SOL Overview for WH I

2. Paleolithic or Neolithic? Why?

3. Rise of Civilization

4. Stonehenge
in southern England

5. Neolithic
in southern England

6. Neolithic settlement

7. Neolithic settlement

8. Stonehenge

9. Stonehenge
in southern England
Started in Neolithic Age: Completed in Bronze Age

10. Stonehenge
in southern England

11. 5
Characteristics
of a Civilization
Advanced
Cities
Specialized
Workers
Complex
Institutions
Record
Keeping
Advanced
Technology

12. Scribe
• Professional record keeper
in early civilizations
See cuneiform
Hammurabi’s Code
1st written Law Code!!

13. River Valley Civilizations
Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, China

15. River Valley Civilizations
Cuneiform writing

16. River Valley Civilizations
Cuneiform – Sumer = 1st writing Hieroglyphics - Egypt
Pictograms – Indus Valley Oracle bones – Shang China

17. Phoenicians

18. World Religions

19. Hebrews/Judaism
Abraham
Moses
David
Solomon
Ten Commandments
Torah
New
Concept?
Monotheism

20. Moses

21. Christianity
Had roots in Judaism
Led/founded by Jesus
New Testament
monotheistic
Conflicted with polytheistic
Beliefs of Roman Empire

22. Hinduism
Caste system in
religious law
Belief in many forms
of one deity
Belief in
reincarnation
Ideas of Karma and
final goal of Moksha
What goes in the center oval?

23. Buddhism! Siddhartha Gautama
“The Buddha”
Enlightened One
Eightfold
(8) Path

24. Siddhartha Gautama searches for
Enlightenment

27. D - 100
Confucianism
Belief that humans are
good, not bad
Code of politeness, still
used in China today
Ancestor worship
Respect for elders
What goes in the center box?

28. Muhammad = prophet/founder
Quran = Holy book
Mecca = Holy City
Muslim = follower
Five Pillars = Guidelines of religion
Contributions = Arabic numerals,
algebra
What is this religion? Islam

30. Kaaba in Mecca
What is it?
Where is it?
Religion?
Kaaba
Mecca
Islam

31. Dome of the Rock
Islamic Shrine in Jerusalem

32. Classical Civilizations
What/Where are they?

33. Persian_________
Empire
Tolerance of conquered
people
Development of
Imperial bureaucracy
Zoroastrianism as a
religion
Royal Road system
What goes on the line?

35. Cyrus the Great
•1st great king of
Persian Empire
•Ruled subjects
with Tolerance
•Respected
religions of
others

36. Darius I
• Created imperial bureaucracy
•Divided empire into 20
provinces
•Established idea of
nationalities
•Greatest failure = could not
conquer Greece

37. Darius fails to conquer Greece

38. Zoroaster – founder of
Persian religion
Persian prophet;
Founder of Zoroastrianism
Good vs. Evil

39. Key Concepts of Hebrews, Phoenicians and Persians
Hebrews PersiansPhoenicians
New religious principle=
Monotheism (1 God)
Covenant = promise
between god and
humanity
Torah = Holy
writings/Religious text
Ten Commandments =
Guiding principles
Moses = lead Hebrews
out of Egypt (Exodus)
Nation of Israel created
shortly after
First major sea traders of
the Mediterranean Sea.
Established many trading
colonies throughout
Mediterranean region.
Created Alphabet =
foundation of Western
alphabet; spread knowledge
& ideas
Treatment of conquered
people = Tolerance; keep
self-rule, culture, religion
Persian Religion =
Zoroastrianism – Founded
by Zoroaster - Persian
prophet

40. What type of religion?
Polytheism!

41. Classical Greece
Myron’s Discus Thrower

42. Impact of Geography on Ancient Greece Table of Contents
Big Question – How did the geography of
Greece shape economic, social, and political
development and patterns of trade and
colonization?
Mountains covered 75 % of terrain, separating
Greece into small isolated regions. City-states
develop.
No central government!
Scarcity of level land for farming grains
caused rivalries between city-states.
Rugged, hilly terrain was ideal for
growing crops such as grapes and
olives.
Many deep harbors and calm waters
invited sea trade. Overseas trade and travel
made easy by many seas,
islands, and coastal settlements.
Lack of resources and farmland
+ overpopulation forced
Greeks to establish colonies.

