Bab 1 kls xii

1. Riak pada air kolam terjadi karena perambatan getaran akibat jatuhnya batu pada air kolam tersebut. Gejala Gelombang 1 Bab 1 Sumber: Science Encyclopedia, 2001 Gejala Gelombang Hasil yang harus Anda capai: menerapkan konsep dan prinsip gejala gelombang dalam menyelesaikan masalah. Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda harus mampu: mendeskripsikan gejala dan ciri-ciri gelombang secara umum. A. Pemahaman Gelombang B. Gelombang Berjalan dan Gelombang Stasioner C. Sifat-Sifat Gelombang *B@B</< ?7/9 ;3:759/? /2/ 3?;B9// /7? ;3?B/9/ @/:/6 @/AB 03AB953:=;0/5'=:/=;0/903?03AB9:759/?/E/5A3?:76/A@3;/97 ;3E30/? 2//A A3?8/27 93A79/ @30B/6 0/AB 278/AB69/ 93 2/:/; /7? *37A/@ A/;/9 3?;B9// /7? 03?53?/9 03?@/;/ 53:=;0/5 *303/?E/ 3?;B9// /7? A72/9 03?53?/9 03?@/;/ 53:=;0/5 !/?/9 27 /A/?/ ?7/9?7/9 53:=;0/5 27@30BA /8/5 53:=;0/5 //A9/6 2/ ;3;0B9A79/ 0/6D/ 3?;B9// /7? A72/9 03?53?/9 03?@/;/ 53:=;0/5 *303/?E/ //9/6 53:=;0/5 7AB '3;/6/;/ A3A/5 538/:/538/:/ 53:=;0/5 ;38/27 @3@B/AB E/5 3A75 BAB9 ;3;3:/8/?7 53:=;0/5 A759/A :/8BA @3?A/ ;3;/6/;7 /:79/@7E/ 2/:/; A39=:=57%/6 /2/ 0/0 77 2/ /9/;31/?7 A/6B A3A/5 538/:/ 2/ 17?717?7 53:=;0/5 @31/?/ B;B; @3?A/ 33?//E/ 2/:/; 93672B/ @36/?76/?7 :36 9/?3/ 7AB 3?6/A79/ ;/A3?7 0/0 77 235/ 03/? 93:/9 2/ /9/ ;3?/@/ A/98B0 =:36 @74/A@74/A 53:=;0/5 E/5 ;357@E/?/A9/ 0/6D/ +B6/ A3:/6 ;317A/9/ @35/:/ @3@B/AB 235/ 3B6 3?67AB5/ E/5 A/9 A3?A/2757

