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An introduction to the magic Bullet model for assessing learning in games
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Evaluating Educational Videogames
1.
1Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet A Magic Bullet Evaluating Educational Videogames:
2.
2Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet My Background • B.Sc., M.Sc. In Computer Science • Taught CS 1982 - 2008 • Ph.D. in Ed. Tech 2003 - 2008 • Have taught in Science, Education, Art, Engineering • Have taught: Programming, Data Architecture, CAL, DGBL, Game Design, Technical Writing, General Science & Math • Using games since 1998 • Maintain extensive websites & course sites • Hatching Program since 1989
3.
3Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet Backstory • What attracted me to CS – What I could do w/ it • What got me into ID – What I could make w/ it • My end goal: – Can we teach Ed game design… ? • Understand Ed game design • Understand game design • Understand Ed design • Understand software design / understand entertainment design….
4.
4Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet What I’m Playing Now
5.
5Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet The Current Landscape • Games are hot. • But are they a good fit for Education? • Are they better than....? – Little hard data. – Barriers to adoption remain high • administration, support, time, tech requirements, security concerns, support Mushroom Men
6.
6Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet What Do Educators Want?What Do Educators Want? • Engaged Learners • Authentic & Relevant Learning • High ROI • Low cost • Low entry barriers IMPORTANT: – MUST avoid repeat of Edutainment Era Mass Effect 2
7.
7Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet The Great Debates In Games for Learning: Learning vs. Fun Instructional Design vs. Game Design Game as Receptacle vs. Game as Method Blood Magic
8.
8Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet Educational Game Debates Instructional designers suck all the fun out of games. Game designers drive all the learning out of games.
9.
9Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet Educational Game Debates Games Design is all we need. Instructional Design is all we need. Grim FandangoGrim Fandango Real LivesReal Lives
10.
10Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet Practicalities: Removing Barriers • Easy to run & maintain. • Clear connections to accepted pedagogy. • Shallow learning curve. • Internally supported orientation. • LOTS of support materials – Manuals – Tutorials – Lesson Plans Heavy Rain
11.
11Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet Practicalities: Removing Barriers Clear connections to accepted pedagogy. Heavy Rain
12.
12Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet A Magic Bullet? • Need to talk about the learning in a game. • Need tools for examining games – Existing Ed. software reviews insufficient – Existing commercial game reviews insufficient
13.
13Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet What? • Model for evaluating and assessing games (COTS & Ed) • Subjective tool • Currently developed for single- player games • A means of categorizing the learning that happens in a game.
14.
14Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet How? • All learning in a game can be classified in one (or more) categories • Learning NEED NOT = Education • Relative proportions are informative • General learning in a game and Serious Learning in a game are different conversations.
15.
15Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet Learning vs Education Learning Value-Neutral Can be Coincidental Natural Internally Motivated* Education Value-Laden Deliberate Coerced / Persuaded Externally Motivated*
16.
16Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet Why? • Educators & Game Designers come from different cultures. • Instructional Design and Game Design are different. • Serious Game Design is NOT regular game design. (It’s all about the message.)
17.
17Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet Paradox: GD vs. ID Instructional Design Content (what) Receptacle for content Vantage Point: Formal Education Ed. Credentials Game Design Player Experience (how) Teaching Method Vantage Point: Entertainment (SENG?) Industry Credentials
18.
18Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet Why? • Learning is how we get through a game. Always. • Evaluate BEFORE use or development. • Assess potential for learning. • Structured analysis of game (without the people).
19.
19Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet Things I Can Learn • deliberately designed by those who created the game • Includes things designers *hope* people will take up • Includes game-specific objectives as well as general ones
20.
20Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet Things I MUST Learn • Should be a subset of the first category • Required in order to achieve a specific goal or to win • Includes strategies, skills, facts,...
21.
21Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet External Learning • Includes social learning and outside communities – Not technically considered part of the normal gameplay – CAN impact on our success in the game. • Also includes Cheats – Typically designed into the game for testing purposes – Often left in the game once it ships – Deliberate design elements on the part of the designers
22.
22Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet Collateral Learning • Other things we can learn – These are not necessarily designed into the game, although sometimes designers may hope that players choose to take these up – Includes emergent behaviors – Not part of the game – Does not impact on our success in the game.
23.
23Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet Things I DID Learn • “Your results may vary” • Will often be specific to the goal – if there is more than one way to win – if there are multiple goals that can be achieved • Not included in analysis models
24.
24Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet A Good Game • Good balance • Nothing I MUST learn that is outside of what I CAN learn. • Allows for learning outside of game and from cheats and community.
25.
25Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet A Good Game • Things I MUST learn < ½ of what I CAN learn • External learning not necessary • Collateral learning possible Some Examples
26.
26Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet MUST learn = CAN learn • Nothing to learn that isn’t part of the ‘goal’. • Often edutainment fits in here. • Lack of collateral learning opportunities implies a single-purpose game (or an impoverished one). Some Examples
27.
27Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet MUST learn ≈ CAN learn • Challenging for some, frustrating. • Often requires players to repeat plays and levels many times. Some Examples The more one MUST learn of the total set, the fewer choices players may ultimately have.
28.
28Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet MUST learn ≈ CAN learn • Puzzles • Mini-games Some Examples
29.
29Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet MUST learn > CAN learn • Need outside help / resources to get into the game or progress. • CAN still be good, but this has serious implications for audience and support requirements. – Can be risky in serious games. Some Examples
30.
30Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet MUST learn includes external learning. • Can make for great game • Tends to worry traditional educators • Can be very useful in serious games • Games do not always need to be self-contained Some Examples
31.
31Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet MUST learn << CAN learn • Lacks direction • Aimless • Toy, not game ~OR~ straight sim. Some Examples • If there is not enough we MUST learn in order to win, there may be insufficient challenge.
32.
32Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet MUST learn too small • Not much to hold interest Some Examples •no gameplay. •No AI (the “opposing” truck just sits there! •Winning is virtually guaranteed. •game lacks collision detecting which means you can go through any objects like houses, boulders, trees, and bridges that you are required to cross. •able to accelerate into infinite, even when going backwards. •Traveling off of the edge of the map is possible in the game. •NO police cars •Source: http://www.mobygames.com /game/big-rigs-over-the-road-racing
33.
33Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet Little Game • Short form game Some Examples
34.
34Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet Drill Game • Short form game – Bad if not short Some Examples
35.
35Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet Short Form Game • Can be great if carefully designed • Must be designed as 5 minute game. • Can include many puzzles. Some Examples
36.
36Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet MUST learn = 0 • No direction • Even SIMs has some MUST learn • Game on rails • This is a toy Some Examples
37.
37Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet No collateral learning. • Imbalance between CAN & MUST Some Examples
38.
38Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet How: Instructional Decomposition • Categorize and classify the things learned • Extrapolate back to an instructional design • Create a list of objectives achieved – Done through play and observation – Looking at the behaviour of the program This assumes an EXISTING design.
39.
39Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet Re-cap • No guarantees • A useful lens • Learning Profiles • Can indicate where we need to make changes / additions / deletions • Show where and how to support learners
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40Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet Last Thoughts • The process of generating the list of ‘things learned’ and classifying them into Can-Learn, Must-Learn, Collateral Learning, and External Learning is simple enough to be highly flexible yet structured enough to result in a thorough analysis. • The idea of using games as learning objects is very attractive. However, without a thorough analysis of the tool, it is very difficult to take full advantage of the medium.
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41Digital Youth and
Participatory Learning Workshop 2010 © Becker 2010 Magic Bullet THANKS! Image & Game Credits • Cover Slide: Civilization, Food Force • Mushroom Men • Mass Effect 2 • Black & White • Mathblaster • Katamary Damacy • Tetris, Honeycomb Beat, Chicktionary • Metroid Prime, Civilization • Carmen Sandiego • Electroplancton, KORG DS10 • Big Rigs • Pong, Elf Bowling, Warioware Smooth Moves • Typing of the Dead, Add ‘Em Up • Harpooned, September 12 • Simon • Space Invaders • Façade • Screenshots: IGN.com, Gamespot.com, Mobygames.com, Gamewallpapers.com
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