crusades:
Fail to conquer the Holy Land
Increased trade
Middle Eastern products introduced to
Europe
Growth of a money economy
Increased power for monarchs and the
Pope
Global awareness
1271 Marco Polo to China
38. Reconquista in Spain
Christian campaign to drive
the Muslims out of Spain,
attack Toledo
Isabella of Castile marries
Ferdinand of Aragon
Unity of two pwrful kingdoms
opens the way for a unified
state
End of religious toleration for
Christians, Jews, and Muslims
Initiate the Spanish Inquisition
– Church court set up to try
people accused of heresy
Brutal against Muslims and
Jews – many burned at the
stake when they refuse to
convert to Christianity
42. Medieval Architecture
The Romanesque Church
– fortresses with thick
walls and towers
Barrel vault (long tunnel of
stone covering most of the
structure)
So heavy it required thick
walls
No windows to keep walls
strong
Dark and gloomy
43.
44. Gothic Architecture
Flying buttresses – stone
supports outside the church
Allow builders to construct
higher walls and leave space for
huge stained-glass windows
Could be very tall
Graceful spires, lofty ceilings,
enormous windows – carry the
eye upward to the heavens
Monuments are built to the
“greater glory of God”
Make you feel very small,
emphasize power and grandeur
of God
51. Vernacular
Vernacular
Epics
Dante’s Divine Comedy
Abandon all hope, ye that enter here
Beowulf
Song of Roland
Canterbury Tales
52. Growth of Trade and Banking
Agricultural advancements –
Cause population increase and surplus of food (allows for
urbanization to occur)
Windmills, iron plow, horse replaced oxen, 3 field system
Urban Growth – more specialized manufacturing and
commercial activities
Increases trade
Creation of Guilds
Apprentice, journeyman, etc.
Prevents monopoly
Quality control
Development of banking system
Lending money
Receipts and regional systems
Joint business ventures
Invest in supplies and pool resources, limits risks since land and sea
travel is dangerous
53. Created to organize trade between cities in
Northern Germany and Southern Scandinavia Hanseatic
with no navies to protect their travels, they
band together for safety and successful
trade
League
1344 Hanseatic League is recognized as a
loose trade association
Seal of Lubeck, colors – red and white
Extortion of trading privileges, very controlling,
created monopolies whenever possible
Trading: timber, pitch, turpentine, iron, copper,
horses, livestock, hawks and falconry for
hunting, fish (cod and herring), leather, hides,
amber, and textiles
Convert to Christianity
Lubeck, Hamburg, Copenhagen, Stockholm,
Novgorod, Tallin, etc.
1370 – pinnacle of Hansa power
After 1450 – England forces the sound open,
and diminishes Hansa power in the Baltic,
league declines, Ivan the Terrible closes
Hansa office in Novgorod
54.
55.
56. Venetian Merchants
Reached their pinnacle after the 4th Crusade
Sent a fleet of Venetian vessels to Constantinople during the
Crusades (does this sound weird to you?)
Loot and pillage Constantinople
Rule the city for the next 50 years
End of Constantinople’s domination in Eurasian trade – they’ll never
be the dominant one again
Become the center of trade in W. Europe (they will continue to
increase and succeed into the Renaissance)
57. Troubled 1300’s
Famine and crop failure already rampant
Makes everyone more susceptible to the
plague
58. PLAGUE!
1347 – a Genoese trading ship brings the
plague to Messina, Sicily
Italy to Spain to France and Germany –
one in three people died
Originated in Asia and spread to the
Middle East to Europe
India depopulated; Mesopotamia, Syria and
Armenia covered with dead bodies
Cairo – 7,000 dead bodies a day
59. Yersinia pestis
Bacillus lives in bloodstream of an animal or
in the stomach of a flea
Ideal host? The Black Rat – traveled on
ships
Two forms – bubonic and pneumonic
Bubonic – flea is the vector
Pneumonic – direct human contact
60. Streets were cesspools
Mud, refuse, human excrement
Personal hygiene – everyone had fleas
and body lice so flea bites were perfectly
normal
Aristocratic families all slept in one room
together
Middle-class or poor households often
slept in one bed
61. Symptoms
1st Stage
A growth the size of a nut or an
apple emerged in the armpit, groin
or neck (lymph nodes)
Boil “buba” – gave the disease its
name
Caused agonizing pain
If lanced and drained victim has a
chance
2nd Stage
black spots or blotches appear
from bleeding under the skin
3rd and Final Stage
Victim begins to cough violently
and spit blood
Death usually followed within two
to three days
62.
63.
64. Social Effects
People didn’t understand the science behind
how the disease spread…so,
Terror and bewilderment spread
Magic and witchcraft
Profound pessimism
Wild pleasures – we’ll die soon anyway
Flagellants – scourged and whipped themselves
as penance for their and society’s sins
People fled from city centers
66. Hundred Years War
1337-1453 (Actually 116 years)
England v. France
Edward III of England claimed the French
crown in 1337 and war erupted
English victories at first, France suffered
greatly
Thank you longbow (3 for 1)
67. Joan of Arc
1429 – 17 year old peasant woman
appears in the court of Charles VII the
uncrowned king of France
Tells Charles God sent her to save
France
Persuades him to allow Joan to lead
his armies against the English
Joan inspires the troops and leads
them to several victories
English capture her, try her as a witch,
burn her at the stake
Church later declares her as a saint
Joan’s execution rallies French troops
French have the cannon!
68. Effects?
War created growing
sense of nationalism
Longbow and cannon
Warfare changing
Move towards nation
states versus feudalism