43. Athens vs. Sparta
Two city-states with very different views
Table of Contents
Athens Sparta
Type of
Government
Government
participation
Education
and military
duty
Position of
women
5.2 Wkbk
Democracy Oligarchy
Assembly = All citizens; Assembly
passed laws + served as supreme
court
Council of 500 – randomly chosen
- proposed laws
Boys – school from age 7-18
•Studied literature, math, drawing,
music, & rhetoric
•At 18 – served 2 years in military
•Strongest Greek navy
Girls – no formal ed.
•Learned household duties: weaving,
baking, child care
•No gov’t participation!
Council of Elders – proposed laws
Assembly – elected officials, voted on
issues
Ephors – carried out laws; courts
2 kings – commanded military
Life revolved around military!
•Boys – Age 7, went to military
barracks; learned to read, write & use
weapons. Soldiers from 20-60
•Strongest Greek army
Expected to be healthy & strong =
healthy babies
•Gymnastics, boxing, wrestling
•More personal rights than other
women
•Still, no gov’t participation

44. The Persian Wars
Greek city-states vs. Persian Empire
490 – 479 B.C.
Table of Contents
Persian War organizer
1st Persian War
•Begins with Ionian Revolt
2nd Persian War
•Battle of Thermopylae
•Battle of Marathon
•Battle of Salamis
•Battle of Plataea

45. What, When, Where?
Parthenon, Golden Age Greece

46. Greek Columns

47. Greek Philosophers
“The Big Three”

48. The Peloponnesian War
Athen’s Delian League vs. Sparta’s Peloponnesian League
Table of Contents
Notes
Delian League
Peloponnesian League

49. Alexander the Great; Conqueror of the Persian Empire
Macedonian Conquest of Greece and the
Rise of Alexander the Great
Table of Contents
Notes

50. Back to Conquest Map
Back to Notes

51. Ptolemy and Geocentric (earth-centered)
Theory
Hellenistic (Greek-Like) Age Begins with Alexander’s Conquests
Law of the Lever
Archimedes

52. 52

53. Alps

54. 54
Roman
Republic
Patricians
& Plebeians
Twelve
Tables
1st Law
Code
Punic
Wars
Rome vs.
Carthage
Pax
Romana
“Roman
Peace”
Rise of
Christianity
Fall of
Rome -
Invasions
Classical Rome

55. Roman Mythology
What was the source of Roman mythology?
Roman mythology was
based on the Greek
polytheistic religion.
Used to explain natural
phenomena and life
events.
Romans adopted Greek
gods and gave them
Latin names.
Greek Mythology
Website link

56. Rome and Carthage prior to Punic Wars

57. 2
Consuls
•Oversaw gov’t
•Commanded army
•Each had veto power
•1 patrician & 1 plebeian
•One year terms
Senate
•Mainly patrician
•Controls foreign and
financial policies
•Advise consuls
•Life terms
Tribunes
•Representatives
of the plebeians
Citizen Assemblies
Government features of the representative Roman Republic
Centuriate Assembly
•Citizen-soldiers
•Select consuls & make laws
Tribal Assembly
•All other citizens
•Elect tribunes, make laws
Dictator? Why?
•In times of crisis, a dictator
could be chosen.
•Dictator would have absolute
power to make laws & control
the army.
•Power lasted only 6
months
“Twelve Tables”
• 1st written law code of Republic!
• Written on 12 tablets or “tables”
and displayed in the Forum
• Established idea that all free
citizens had a right to the
protection of the law.
• Basis for later Roman
law!
Citizenship = Patrician & Plebeian men, selected foreigners; rights/responsibilities = taxes & military service

