Overview of key concepts related to the Industrial Revolution

1. The Industrial Revolution
Modernization of the West

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Results of Enclosure Act in England

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Before 1750, many English villages used the open field system of farming. Each village was surrounded by a number of large fields
which were divided into strips. Each farmer had a number of strips. There were also areas of 'common land'. Some of the poorest
people lived entirely on the common land. However, as England's population rose, more food was needed. The open field system
was not productive enough. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, some farmers, supported by the government, began the
process of enclosure. Enclosure meant fencing off the land so that only one farmer had the right to raise crops there. This made the
land more productive, and allowed for greater experimentation and advancements, yet enclosure often had disastrous consequences
for the poor. Enclosure, despite increasing productivity, resulted in increased poverty, rural depopulation and homelessness.
The Enclosure Movement in England
Explain, in what ways you think the Enclosure Movement in England contributed to the Industrial Revolution?

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Results of Enclosure Act in England

7. Factors Effects
Europe’s location on the
Atlantic Ocean
The geographic
distribution of coal, iron
and timber
European demographic
changes
Urbanization
Improved agricultural
production
Legal protection of
private property
(enclosure)
An abundance of rivers
& canals
Access to foreign
resources
The accumulation of
capital (money)
Factors Leading to the Rise of Industrial Production
Critical Intro:
Complete the
“Effects” in 5
minutes.

8. I. Industrial Revolution
-Indust. Rev. = Mass production of goods by
machine power
-Begins in late 18th cent. & carries into 20-21st
cents
-Pop. Shift from rural to urban
-Capitalism = dominant economic system

9. II. New Economic Ideas
1. Adam Smith
a. wrote the book Wealth of Nations
b. supported the ideas of capitalism – free market
c. explained the laissez-faire concept – government should not get
involved; owners of industry should set working conditions
without interference
d. encouraged competition of businesses

10. III. Problem with Industrial Revolution
-Not a global experience
-Only 20% exposed to industrialization
National Wealth Today

11. IV. Major Developments in Transportation &
Communication
-Railroads, Steamships, Telegraphs, Canals

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- Railroads & Steamships
- Mass transportation of goods by
land and sea.
- Impact = access of goods to more
people @ lower prices = increased
demand for production

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- Telegraph - Invented by Samuel
Morse
- greatly improved communications
between/within:
- businesses, cities, countries

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- Canals
- connected waterways
- transported resources (coal) and
finished products

15. V. “Fossil Fuels” Revolution
- Coal & oil greatly increased energy
available to humans
- Dev. of machines, steam engines,
internal combustion engines

16. VI. Factory system = systematized,
mechanized scale of production
- Concentrated labor in single location
- Increased degree of specialization

17. VII. Impacts of Factory System
A. Family-based cottage industries displaced.
B. Harsh working conditions; men competing
with women & children for wages
C. Child labor =costs low; profits high
D. Owners had much control over workers
lives
From this…
to this

18. VIII. Spreading of New/Improved Methods
of Production to Other Regions
- U.S., Russia, Japan industrialize
Industrialization Industrialization
Industrialization

19. IX. Interchangeable parts
– speeds production; less skill required –
developed by Eli Whitney – Cotton Gin
- Increased demand for slaves
- Rifle production also
Cotton Gin

20. Eli Whitney and his
Cotton Gin - 1794
(December 8, 1765 – January 8, 1825)

21. X. “2nd Industrial Revolution” – 1860s
-Improvements in:
-Steel – Bessemer Process
-Chemicals
-Electricity
-Precision machinery

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Impact of Bessemer Steel Process

23. XI. Social Impacts of Industrial Revolution
A. Most benefits = Middle class (bourgeoisie) –
bankers, merchants, factory owners
B. Most growth = Working class (Proletariat) –
poor treatment & pay
C. Expansion of education
D. Reforms to end/limit child & women’s labor
E. Women’s increased suffrage demands

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25. XII. Women in Industrial Revolution
-Early 1800’s = Equal # of women in factories.
-Late 1800’s = Increased wages (more
desirable to men) and labor laws restricting
women’s work = more women staying home.
-Domestic sphere for women develops.
- Good news = increased progress towards
suffrage & education.

26. XIII. The Rise of Labor Unions
A. Utilized collective power of workers
1. Strikes to demand better pay &
working conditions.
2. Pushed for labor laws addressing:
• Hours
• Women
• Children
3. Workers’ rights & collective
bargaining between labor &
management

27. XIV. Global Capitalism Led to Variety of
Responses
A. Resistance to Economic Change
1. Qing and Ottoman efforts to maintain
preindustrial forms of production.
2. Result = reduced presence and benefit
from new global economy

28. B. State-Sponsored Visions of
Industrialization
1. Economic Reforms of Meiji Japan
a. Ag. tax increases to pay for gov’t
sponsored industries; then turn over to
private sector.
2. Factory and RR dev. in Tsarist Russia
a. Abolition of serfdom
b. Gov’t-funded RR & factories
c. Tariffs to protect Russian industry

29. C. Alternative Visions of Society
1. Marxism/Communism = class struggles
will lead from oppressive bourgeois to
classless society.

