Ephesus was an ancient Greek city located in what is now Turkey. It was originally built by Greek colonists in the 10th century BC. Some of the most notable sites discovered in Ephesus include the sanctuary of Artemis, the Great Theater from the Hellenistic period, and the Celsus Library built in the early 2nd century AD. The city flourished under Roman rule from the 2nd century BC onward and contained important structures like a commercial market, fountains, and monuments honoring various Roman emperors and officials. Archaeological excavations since the 19th century have uncovered settlements, temples, churches, and other buildings that demonstrate Ephesus was a significant urban center in the

2.  Ephesus was an ancient Greek city on the
coast of Ionia, three kilometres southwest of
present-day Selçuk in İzmir Province, Turkey. It
was built in the 10th century BC on the site of
the
former Arzawan capital by Attic and Ionian Gree
k colonists. During the Classical Greek era it
was one of the twelve cities of the Ionian
League. The city flourished after it came under
the control of the Roman Republic in 129 BC

4.  The sanctuary of Artemis of Ephesus was
discovered in 1869 by J.T. Wood. The
excavations of the British Museum in
1904/05 and since 1965 those of the
Austrian Archaeological Institute under A.
Bammer, who discovered the courtyard altar
and the oldest cultic structure, have followed.

6. The 500 m-long and 11 m-
wide street was the most
important connection
between the harbour and
the theatre

8. The Great Theatre goes
back to a predecessor
structure in the Hellenistic
period (3rd – 1st century
BC)

10. The Celsus Library, assuredly the
most re-known monument in
Ephesus, was built between AD
100 and 110 by Gaius Iulius
Aquila for his father, Senator
Tiberius Iulius Celsus
Polemaeanus

12.  The commercial market was already founded
in the 3rd century BC. Its obvious form goes
back to an expansion under Emperor
Augustus (27 BC – AD 14) to a quadratic
ensemble (side length 154 m) with three
gateways in the north, west and south, a
central courtyard (side length 112 m)
enclosed by two-aisled, two-storey halls with
business and administrative offices.

14. The 9 m-long-quadratic
pediment contains a burial
chamber in which a young
woman in a marble
sarcophagus was buried

16. The settlement traces at the
northern slope of Mount
Bülbül go back to the Archaic
period (7th/6th century BC) as
this area was used as a
cemetery

18. The small and temple-like
monument donated by P. Vedius
Antoninus Sabinus honoured
Emperor Hadrian (AD 117–138)
according to a building
inscription.

20. The fountain building was
donated by Tiberius Claudius
Aristion and his wife between AD
102 and 114 in honour of Artemis
of Ephesus and Emperor Tiberius
(AD 98–117).

22. The Memmius Monument was
built at a particularly prominent
site between AD 50 and 30: a
honourific monument for Gaius
Memmius, a grandson of the
Roman Dictator Sulla.

24. The temple and altar served the
imperial cult and were dedicated
to Emperor Domitian (AD 81–96),
however after his death and
condemnation of his memory
they were dedicated to the
Flavian family.

26. An investment in the saddle
between the two mountains of
the town probably made in the
1st century BC covered an area
of 160 × 58 m in the beginning of
the 1st century AD

28. The 145 × 30 m-big three-
aisled bishop’s church of the
city was erected in the
southern stoa of the
Olympieion Quarter.

30. The stadium lies in a
depression to the foothills
of Panayır Dağ.

32.  The Gymnasium that lies directly at
the city walls is 135 × 85 m in size
and a common type of Ephesian
gymnasia consisting of a bath-
gymnasium complex