Erasmus+ CONONECT 2nd exchange in Karlskoga

2. • The gross electricity consumption in
Turkey in 2014 was 257,2 billion kWh,
while this figure rose by 2,7% in 2015,
reaching 264,1 billion kWh. At the
same time our electricity output fell by
3,1% when compared to the previous
year (252,0 billion kWh) to 259,7
billion kWh

3. • According to the highly probable scenario of
an increase of 6,9% to 392 TWh in the base
scenario, electricity consumption in the year
2020 is expected to rise by 5,5% to 357,4
TWh. In 2015, power plants containing a
total of 4.288 MW additional capacity were
added to the system, and our capacity has
risen to around 73.147 MW. As of the end of
2015 number of power plants has risen to
1.514.As the end of 2015, power plants
containing a total of 4.558 MW additional
capacity were added to the system.

4. • The breakdown of the generation plants
which have been taken into operation as part
of this total of 4.558 MW installed capacity, is
as follows:
• 12 ( 219 MW) geothermal,
• 73 (835,6 MW) wind,
• 88 (2.229 MW) hydraulic,
• 18 (50) landfill gas and biogas,
• 362 (208,658 MW) solar,
• 22 (1.015 MW) thermal plants.

5. • As of the end of 2015, EUAS ( State
Electricity Generating Company) had a share
of 27,8% and the rest is generated by privite
sector.In line with the aim of liberalising the
electricity market, it has been set forth that
new generation investments be carried out
by the private sector, in accordance with the
Legislation numbered 4628 and the new
Electricity Market Legislation numbered 6446

6. • It is aimed that a transparent and competitive
market be formed in the electricity sector,
and that the environment for investment be
developed in this way. Within this scope,
EPIAS (Electricity Markets Operating
Corporation) has been established and
started its operations.

7. • is a Petroleum derivative which is
inflammable. lighter than air. colourless
and odourless. It consists of various
hvdrocarbons. mainly methane (CH4) and
ethane (C2H6). It is found beneath the
ground. usually together with petroleum or
in gas reservoirs. Natural gas, which can
be used without refining, is transported
with pipelines or vessels after liquefied.

9. • 76 trillion cubic-meters of the natural gas reserves
(41%) are located in Middle Eastern countries, with
59 trillion cubic-meters (33%) in Russia and the
Commomvealth of Independent States, 31 trillion
cubic-meters (17%) in the Africa / Asia Pacific
countries.76 trillion cubic-meters of the natural gas
reserves (41%) are located in Middle Eastern
countries, with 59 trillion cubic-meters (33%) in
Russia and the Commomvealth of Independent
States, 31 trillion cubic-meters (17%) in the Africa /
Asia Pacific countries. As of the end of 2015, our
remaining producible natural gas reserves were
18,5 biîlion m3. Our installed capacity using natural
gas for the generation of electrıcity as of the end of

10. • 2015 was 21.222 MW, and this value meets
29 percent of our total installed
capacity.According to the studies on the
natural gas supply-demand balances, there
are no issues concerning the meeting of the
annual natural gas demand. However, during
the winter months, when demand is high, the
fail of temperatures to levels below seasonal
norms, and as a result the rise of
consumption to maximum levels, and any
faults in the source countries or countries en-
route during the same period, can lead to
periodic imbalances between supply and

11. • Turkey is a lucky one to possess a high solar
energy potential in terms of its geographical
location.
• According to the Solar Energy Map (SEM) of
Turkey prepared by the Renewable Energy
General Directorate, it has been determined
that the total annual insolation time is 2.737
hours (a total of 7,5 hours per day), and the
total solar energy derived per year is 1.527
kWh/m2 per year (total 4,2 kWh/m2 per day).