2. Tes Kompetensi Awal .'' '* $+#%)(, * $ )'(!% +$%(,),) +#%.-'.%.-#( /9/6E/527;/9@B2235/53:=;0/5

3. /5/7;//9/6@74/A@74/A2/?753:=;0/5 A. Pemahaman Gelombang *303/?E/ 0/E/9 938/27/ 27 @397A/? 2/ E/5 3?/A 9/7A/E/ 235/ 53:=;0/5 *30/5/7 1=A=6 3?/69/6 2/ 03?797? ;35// 0BE72/?7@B;03?0BE72//A27235/?,;B;E/=?/5/9/;38/D/0 +3AB @/8/ 97A/ 2//A ;3235/? 9/?3/ ;3;7:797 A3:75/ '/2/6/: @303AB:E/ A3?235/?E/ 0BE7 0B9/ 6/E/ 27@30/09/ =:36 /2/E/ A3:75/ A3A/7 8B5/ 27@30/09/ =:36 /2/E/ @B;03? 0BE7 2/ ;327B; 3?/;0/A/ 3A79/ 2/ ;3235/? 3;071/?// @3@3=?/5 A3:75/ 2/ A3:/6 ;33?7;/ 53:=;0/5 0BE7 E/5 ;3?/;0/A 27 B2/?/ @30/5/7 ;327B; 3?/;0/A/E/ 3?2/@/?9/ @B;03?E/ 53:=;0/5 2793:=;=99/ ;38/27 2B/ ;/1/; E/7AB 2/ 3:=;0/5;39/7903?/@/:2/?7=@7:/@753A/?/@B/ABA7A79/A/B/?A793: 272/:/;@B/AB?B/53?572/;=;3AB;53A/?/27?/;0/A9/;3:/:B7 5/55B/ 27 2/:/; ;327B; A3;/A A3?8/27E/ 53A/?/ A3?@30BA A// 3?72/6/ ;/A3?7 *30/5/7 1=A=6 93A79/ 07=:/ 273A79 /A/B 2753@39 5/55B/ A3?6/2/ A/:7 278/:/?9/ @3/8/5 A/:7 '/2/ @//A E/5 03?@/;// A/:7 E/5 03?53A/? ;356/@7:9/ @32797A 3?B0/6/ /2/ A39// B2/?/ 27 @397A/?E/ 2/ 3?B0/6/ /2/ A39// 77 278/:/?9/ @30/5/7 53:=;0/5 0BE7 ;3:/:B7 B2/?/ 3:=;0/5 3:39A?=;/53A79 03?/@/: 2/?7 =@7:/@7 ;B/A/;B/A/ :7@A?79 27 2/:/; /A=; /A/B ;=:39B: '/2/ 53:=;0/5 3:39A?=;/53A79 33?572/;=;3AB;270/D/=:36;32/:7@A?792/;/53AE/52//A ;38/:/? ;3:/:B7 ;327B; C/9B; /6/E/ ;3?B/9/ 53:=;0/5 3:39A?=;/53A79 9/?3/ 2//A ;38/:/? A// /2/E/ ;327B; 3?/A/?/ 3?2/@/?9/ /?/6 53A/? 2/ ?/;0/A/E/ 53:=;0/5 27032/9/ ;38/27 ! 2/ ,AB9 ;353A/6B7 932B/ 03AB9 53:=;0/5 A3?@30BA :/9B9/:/6 9357/A/ 03?79BA 2 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII *30BA9/837@837@53:=;0/5E/52/93A/6B7 3:=;0/5//9/6E/5A3?03AB9/2//7?9=:/; 93A79/2/;38/AB69/0/AB932/:/;E/ Aktivitas Fisika 1.1 Jenis Gelombang Berdasarkan Arah Getarannya Tujuan Percobaan Mengamati gelombang transversal dan gelombang longitudinal. Alat-Alat Percobaan Sebuah slinki (pegas plastik) yang panjangnya 3 meter. Langkah-Langkah Percobaan 1. Pegang kuat-kuat salah satu ujung slinki oleh teman Anda atau diikatkan pada tiang. 2. Rentangkan sesuai panjangnya dan getarkan ujung yang satu dengan satu kali hentakan naik turun dari posisi setimbang dan kembali ke posisi setimbang (posisi saat tangan Anda diam). 3. Ulangi langkah 2, dan getarkan ujung slinki tersebut terus menerus naik turun, kemudian amati perambatan gelombang sepanjang slinki. Tokoh Frank Oppenheimer (1912–1985) Frank Oppenheimer lahir di New York pada tahun 1912. Di Exploratorium dia mendemonstrasikan pengamatan-nya bahwa gerakan pendulum bila diproyeksikan pada sabuk kertas bergerak membentuk lintasan grafik sinusoidal. Sumber: Conceptual Physics, 1998

