A presentation on the Spanish American War, the building of the Panama Canal, Theodore Roosevelt, and World War I for fifth graders.

1. With Mr. Luzadder 5th Grade Plain Elementary Simpsonville, South Carolina Becoming a World Power

2. 2

3. 3 Becoming a World Power The Spanish American War

4. Essential Questions 4 What caused the Spanish-American War? Becoming a World Power

5. Spanish American War By the 1890s Spain’s only presence in the Western Hemisphere was on the islands of Puerto Rico and Cuba. Many Americans became sympathetic to the cause of the Cubans when they learned that the Spanish were holding numerous Cubans captive on military posts and that they were dying of disease, starvation, and exposure. 5 Becoming a World Power

6. Spanish American War 6 On February 15, 1898, the American battleship USS Maine, which had been sent to Havana, Cuba, to protect Americans, mysteriously exploded and sunk killing 260 sailors. Two New York City newspapers reported that Spain was responsible for the sinking of the battleship. There was never any proof of this, but “Remember the Maine” became the country’s battle cry. Printing stories that are exaggerated or not well researched but that grab people’s attention so that they that will buy a newspaper is known as yellowjournalism. Becoming a World Power

7. Spanish American War Becoming a World Power 7 In April of 1898, Congress declared war on Spain. Admiral George Dewey was sent to the Philippines, a Spanish colony, and quickly destroyed Spain’s Pacific fleet. Spain’s ships located in Cuba were destroyed in July when they tried to run an American blockade.

8. Essential Questions 8 Who were the Rough Riders and the Buffalo Soldiers? Becoming a World Power

9. Spanish American War 9 Theodore Roosevelt resigned his position as the Secretary of the Navy and assembled a group of volunteers to fight the Spanish in Cuba. These volunteers, which included former Civil War soldiers and cowboys, were known as the Rough Riders. Theodore Roosevelt and some Rough Riders Becoming a World Power

10. Spanish American War 10 African American cavalries known as the “Buffalo Soldiers” joined the Rough Riders. The “Buffalo Soldiers” had been responsible for protecting settlers during the Plains Wars. Becoming a World Power

11. Spanish American War 11 On July 1, 1898, Theodore Roosevelt led the Rough Riders and the “Buffalo Soldiers” against the Spanish in the Battle of San Juan Hill. On July 17, the leader of the Spanish military commander surrendered and the Spanish-American War was essentially over. When the treaty that ended the war was signed, Cuba gained its independence and the United States gained control of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. Becoming a World Power

12. Guam 12 The United States formally purchased Guam from Spain for $20 million in 1899. Guamis an island that is about 30 miles long and 4 to 9 miles wide and is located approximately 3,300 miles West of Hawaii. Guam is the western most territory of the United States. Today the population of Guam is about 175,000 people. Its capitol city is Hagatña. Note: In 2009, Greenville’s population was 57,428 and Greenville County’s population was 451,428. Becoming a World Power

13. Puerto Rico 13 Puerto Rico is an island that is about 110 miles long and 40 miles wide at its widest point. Puerto Rico is located about 1,000 miles southeast of Miami, Florida. In 2010, the population of Puerto Rico 3,725,789. Note: In 2010, South Carolina’s population was 4,625,364. Becoming a World Power

14. 14 International Date Line Hawaii Greenville, SC 34° 90 N, 82 ° 22 W Honolulu, Hawaii 21° 30 N, 157° 87 W Manila, Philippines 14º 35 N, 120º 57 E Hagatña,Guam 13º 30 N, 144º 48 E Guam Equator Becoming a World Power

15. 15 Miami 1019 miles Puerto Rico Becoming a World Power

16. 16 Becoming a World Power The Panama Canal

17. Essential Questions 17 Why was the Panama Canal needed and what problems did those who constructed it face? Becoming a World Power

18. Panama Canal 18 From 1881-1887 a French company had attempted to build a canal through Panama. They were unsuccessful due to the thick rain forests, the countries wetlands, and diseases such as malaria and yellow fever. The Spanish-American War had shown the need for a shorter water passage between the east coast and the west coast of the United States. After helping Panama gain its independence from Colombia in 1903, the United States purchased a 10 mile wide strip of land through which the Panama Canal was built. Becoming a World Power