30. D. Karl Marx and Communism
1. was horrified by the injustices of
capitalism
2. Marx believed the proletariat (workers)
should violently revolt and redistribute the
wealth, creating equality.
"Working men of all countries unite"
3. Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels wrote:
Communist Manifesto

31. Transition to Imperialism
31

32. XIV. Industrial Economies, Imperialism &
Nationalism
A. Nationalism caused European nations to
compete for colonial possessions.
B. European econ., milt, & pol. power forced
colonized countries to trade on European terms.
C. Industrially-produced goods flooded colonial
markets & displaced traditional industries.
D. Colonized peoples resisted European
domination & Western influences.

33. XVI. Forms of Imperialism
A. colony – territory that an imperial power ruled
directly through colonial officials
B. protectorate – territory with its own government,
but its policies were guided by a foreign power
C. sphere of influence – region of a country where
an imperial power had exclusive trading rights

34. I. New Patterns and Impacts of Global Trade
A. Further integration of global economy
1. Industrialists sought new materials and
new markets; led to:
2. Growth of Export Economies
a. raw materials for factories
b. food supplies for growing urban
pops.
Concept = production & export of single
natural resources; profits used to
buy finished goods

35. B. Industrial Production Led to Decline of Ag-
Based Economies
Example: Textile production in India
1. India was main source of British textiles
2. Eng.’s textile industry became
dependent on U.S. cotton
3. India’s economy declined

36. C. Industrial States Seek Out New Consumer
Markets
1. Brit. & French attempts to “open up”
Chinese markets

37. D. Extensive Mining Centers Emerge
1. Meet the demand for industrial metals
2. Gold, silver, diamonds as forms of
wealth

38. E. Creation of Large-Scale Transnational
Businesses
1. United Fruit Company
2. Monopoly-like control over regional
economics, production, labor & politics.
3. Creation of “Banana Republics” –
export nations dominated by
companies.

39. F. Development of Financial Institutions
1. Need = Facilitate investments of capital
2. Stock Markets
3. Insurance companies

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Advancements of
Industrial
Revolution
Discovery of Bacteria &
Pasteurization:
Louis Pasteur
-Advanced concepts of
immunization and vaccines
- Pasteurization = safer
foods/drinks
- Advanced the Germ
Theory of Disease
Smallpox Vaccination:
Edward Jenner
Helped eradicate a disease
that has afflicted human kind
like no other disease in
history
Bessemer Steel Process:
Henry Bessemer
Faster, more efficient,
cheaper way to refine iron
into stronger steel.
Demand and production of
steel skyrockets; Building
material of industrial age.
Cotton Gin:
Eli Whitney
* Increased cotton
processing, therefore
increased supply =
increased textile production
in England. U.S becomes
main source of British
cotton.
Steam Engine:
James Watt
* Provides the energy for
industrial machines, trains &
steamships. Allows
factories to locate away
from moving water.
Spinning Jenny:
James Hargreaves
* Greatly increased textile
production; helps make
Textile industry Britain’s
biggest industry

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Major Developments in Transportation and
Communication
CanalsTelegraphsSteamshipsRailroads
Effects Effects Effects Effects

51. Factors Effects
Europe’s location on the
Atlantic Ocean
The geographic
distribution of coal, iron
and timber
European demographic
changes
Urbanization
Improved agricultural
production
Legal protection of
private property
(enclosure)
An abundance of rivers
& canals
Access to foreign
resources
The accumulation of
capital (money)
Factors Leading to the Rise of Industrial Production

52. Transnational Businesses
United Fruit Company in
Central Amer.
Monopoly-like control over
economics, production,
labor & politics.
“Banana Republics”=
politically unstable, export
countries
New Consumer Markets
Brit. And Fr. Attempt to
“open up” Chinese Markets
Export
Economies
Rubber exports
from the Congo
Export
Economies
Cotton from U.S.
South
Export
Economies
Palm Oil from W.
Africa
Extensive
Mining Centers
Gold & diamonds
in South Africa
Extensive
Mining
Centers
Copper mines
in Mexico
Decline of
Agric.-based
Economies
Decrease of
Indian textile
industry
Global Impact of Industrialization
Further Integration of the Global Economy
State-
Sponsored
Industrialization
Economic
Reforms of Meiji
Japan
State-Sponsored
Industrialization
Factory & RR development
in Tsarist Russia
1. How did the “Export Economies” of North America and West Africa reflect an expansion of industrialization?
2. Describe how you think transnational businesses like United Fruit would be able to gain “monopoly-like control”.
3. What do you think are the downfalls of being a narrowly-focused export economy like those in Latin America, Africa & Asia?
4. Why does industrialization intensify the efforts of western nations to “Open Up” the East?

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