4. T / 0 T arah rambat arah getar arah getar Gejala Gelombang 3 /?7 3?1=0// A3?@30BA 273?=:36 93@7;B:/ @33?A7 27AB8B99/ 2/:/; A/03: 03?79BA Gambar 1.1 Berdasarkan arah getarnya, gelombang mekanik dikelompokkan menjadi: (a) Gelombang transversal; (b) Gelombang logitudinal. '3?032//3:=;0/5+?/@C3?@/:2/3:=;0/5#=57AB27/: ,# (!'-( )'(!+(,/ +, ()(!#-.#(*#(%# 3AB9 3:=;0/5 .,+(,/ +, .,)(!#-.#( ?/653A/?/ '/8/5 3:=;0/5 +35/9:B?B@235//?/6 ?/;0/A/53:=;0/5 $3?B/9/8/?/9/A/?/ B1/993B1/9 53:=;0/503?79BAE/ *3/?/6235//?/6?/;0/A/ 53:=;0/5 $3?B/9/8/?/9/A/?/?//A/ 93?//A/03?79BAE//A/B ?355/5/93?355/5/ 03?79BAE/ 3:=;0/5A?/@C3?@/:/2/:/653:=;0/5E/5/?/653A/?/E/A35/9 :B?B@ A3?6/2/ /?/6 ?/;0/A/E/ 1=A=6E/ 53:=;0/5 3?;B9// /7? 53:=;0/5 /2/ A/:7 2/ 53:=;0/5 1/6/E/ 3:=;0/5 :=57AB27/: /2/:/6 53:=;0/5 E/5 /?/6 53A/?E/ @38/8/? 235/ /?/6 ?/;0/A/E/ 1=A=6E/ 53:=;0/5 0BE7 2/ 53:=;0/5 /2/ 35/@ 3:=;0/5 /2/ 35/@ /A/B @:797 2//A ;355/;0/?9/ 03AB9 53:=;0/5A?/@C3?@/:2/53:=;0/5:=57AB27/:03?5/AB50/5/7;// 1/?/ 35/@ A3?@30BA 2753A/?9/ !79/ 35/@ 2703?7 B@79/ A35/9 :B?B@ A3?6/2/ /8/5E/ /9/ A3?03AB9 53:=;0/5 A?/@C3?@/: 2/B 879/ 35/@ 2703?7 5/E/ @3/?/6 235/ /8/5 35/@ /2/ 35/@ /9/ A3?8/27 ?//A/ 2/ ?355/5/ E/5 27@30BA 53:=;0/5 :=57AB27/: B/A:/6;=23:53:=;0/5235/;355B/9/@3BA/@A/:7E/5@/:/6 @/AB B8B5E/ 2779/A9/ /2/ A7/5 3;B27/ 53?/99/ A/5/ 2/ /79AB?B@36755//9/A3?:76/A0/5/7;//@30B/653:=;0/5;3?/;0/A @33?A7 /2/ '+ $3B?BA 2/ //9/6 A/:7 79BA ;3?/;0/A 93A79/ 2753A/?9/ /:/; 3?/;0/A/E/ 53:=;0/5 ;3;72/69/ 33?57 2/ A72/9 ;3E3?A/9/ 3?/;0/A/ ;327B;E/ '/2/ 9/@B@ 53:=;0/5 A/:7 53?/9/ A/5//79AB?B;3;0/597A9/33?57;39/79/2/A/:73?57;39/79 A3?@30BA ;3553A/?9/ 2/3?/6 27 @397A/?E/ @36755/ 2/3?/6 27 @397A/?E/ 79BA B:/ 03?53?/9 /79 AB?B 23;797/ @3A3?B@E/ @/;/7 B8B5 A/:7 Tugas Anda 1.1 Selain dalam medium slinki, dapatkah Anda mencari medium lain untuk menggambarkan gelombang longitudinal? Gambar 1.2 Gelombang pada tali. 4. Letakkan slinki di atas lantai licin, kemudian dengan bantuan teman Anda pegang salah satu ujungnya. 5. Hentakkan salah satu ujung pegas dengan satu kali dorongan dan satu kali tarikan ke posisi semula. Amati rapatan dan regangan yang merambat sepan-jang slinki. 6. Ulangi langkah 5, namun dorongan dan tarikannya dilakukan secara terus-menerus. Amati perambatan dan regangan sepanjang slinki. arah rambat