19. Panama Canal 19 Dr. William Gorgas was hired to find a way to help protect workers from these diseases which were carried by mosquitoes. He tried to limit the mosquito population by pouring oil over the pools of water where mosquitoes laid their eggs. By 1906, the area was thought to be safe enough to bring in workers. Becoming a World Power

20. Panama Canal 20 Over 40,000 men worked on the Panama Canal over a period of seven years. 5,609 died either from disease or accidents. A ship sailing from New York to San Francisco would travel 14,000 miles if it traveled around the southern tip of South America. If the ship traveled through the Panama Canal rather than around Cape Horn the journey would be 6,000 miles long. By the end of the 1800s, the United States had become wealthy and powerful. Becoming a World Power

21. 21 The Panama Canal Becoming a World Power

22. 22 The Panama Canal Becoming a World Power

23. 23 The Panama Canal Becoming a World Power

24. 24 Satellite view of the Panama Canal Becoming a World Power

25. Essential Questions 25 What lead to Theodore Roosevelt becoming President? Becoming a World Power

26. Theodore Roosevelt 26 On September 6, 1901, an anarchist named Leon Czolgoszshot President William McKinley. On September 14 the President died. An anarchist is a person who believes that all forms of government are oppressive and undesirable and should be abolished. Czolgosz’s was executed by electrocution on October 29, 1901. His last words were "I killed the President because he was the enemy of the good people—the good working people. I am not sorry for my crime.” Becoming a World Power

27. Theodore Roosevelt 27 Following McKinley’s assassination, Theodore Roosevelt became President at the age of 42. He is the youngest person to ever hold the office of President of the United States. Becoming a World Power

28. 28 Theodore Roosevelt Becoming a World Power

29. Theodore Roosevelt 29 Far better it is to dare mighty things, to win glorious triumphs even though checkered by failure, than to rank with those timid spirits who neither enjoy nor suffer much because they live in the gray twilight that knows neither victory nor defeat.” --Theodore Roosevelt Becoming a World Power

30. Theodore Roosevelt 30 1903 President Roosevelt visited conservationist John Muir in the Yosemite wilderness. Muir convinced Roosevelt of the need to preserve the countries forests. In 1906 Roosevelt made Yosemite the first national park. During his presidency, Theodore Roosevelt helped establish five national parks, 18 national monuments, 55 national bird sanctuaries and wildlife refuges, and 150 national forests. Becoming a World Power

31. Theodore Roosevelt 31 On a hunting trip in Mississippi, Roosevelt had been unsuccessful in killing a bear. Some of those hunting with the President had tracked an old bear for some distance. When the bear had become worn out the hunters were able to tie it to a tree. "Teddy," as the President was known, said, "Spare the bear! I will not shoot a tethered animal!" A cartoon drawn by Clifford Berryman of the Washington Post drew a great deal of attention. Soon toy bears known as “teddy bears” were being sold throughout the country. Becoming a World Power

32. 32 "Drawing the Line in Mississippi” Becoming a World Power

33. 33 Becoming a World Power World War I

34. 34 allied powers u-boat central powers victory garden propaganda four minute men machineguns alliance Red Baron Liberty Bonds draft Archduke Franz Ferdinand Arthur Zimmermann trenches allies nationalism League of Nations flame throwers isolationism Treaty of Versailles torpedo Lusitania Woodrow Wilson poison gas

35. Essential Questions 35 What led to World War I? Becoming a World Power

36. World War I 36 Nationalismis the love of country and the desire to have one’s country free from control of another. An alliance is an agreement between countries to defend each other if one of them is attacked. Isolationismis a policy in which a country stays out of the disputes and affairs of other nations. At the beginning of World War I the United States claimed to be neutral and declared that they would stay out of the disputes that were taking place in Europe. Becoming a World Power

37. 37 Becoming a World Power

38. World War I 38 On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, was assassinated by nineteen year old Serbian GavriloPrincip. Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, and his Wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg one hour before their deaths. Becoming a World Power