59. Wars and
Dates
ResultsActionsCauses
1st Punic
War
264 - 241 B.C.
3rd Punic
War
149 – 146
B.C.
2nd Punic
War
218 – 201
B.C.
-Carthage expansion/
control of Sicily
-Growing power of
Rome
-Carthage = strong navy, Rome = strong army
-Carthage able to blockade Roman troops in
Sicily, until Rome strengthens navy.
-Rome adds a corvus (bridge) to its ships
-This turns sea battles into land battles –
Rome’s advantage
-The Carthaginian general Hannibal Barca
invades Spain with 50,000 infantry, 9,000
cavalry, & 60 elephants.
-He crosses the Alps & invades italy from the
north.
-Hannibal defeats Roman armies on the Italian
Peninsula for 15 years.
-Hannibal’s greatest victory was at Cannae
– he destroyed the Roman legions.
-He could not take city of Rome.
-Roman general Scipio attacks Carthage –
forces Hannibal to return home.
-Scipio defeats Hannibal at Zama.
-Carthage is destroyed and burned
-People are killed or sold into slavery
-Salt is sowed into the soil
-Revenge for 1st Punic
War
-Hannibal (Carthaginian
general) invades Spain
and conquers Roman ally
of Saguntum.
-Increasing prosperity of
Carthage
-Roman hatred and
mistrust of Carthage
-Rome wins &
gains control of
Sicily
-Carthage must
pay huge
indemnity
(payment for
damages)
-Rome wins
-Carthage gives
up all territories
including Spain
-Pays another
indemnity
-Signs treaty not
to expand,
rebuild military,
or declare war
-Rome controls
all of the
western Med.
The Punic Wars – Rome vs. Carthage

60. Republic
Spread of slavery in
agricultural system
Migration of small
farmers into cities
High unemployment Civil war over power
of Julius Caesar
What goes on the line?
Causes of decline of the
Roman _____________

61. Slavery in Ancient Rome
Domestic Servants
Source = war captives
miners/laborers
Failed slave revolt

63. Roman civil war between Caesar and Pompey
Former partners in the 1st Triumvirate
Caesar wins! Pompey dies!

64. Assassination of Julius Caesar

65. Augustus
• 1st Emperor of Rome
• 1 of the best emperors
• Lived simple life
• Built splendid
buildings
• Created Civil Service
• 27 B.C. – A.D. 14

66. Pax Romana
“Roman Peace”
• Provided ideal
conditions for travel
and the exchange of
ideas.
• Massive road system
allowed for increased
travel, commerce and
interaction.

67. man Roads: An engineering marvel

68. “All roads lead to Rome”

69. Contributions of
Ancient Rome
Architecture
Religion
Language
Literature
Art
Law
Law
Classical examples of Roman architecture
What is Greco-roman culture?
What is it often called?
Bas-Relief
Mosaics
Virgil
Ovid
Tacitus
Language of Rome?
Adoption by different people =
What was the long lasting impact of
Rome’s adoption of Christianity?
Arches -
Aqueducts -
Pantheon – Temple to the Gods
Coliseum
Forum
Summarize the 5 important
principles of Roman Law
What was the long-lasting impact of the Roman
Legal system?
Medicine Examples of Rome’s
Emphasis on Public Health
•Public baths
•Public water
systems
•Medical schools
New building material?

70. Roman Coliseum
In Rome

71. Travels of Apostle
Paul

72. Paul Preaching in
Athens

73. Jesus and the Spread of Christianity
Rise of Christianity
A.D. 6 - Rome took control of Jewish kingdom of Judea, centered in Jerusalem.
Jesus was born around 6-4 B.C. in Bethlehem; raised in Nazareth
- Jesus was both a Jew and a Roman subject
- Took up trade of carpentry
- At 30, Jesus began ministry; for 3 years he preached, taught & healed
- His ideas contained ideas from Jewish tradition; monotheism, Ten
Commandments
- Jesus had 12 disciples; pupils/followers - later called apostles
- His message had great appeal to the poor; rejection of wealth and status,
and acceptance of everyone
A.D. 29 in Jerusalem - Death of Jesus
- Jewish priests deny Jesus is messiah; teachings were contempt for God.
- The Roman governor Pontius Pilate accused Jesus of challenging
authority of Rome
- According to Gospels - 3 days later, body was gone, he appeared to
followers, then ascended to heaven.
- Jesus becomes known as Jesus Christ from Greek Christos meaning
“messiah” or “savior”. Followers of teachings = Christians
- Christians were persecuted and killed for their beliefs