13. • While solar energy technologies are
extremely varied in terms of their methods,
materials and technological levels, they can
be split into two principal groups:Photo-
emissive Solar Technologies and
Concentrated Solar Power (CSP): In this
system heat is obtained from solar energy,
and can be used either directly or in the
generation of electricity. Solar Cells: Semi-
conducting materials, which are also known
as photovoltaic solar energy systems,
convert the sunlight directly into electricity.
The total established solar collector area

14. • as being close to 18.640.000 m2. The annual
production of planary solar collectors was
calculated as 1.164.000 m2, while that of
vacuum-tube collectors was 57.600 m2. 50%
of the planary collectors, and all of the
vacuum-tube collectors which are produced
are known to be used within the country.In
2014, close to 803.000 TEP Tonnes
Equivalent to Petrol) heat energy was
produced using solar collectors. The use of
the heat energy produced in 2014 was
calculated as 523.000 TEP in homes, and
280.000 TEP for industrial purposes.

15. • The Renewable Energy Resources
Legislation numbered 5346, which is
necessary in order for the use of photovoltaic
systems to become more widespread, was
revised on 29.12.2010, and the studies
concerning the Legislation were completed in
2013. It is expected that there will be more
widespread use as a result of the costs of
photovoltaic systems falling, and productivity
rising in recent years.

16. • This capacity will be increased in stages in
the coming years, with the target of our
Ministry being a minimum of 3000 MW
installed capacity of license PV plants in
2023.As the end of 2015, the number of
solar power plant has been 362 with the
unlicensed power santralls and the installed
capacity is 248.8 MW.

17. • Wind comes about from the varied
temperatures created by solar radiation on
the surface of the earth. These different
temperatures cause humidity and pressure
levels to vary as well, and the difference in
the pressure levels causes the air to move.
Approximately 2% of the solar energy which
reaches the earth is converted into wind
energy.

19. • In meteorological terms, wind can develop
in the following locations:
• Locations where changes in pressure are
high;
• High, even hills and valleys;
• Regions which are under the impact of
strong geostrophic winds;
• Coastal areas;
• Mountain ranges, valleys and hills where
canal effects are present.

20. • The characteristics of the wind differs (in
respect of time and region), based on local
geographic differences and the non-
homogenous temperatures of the surface of
the earth. Wind is stated as two separate
parameters – speed and direction. The
speed of the wind rises with height, and its
theoretical strength changes proportionately
to its cubic speed.

21. • The initial investment costs of wind energy
applications are high, and their capacity
factors are low. Together with this, they have
the disadvantage of inconsistent energy
production. Their advantages, on the other
hand, can be listed as follows:
• In plentiful and free supply within the
atmosphere;
• It is a renewable and clean source of energy,
and is environmentally friendly;

22. • Its source is reliable, and there are no risks
of running out or prices increasing over
time;
• Its cost has reached the level where it is
able to compete with the power plants of
today;
• Maintenance and repair costs are low;
• It creates employment;

23. • Its raw materials are completely domestic,
and it does not create a dependence on
imports;
• The installation and operation of its
technology is relatively simple;
• It can be taken into operation within a short
time.

24. • Among the various sources of energy,
hydroelectricity power stations are
preferred due to their being
environmentally friendly and carrying low
potential risk.
• Hydroelectricity plants work in harmony
with the environment, are clean,
renewable, and highly productive plants
with no fuel expenses. They take on the
role of an insurance in energy prices, have
a long lifespan, low operating costs, and

26. • The theoretical hydroelectricity potential of
our country is 1% of theoretical potential of
the world, while its economic potential is 16%
of the economic potential of Europe.Our
hydraulic resources, which hold the most
important position in the renewable energy
potential of our country, possess a
hydroelectricity potential of 433 billion kWh,
while the technically usable potential is 216
kWh, and the economic hydroelectricity
potential is 140 billion kWh/year.

27. • Turkey continues to take steps towards
developing the investment environment
based on competition within the energy
sector, and establishing a transparent market
structure and in particular with the influence
of the legal arrangements directed at
renewable energy in the electricity generation
sector.

28. • TAs of the end of 2016 June, there were
572 hydropower plants, with a total
installed capacity of 26.246,6 MW. This is
the equivalent of 34,3% of the total
potential. It is aimed that all of the
hydroelectricity potential which can be
evaluated – both technically and
economically – be used in the generation
of electricity until 2023.