39. World War I 39 This assassination led to a chain reaction that brought about World War I. On July 28, one month after Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. On July 29, Russia, an ally of Serbia, mobilized its armed forces against Austria-Hungry because Russia considered itself the guardian of the Slavic people of the Balkans. On August 1, Germany, an ally of Austria-Hungary, declared war on Russia. On August 3, Germany declared war on France, an ally of Russia. Becoming a World Power

40. World War I 40 On August 4, Germany invaded Belgium, a neutral country. On August 4, Great Britain, an ally of France, declared war on Germany and Austria-Hungary. On August 6, Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia. On August 18, the United States declared itself neutral. On October 29, Turkey joined the Central Powers. Becoming a World Power

41. Becoming a World Power 41 The Roots of War (5.34)

42. World War I 42 On May 7, 1915, a Germany U-boat sank the RMSLusitania. The ship was carrying 1,265 passengers and a crew of 694. 128 Americans lost their lives. Becoming a World Power

43. 43 Becoming a World Power

44. 44 Becoming a World Power

45. World War I 45 On May 23, 1915, Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary. Becoming a World Power

46. World War I 46 On January 16, 1917, Arthur Zimmerman, a German foreign secretary, sent a coded telegram to the German ambassador in Washington D.C. The ambassador in Washington D.C. forwarded the telegram to the German ambassador in Mexico. The telegram instructed the ambassador to propose a military alliance between Germany and Mexico if it appeared that the United States was likely to enter the war. Becoming a World Power

47. World War I 47 FROM 2nd from London # 5747. "We intend to begin on the first of February unrestricted submarine warfare. We shall endeavor in spite of this to keep the United States of America neutral. In the event of this not succeeding, we make Mexico a proposal of alliance on the following basis: make war together, make peace together, generous financial support and an understanding on our part that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. The settlement in detail is left to you. You will inform the President of the above most secretly as soon as the outbreak of war with the United States of America is certain and add the suggestion that he should, on his own initiative, invite Japan to immediate adherence and at the same time mediate between Japan and ourselves. Please call the President's attention to the fact that the ruthless employment of our submarines now offers the prospect of compelling England in a few months to make peace.“ Signed, ZIMMERMANN Becoming a World Power

48. World War I 48 The Zimmerman telegram was intercepted and decoded by British cryptographers. On March 1, the telegram was made public. Initially it was thought by many to be a forgery, but Americans became outraged when they realized it was genuine. On April 14, Mexican President Carranza formally declined Germany’s proposal, but by then America had already entered the war. Becoming a World Power

49. World War I 49 On April 6, 1917, the United States declared war on Germany. On December 7, 1917, the United States declared war on Austria-Hungary. Woodrow Wilson before congress on February 3, 1917 Becoming a World Power

50. Becoming a World Power 50 America Joins the Ranks (4.17)

52. Allied Powers, &

53. Neutral countriesBecoming a World Power

54. Essential Questions 52 How did Americans support the war effort on the home front and the war front? Becoming a World Power

55. World War I 53 Propaganda is a form of communication that is intended to influence the attitudes of a group of people. Propaganda often presents facts selectively and attempts to change people’s opinions by appealing to their emotions. Four minute men were volunteers who agreed to speak for four minutes on topics related to the war effort. With many Americans’ having strong isolationist feelings, the government felt a need for a propaganda campaign to stir support for the war. More than 75,000 citizens served in the Four Minute Men. It is estimated that over 11,000,000 people heard at least one of their speeches during the eighteen month the program existed. Becoming a World Power

56. World War I 54 A Liberty Bond was a war bond that was sold in the United States to support the allied cause in World War I. Through the selling of Liberty Bonds the government raised about 17 billion dollars for the war effort. During World War I, individuals grew many of their own fruits and vegetables in victory gardens, also known as war gardens. The food that they did not eat immediately was preserved so that it could be eaten later. Victory gardens were seen as a patriotic way for citizens to help the war effort on the home front. Victory gardens allowed more food grown by farmers to be made available to those serving in the military. Becoming a World Power

57. Becoming a World Power 55 Supporting the War (9.33)

58. World War I 56 World War I weapons: □ Blimps (zeppelins) □ Machine guns □ Bombs □ Poison gas □ Cannons □ Tanks □ Flame throwers □ Torpedoes □ Grenades □ U-boats (submarines) Becoming a World Power