74. Apostles Spread Teachings
- Peter, one of the first apostles, spread teaching throughout Palestine and
Syria. Cross became symbol of beliefs.
- Paul – first opposed Christianity, then had vision of Christ, then
accepted beliefs & began teachings.
- Paul spread Christianity outside Palestine to Jews and Gentiles “non-Jews”
Emperors Contribution to the Spread of Christianity
- Constantine in A.D. 313 issued “Edict of Milan” allowing religious
freedom; ended persecution of Christians.
- Theodosius in A.D. 380 made Christianity the official religion of Roman Empire.
Christian Beliefs, Traditions, and Customs
- Monotheistic
- Trinity = Jesus as father, son, and holy spirit
- Life after death
- New Testament = accounts and teachings of Jesus & writings of early
Christians
- Christian doctrine established by early church councils
- Pope = head of Christian Church
- Bishop = head of all churches in one area
- Heresy = any belief or action that questioned the basic teachings
of the church.
Jewish Rebellions
- A.D. 66 Jews in Judea rebelled against Rome.
- Jewish fortress of Masada held out until A.D. 73; all committed suicide.
- Diaspora = Most Jews were exiled from their homelands.

75. Loyalty to the Church
became more important
than loyalty to the Emperor.
Emperor Constantine
converted to Christianity &
made it legal
Christianity later became
the official religion of the
Roman Empire
The Church became the
main unifying force of
Western Europe
The Church becomes a
source of moral authority
Impact of the Church of
Rome in the late Roman
Empire

76. Western Roman Empire
Economy
Military
Moral decay
Political
problems
Invasion
Cost of defense + devaluation of currency
Mercenaries in army, decline of discipline
People’s loss of faith in the empire and the family
Civil conflict and weak administration
Attacks on borders and cities
Causes for the decline of the

77. I. Classical Indian civilization began in the Indus River Valley, spread to the Ganges River Valley, and then spread
throughout the Indian subcontinent. This spread continued with little interruption because of the geographic location.
A. Why were physical geography and location important to the development of Indian
civilization?
1. Physical barriers: Himalayas, Hindu Kush & Indian Ocean made invasion difficult
2. Mountain passes in the Hindu Kush provided migration routes into the Indian
subcontinent
3. The Indus & Ganges were most important rivers, for life & spiritual importance.
II. Indo-European Aryans migrated into the area, creating a structured society (caste system) and blending their beliefs
with those of the indigenous people.
A. What impact did the Aryans have on India?
1. Aryans migrated into subcontinent, asserted dominance
2. Brought religion; holy books = Vedas – Vedic religion evolved into
Hinduism
3. Established new social order Caste System
Caste
System

78. No Social
Mobility! –
born & die in
same caste

79. III. Hinduism was an important contribution of classical India.
A. What are the beliefs of the Hindu religion?
1. No single founder – evolved from Aryan Vedic traditions
2. Interconnectedness of life; Atman = individual soul; & Brahman = world
soul
3. Reincarnation – rebirth of soul through many lifetimes
4. Dharma – duties specific to each caste; pride in fulfilling Dharma
5. Karma – all thoughts & actions result in future consequences (good or bad)
6. Moksha – spiritual goal for Hindus; release from cycle of rebirth; join
world soul
Birth
Death
RebirthDeath
Rebirth
Reincarnation

80. IV. Hindu Gods
A. How did Hindus view their gods? Many incarnations of one god -
Brahman
1. Brahma – the Creator
2. Vishnu – the Protector
3. Shiva – the Destroyer
IV. Hinduism relied on sacred literature as a foundation of the religion.
A. What were the “Sacred Writings” of Hinduism?
1. Vedas = beginning of Hindu religion
2. Upanishads = introduced idea of universal spirit & separation
from material world
3. Mahabharata = 106,000 verse epic Indian poem; addressing
good & evil; importance of Dharma.

81. B. Ashoka - Greatest Mauryan ruler
1. Ashoka adopts Buddhist ideals after
witnessing the bloodshed and carnage of war.
2. converted to Buddhism and encouraged
righteous living
3. Ashoka saw himself as a father to his people

82. Ashoka’s Rock
Edicts

83. The Golden Age of the Gupta Empire
Advancements
metalworking
universities
mathematicsliteraturepaintings
roads
architecture sculpture
Concept of Zero!

84. Three Early Chinese Dynasties
Zhou, Qin, Han

85. I. The Zhou Dynasty – 1028 B.C. – 256 B.C.
A. The Zhou conquered the last Shang king around 1028 B.C.
1. Zhou rulers claimed the Mandate of Heaven (heaven’s approval)
2. They established a feudal system (feudalism)
a. Kings gave land to nobles in exchange for loyalty
b. peasants worked land in exchange for protection

86. II. Two Chinese Philosophies Emerge
Confucianism
“The Analects”
Teachings of Confucius
“Respect yourself and
others will respect you.”
Daoism
Balance/Harmony with Nature
Why do you think there was an effort to find a new governing style?

87. II. Two Chinese Philosophies Emerge
A. Confucianism
1. Impact of Confucianism in forming the social order in
China
a. Belief that humans are good, not bad
b. Respect for elders – Filial Piety - http://www.stanford.edu/group/confucian/cgi-bin/blog/?p=149
c. Code of Politeness (still use in Chinese society today)
d. Emphasis on education
e. Ancestor worship
Respect link

88. II. Two Chinese Philosophies Emerge
A. Confucianism
2. Five Primary Relationships
a. ruler and subject
b. father and son
c. elder brother and younger brother
d. husband and wife
e. friend and friend
Respect link

89. II. Two Chinese Philosophies Emerge
A. Confucianism
3. the Analects
a. teachings of Confucius
b. Provide guidelines for Confucianism
Respect link

90. II. Two Chinese Philosophies Emerge
B. Taoism
1. Impact of Taoism in forming Chinese culture and
values
a. Humility – low view of one’s own importance
b. Simple life & inner peace
c. Harmony/balance with nature
Lao Zi - founder
Yin and Yang represent
opposites for
Confucianism and Taoism.

91. III. The Qin Dynasty – 221 B.C. – 210 B.C.
A. Around 221 B.C., the Qin defeat rival kingdoms & unite much of China
1. strong centralized gov’t formed
2. military districts allowed emperor to maintain control
3. Qin Shihuangdi = 1st emperor of China
4. China gets its name from Qin

92. B. Qin Shihuangdi – his achievements
1. standardized weights and measures and coinage
2. created uniform writing system
3. constructed Great Wall of China

93. C. The Great Wall of China
1. Invaders raided Chinese settlements from the North.
2. Qin built the Great Wall to guard against these invasions
3. Wall extended over 4,000 miles
4. built with forced labor – many died during construction

94. D. The End of the Qin Dynasty
1. Qin Shihuangdi dies in 210 B.C.
2. He is buried with an army of terra cotta (clay) soldiers and horses
3. The dynasty weakens; loses control of country
4. 206 B.C. Han Dynasty comes to power

95. IV. The Han Dynasty – 206 B.C. – A.D. 220
A. Wudi – The greatest Han ruler
1. He greatly expanded the empire
2. He expanded trade routes to the west known
as the Silk Roads
a. Silk Roads = Series of trade routes
linking China and the Mediterranean
cultures & Roman Empire

96. 3. He established the Civil Service System – system/tests
for selecting most able person for gov’t jobs.
4. The Han Dynasty rivaled the Roman Empire in:
a. Size
b. Population
c. government
Taking the Civil Service Exam

98. Silk Roads – Connect China to Mediterranean Sea and Roman Empire

99. B. Fall of the Han Dynasty
1. After Wudi died the dynasty weakened.
2. The Huns eventually overthrew the Han Dynasty

100. C. Other contributions of Classical China
1. invented paper
2. porcelain
3. gun powder
4. wheelbarrow

101. Post-Classical World

102. Constantinople
Crossroads of trade
Easily fortified site on a peninsula
Capital of Byzantine Empire
Preserved Greco-Roman culture
What is the location being described on the map?

103. Constantinople – Capital of Byzantine Empire
Center of Trade

104. Hagia Sophia
in Constantinople

105. Hagia Sophia
in Constantinople

106. Created Law Code –
Justinian’s Code
Conquered former
Roman Lands
Rebuilt
Constantinople
Justinian = Greatest
Byzantine Emperor

107. “Great Schism” in Christian Church
Roman Catholic vs. Eastern Orthodox

108. I. Origins of Islam
A. Arabia before Muhammad
1. Arabian Peninsula was dominated by nomadic Bedouin tribes
2. Small communities developed around oases
3. City of Mecca was marketplace and pilgrimage site.
4. Mecca shrine (Kaaba) held hundreds of tribal idols.
B. Founder of Islam
1. Muhammad was born in Mecca around 570 A.D.
2. Around age 40, Muhammad claimed to have heard voice of the
angel Gabriel.
3. Gabriel was delivering the word of god through Muhammad.
4. Muhammad began sharing these new beliefs.
C. The Hijrah
1. Leaders of Mecca feared Muhammad's growing power
2. Muhammad & followers escaped to town of Medina
3. This journey is the Hijrah – marks the beginning of Islam

109. II. Spread of Islam
A. Muhammad raised an army of followers and returned to
capture Mecca.
1. Tribal idols were destroyed; Kaaba rededicated to Allah.
2. Mecca was center of 1st Muslim empire
B. Islam eventually spreads through conquest to southwest
Asia, North Africa and southern Spain.
1. Expansion made possible by weakened Byzantine and Persian
Empires.