59. World War I 57 Trench warfare “No man’s land” Becoming a World Power

60. 58 An American Infantryman (doughboy) Becoming a World Power

61. 59 Australian infantry wearing Small Box Respirators (September 27, 1917). Becoming a World Power

62. 60 A battleship squadron of the German navy (Hochseeflotte) Becoming a World Power

63. World War I 61 Manfred Albrecht Freiherr von Richthofen, better known as the RedBaron, was a German fighter pilot during World War I. He is officially credited with 80 air combat victories, more than any other pilot. He was shot down and killed on April 21, 1918. Controversy surrounds who actually killed Richthofen, although it is widely believed that he was shot by someone on the ground. Becoming a World Power

64. World War I Becoming a World Power 62 German Fokker Dr.-1 triplane fighter The remains of Baron von Richthofen’s Fokker Triplane

65. 63 Becoming a World Power

66. World War I Becoming a World Power 64 United States 2% Bulgaria 3% Others 1%

67. World War I Becoming a World Power 65

68. Becoming a World Power 66 European Conflict (4.48)

69. World War I 67 On November 11, 1918 an armistice with Germany was signed in a railroad car at Compiègne, France. The cease fire took effect on “the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month.” Note: In 1938, November 11 was declared a legal holiday known as Armistice Day. In 1954, following World War II and the Korean War, Armistice Day was changed to Veterans Day in order to honor veterans of all wars Becoming a World Power

70. World War I 68 On June 28, 1919, the Treaty of Versailles was signed officially ending the war between Germany and the Allied Powers. The treaty forced Germany to accept total responsibility for starting the war, surrender various territories it possessed to other countries, and pay reparations, which many considered excessive,for material damage caused by the war. Germany’s military was to be limited to 100,000 men, and could not possess tanks, heavy artillery, poison-gas, military aircrafts and airships, navy vessels over 100,000 tons, and submarines. Germany signed the treaty under protest. The United States refused to ratify the treaty. Becoming a World Power

71. World War I 69 Following the war, the League of Nations was formed. It was an international organization formed with the intent of resolving conflicts between countries and preventing future wars. Although President Woodrow Wilson had been a strong advocate of the League of Nations, the United States never joined. The League of Nations officially dissolved in 1946. Prior to World War II, World War I was known as The Great War and was often referred to as “the war to end all wars.” Becoming a World Power

72. 70 Becoming a World Power The United States Expands

73. Essential Questions 71 How did Alaska and Hawaii become parts of the United States? Becoming a World Power

74. Alaska 72 In 1867 Russia offered to sell Alaska to the United States. Secretary of State William Seward offered Russia $7.2 million, which came to about two cents an acre. Many began to refer to Alaska as “Seward’s folly” and “Seward’s ice box.” Becoming a World Power

75. Alaska America soon found out how valuable Alaska really was. In 1880 gold was discovered in an area that became the city of Juneau, Alaska’s state capital. In 1968 oil was discovered in the state at Prudhoe Bay. In 1977 an 800 mile long pipeline was constructed to carry the oil to Valdez, Alaska. Today nearly 85 percent of Alaska’s budget is covered by money the state makes from oil. Alaska is the top producer of wild salmon in the world, and harvests nearly 6 billion pounds of seafood a year. Alaska’s other industries include tourism, timber, mining, and agriculture. 73 Becoming a World Power

76. Hawaii 74 Most scholars believed that people discovered the Hawaiian Islands sometime between AD 600 and AD 1000. In 1778 Captain James Cook became the first westerner to land on the islands. Hawaii consists of 137 islands. Becoming a World Power

77. Hawaii The first sugar plantation got its start in 1836. In the late 1800s, sugar growers and American businessmen became dissatisfied with Hawaii’s monarchy (government). They finally took matters into their own hands, and led a revolt. Queen Lili`uokalaniwithdrew from the throne to avoid bloodshed. In 1898 Hawaii is annexed as a territory of the United States, and finally becomes a state in 1959. 75 Becoming a World Power