110. Spread of Islam

111. Spread and Geographic Influence of Islam
Spread of Islam
- Across Asia & Africa and into
Spain
- Primarily by military conquests
- First Muslim empire = Indus
Valley to Spain
Geographic Influence on the Origin and
spread of Islam
- Islam spread along trade routes from
Mecca & Medina
- Expansion despite great distances,
deserts, & mountains
- Spread into Fertile Crescent, Iran, &
Central Asia because of weak Byzantine
& Persian Empires
Geographic Influence on the Economic, Social &
Political Development
-Political unity of 1st Muslim empire short-lived –
regional fragmentation
-Arabic language spread with Islam and facilitated
trade across Islamic lands.
-Slavery within Islamic lands = not race-based
What stopped expansion into W. Europe?
How did the Arabic language unite the empire & “facilitate
trade”?
Similarity to spread of Christianity?

112. 4 Turning Points Impacting the Islamic World
A. The Sunni – Shi’a Split divides Muslims
1. Following the assassination of the fourth Caliph – Ali
a. Umayyads rise to power
b. Many did not recognize Umayyad rule
c. Many claimed successor to Ali should be related to
Muhammad
d. This group was called Shi’a – “party of Ali”
e. Others argued caliphs only need to follow example of
Muhammad.
f. This group was called Sunni - “followers of
Muhammad’s example”

113. B. Muslim conquests of Jerusalem and Damsacus
1. Shifted political center of caliphate to Middle East
2. Initiated conflict/tension between Muslims, Christians and
Jews
3. Increased conflict with Byzantine Empire

114. C. The Battle of Tours Halts Muslim Expansion in Europe
1. Muslim Berbers from North Africa invade Spain
a. Berber armies move north to within 100 miles of Paris
b. Muslim Berbers were defeated at the Battle of Tours
by the Franks led by “Charles the Hammer”.
2. Significance of the battle
a. Muslims forced back to southern Spain
b. No further Muslim expansion in western Europe.

115. D. Islamic Capital Moves to Baghdad
1. Baghdad, modern Iraq, becomes capital of Abbasid Dynasty
a. Central location in Mesopotamia
b. Baghdad becomes center of Islamic Golden Age
c. Islamic scholars build on Greco-Roman & eastern
knowledge.
2. Fall of Bagdad = End of Arab Caliphate
a. Mongols conquer Bagdad
b. Ends Islamic Golden Age of Bagdad
c. Opens region to Turkish control

116. Self-Sufficient Feudal Manor of the Middle Ages

117. Feudal Estate during Middle Ages

118. Feudalism in the Middle Ages
Social structure
Feudalism = Social, economic, & military
system of the Middle Ages.
•Feudalism is based on the exchange of land for
loyalty/protection.
How did invasions by the
Angles, Saxons, Magyars, &
Vikings influence the
development of Europe?
1. Manors with castles
provided protection
from invaders;
reinforced feudal
system.
2. Trade & towns
declined; also
reinforced feudal
system.
King
Peasants/Serfs
Knights
Church
Officials
Powerful
nobles

119. Charlemagne “Charles the Great”
The Greatest Ruler of the Middle Ages
Charlemagne’s Empire

120. The Age Charlemagne “Charles the Great”
The Greatest Ruler of the Middle Ages
Franks united under
Clovis and adopted
Christianity – A.D.
511
Charlemagne
inherited a strong
Frankish kingdom
Revives learning
throughout his
empire! And
spreads Christianity.
He created a massive
European Empire
Charlemagne’s
Empire divides after
his death
He is crowned Holy
Roman Emperor
= to Byzantine
Emperors
Churches, roads,
schools built to unite
the empire
Power of church
established in
political life

121. Areas of Settlement of Invaders
1. Manors with castles
provided protection from
invaders; reinforced feudal
system.
2. Trade & towns declined;
also reinforced feudal
system.
Influence of the Angles,
Saxons, Magyars & Vikings?
- Angles & Saxons migrated from
continental Europe to England
- Magyars migrated from Central Asia
to Hungary
- Vikings migrated from Scandinavia to
Russia, Europe & westward.

122. The Vikings
Viking Longship

124. The Crusades
Christians vs. Muslims
Fight for Holy Lands/Jerusalem

125. Pope Urban calls for 1st Crusade -
1096

126. Leader of Seljuk Turks
Retakes Jerusalem
Crusader States
Established after 1st
Crusade
Video

127. The Crusades: Christians vs. Muslims: A fight for the Holy Land – 1096 - 1270
The Crusades – a series of military expeditions fighting
for control of the Middle East “Holy Land” - Christian
armies of Europe vs. Muslim armies
Key Events of the Crusades
- 1093 – Byzantine emperor sends an
appeal to the west to help against Muslim Turks.
- Pope Urban’s Speech – call for a “Holy
War”
- Capture of Jerusalem – 1st Crusade
- Founding of Crusader States
- Loss of Jerusalem to Saladin – leader of
Seljuk Turks
- Crusaders sack Constantinople – 4th
Crusade
Effects of the Crusades
- weakened the Pope & nobles; strengthened kings
Why?
- left legacy of bitterness among Christians, Jews, &
Muslims
Why?
- weakened the Byzantine Empire
How?
Economic Effects of the Crusades
- Increased demand for Middle Eastern products
- Stimulated production of goods to trade in Middle Eastern
markets.
- Encouraged use of credit and banking (adopted from
Muslims)
Why was the 1st Crusade considered the most successful?
Use the “Economic” info. to write 1 sentence explaining the
connection between the Crusades and the beginning of the
Renaissance in Italy

128. Crusades
Pope Urban’s Speech
Capture & loss of
Jerusalem
Sacking of
Constantinople
Weakened the Pope
and nobles
Stimulated trade
with Middle East
Weakened the
Byzantine Empire
Effects of the
___________

131. The Black Death
The Bubonic Plague sweeps through Europe
Impact of the Black Death
Decline in church influence Decline in population
Towns freed from feudal
obligations
Disruption of trade
Scarcity of labor

132. The Formation of European Nation-States
in the late Medieval period
Pgs. 352-354
England
1. Who invades England in 1066? William the Conqueror
2. Where was he from? Normandy in northern France
• What battle was fought for control of England? Battle of Hastings
• Who won? William and the Normans
• How did this event change the governing of England? William’s control over England
laid the foundation for centralized government.
King Henry II – 1154-1189
• What new legal idea did King Henry introduce? jury trials
• The collection of court rulings became known as what? Common Law
• What was the long-term impact of these rulings? This common law was the basis for law
in many countries including the U.S.
The Magna Carta
• What was the most celebrated document in English history? The Magna Carta
• Which English king was forced to sign this document in 1215? King John
• How did this document impact the king’s power? It limited the king’s powers while
guaranteeing basic political rights for individuals.
France
• Who began the Capetian dynasty in France in 987? Hugh Capet
• The Capetians controlled which key city in Northern France? Paris
• Eventually the Capetians would grow enough royal power to do what? unite France

133. Norman Conquest of England
William the Conqueror invades
England
Battle of Hastings

134. The Magna Carta –
Signed by King John
of England – 1215
•Limited the king’s
power
•Expanded rights to the
individual

135. The Hundred Years War – pgs. 359-361
1. The Hundred Years War lasted from 1337 to 1453 and involved the two growing nations of
England and France.
2. Which new weapon had a significant impact on the battles in this war? Longbow
• Who eventually wins this war? France
• What new feeling did the war give birth to in both countries? Nationalism; the idea of
country with strong central leadership.
Joan of Arc unifies the French – pgs. 360-361
• Joan of Arc was a hero for which side in the Hundred Years War? France
• She claimed divine voices spoke to her. What did these voices instruct her to do? Drive the
English out of France & crown France’s true king.
• At which famous battle/siege did Joan of Arc lead the French to victory? Orleans
• Joan helps unite the French against the English and turn the tide of the war, but what is her
eventual fate? Captured by the English, charged with heresy & burned at the stake

136. Hundred Years War – England vs. France

137. Joan of Arc
Unifier of France
during
Hundred Years War

138. Russia and Ivan the Great – 1462-1505
• What would the Russian state become under Ivan III? An
empire
• Ivan III was the first to begin calling himself what? Czar
• Since the 1200s, the Russian states had been controlled by
which group of East Asian invaders? Mongols
• What does Ivan do in 1480 to give Russia its independence?
He refuses to pay the tribute to the Mongols. Bloodless
standoff ends in Mongol withdraw.
• After this event in 1480, what could the Russian Czars openly
pursue? An empire
Ivan III –
“The Great”

139. Spain unified under Ferdinand and
Isabella “The Catholic Monarchs” 1469
- Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of
Castile unified Spain through political
marriage.
- They set out to make Roman Catholicism
the dominant religion of Spain.
- Their Spanish Inquisition expelled &
killed Jews and Muslim Moors from Spain.

140. Silk Roads and Indian Ocean Trade Routes

141. Japanese
archipelago
Archipelago =
group of
islands

142. Japan was
heavily
influenced by
China and
Korea.
Writing
Architecture
Religion:
Buddhism,
Confucianism

143. Japan’s native
religion = Shinto
Focus on:
• Natural features
• Forces of nature
• Ancestor worship
•Becomes state
religion
•Added emperor
worship
Japanese Shinto Shrine

144. Japanese Feudal System
Vs.
European Feudal System
Europe Japan
Lords
King
Knights
Code of
Chivalry
Serfs/Peasants
Shogun
Daimyo
(Feudal
lords)
Samurai
(Soldiers of feudal
Japan)
Code of Bushido
Serfs/Peasants

145. Incas in the
Andes Mts.
Mayans on
Yucatan Peninsula
Aztecs in
Central Mexico

146. Characteristic Mayans Aztecs Incas
Dates 250 B.C. – A.D. 900 A.D. 1200 – 1521 A.D. 1438 - 1535
Location Central American rain
forest – Yucatan
Peninsula
Valley in Central Mexico –
modern Mexico City
Andes Mountains – west
coast of South America
Represented by Chichen Itza Tenochtitlan – major trade city Cuzco & Machu Picchu
Political
Style/Rule
Independent city-states;
ruled by god-kings
Emperor – centralized gov’t Emperor – centralized
gov’t
Economy
(Based on?)
Agriculture & trade
Mainly Maize!
Agriculture
Mainly Maize!
Chinampa agriculture system
+ Tribute from conquered peoples
High-altitude, terrace
agriculture; Maize,
potatoes & variety of
other crops
Religion Polytheistic/animistic –
ancestor + sun worship
pyramids/temples + human
sacrifice
Polytheistic/animistic;
pyramids/temples
Ancestor + Sun God
Extensive human sacrifice!!
Polytheistic/animistic
ancestor + sun worship
Achievements/
Characteristics
Advances = math, calendars,
astronomy
Most advanced writing!
No beast of burden!
Mysterious decline
Society based on warfare, expansion
and tribute!
- Calendars
- No beast of burden!
Conquered by Spanish
Extensive road system
Linked empire + helped rule
Llama for trade/travel & labor
Mit’a System – Coerced labor
system: all owed labor to the state
Conquered by Spanish
Major Civilizations of the Western Civilization
Characteristics of Mayan, Aztec, and Incan Civilizations

147. Maize =
Foundation of
Mesoamerican
agriculture

148. Aztec human sacrifice

149. Machu Picchu
Incan city in Andes Mts.

150. Chichen Itza
Mayan religious temple

151. Sahara Desert
Aksum
Zimbabwe
Ghana
Mali &
Songhai
Gold
Salt

152. Church scholars
Among the few who
could read and write
Worked in
monasteries
Translated
Greek and
Arabic works
into Latin
Made new knowledge in
philosophy, medicine,
and science available in
Europe
Laid the
foundation for
the rise of
universities in
Europe
What would be the best
title for this chart?

153. Leonardo da Vinci’s Last Supper

154. Michelangelo’s Sistine Chapel

155. Johann Gutenburg’s Printing Press

156. Medieval or Renaissance? Why?

157. Niccolo Machiavelli
Author of The Prince
• Absolute power
• “End justifies means”

158. Himalayas