5. 1. Panjang, Frekuensi, Periode, dan Cepat Rambat Gelombang 3477@7 @/AB 53:=;0/5 /2/ 53:=;0/5 A?/@C3?@/: /2/:/6 8/?/9 E/5 @/;/ 235/ 8/?/9 /A/?/ 2B/ B1/9 03?B?BA/ /A/B 2B/ :3;0/6 03?B?BA/ !/?/9 A3?@30BA 27/;/9/ /8/5 53:=;0/5 @33?A7 27AB8B99/ /2/ '+ '/2/ 53:=;0/5 :=57AB27/: /8/5 53:=;0/5 2723477@79/ @30/5/7 8/?/9 E/5 @/;/ 235/ 8/?/9 /A/?/ 2B/ B@/A ?355/5/ E/5 03?239/A/ /A/B 8/?/9 /A/?/ 2B/ B@/A ?//A/ E/5 03?239/A/ @33?A7 /2/ '+ !/?/9E/527A3;B653:=;0/5@3A7/@/AB@/AB/D/9AB27/;/9/ 13/A ?/;0/A 53:=;0/5 ! @32/59/ 0/E/9E/ 53:=;0/5 E/5 A3?03AB9 @3A7/ @/AB @/AB/ D/9AB 27/;/9/ 4?39B3@7 '3?7=23

6. /2/:/6 D/9AB E/5 273?:B9/ BAB9 ;33;B6 8/?/9 @/AB /8/5 53:=;0/5 2. Persamaan Umum Gelombang 3@/?/03@/?/ // E/5 27;7:797 @30B/6 53:=;0/5 2/ /@A7 ;/@76 75/A 0/6D/ @3A7/ 53:=;0/5 ;3;7:797 4?39B3@7 3?7=23

7. 2/ 13/A ?/;0/A 53:=;0/5 ! B0B5/ /A/?/ 03@/?/03@/?/ A3?@30BA @31/?/ ;/A3;/A7@ 27AB:7@9/ @30/5/7 03?79BA puncak lembah panjang gelombang / rapatan renggangan panjang gelombang 0 B F 4 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII /A/B! H 3A3?/5/ ! 13/A ?/;0/A 53:=;0/5 ; @ /8/5 53:=;0/5 ;

8. 3?7=23 53:=;0/5 @ 4?39B3@7 53:=;0/5 F '3?6/A79/ '+ /;0/? A3?@30BA ;3?B/9/ ?=E39@7 2/?7 @7;/5/ # 2/ 3?72/6/ 2/?7 @30B/6 53:=;0/5 3AB9E/ ;3E3?B/7 03AB9 53:=;0/5 A?/@C3?@/: A3?27?7 2/?7 0B97A 2/ :3;0/6 3?2/@/?9/ 5/;0/? A3?@30BA /8/5 53:=;0/5 /2/:/6 8/?/9 2/?7 93 /A/B 8/?/9 2/?7 93 ;:7AB2= /2/:/6 7:/7 @7;/5/ A3?03@/? E/5 2//A 271//7 /?A793: ;327B; E/7AB 8/?/9 2/?7 93 /A/B 2/?7 93 'B1/9 53:=;0/5 /2/:/6 A7A79 A3?A7557 /2/ 53:=;0/5 E/7AB A7A79 2/ A7A79 /@/? 53:=;0/5 /2/:/6 139B5/ /A/B :3;0/6 A3?32/6 E/7AB A7A79 2/ A7A79 2/B @7;B: /2/:/6 A7A79A7A79 /2/ 53:=;0/5 93A79/ ;31//7 93@3A7;0/5/ /A/B @7;/5/E/ =: 3:=;0/5/2/A/:7;3?/;0/A235/9313/A/; @!79/8/?/9/A/?/ B1/9 53:=;0/5E/503?B?BA//2/:/6 ;3A3?A3AB9/ / /8/553:=;0/5 0 4?39B3@753:=;0/5A3?@30BA 0 793A/6B7 !; @ !/?/9/A/?/ B1/9 ; Gambar 1.3 (a) Panjang gelombang pada gelombang transversal. (b) Panjang gelombang pada gelombang longitudinal. Gambar 1.4 Panjang gelombang ( ) pada grafik simpangan (y) terhadap arah rambat (x). Contoh 1.1 2 = 36 m A B' C E D F' G H y x lembah gelombang bukit gelombang

9. Gejala Gelombang 5 Contoh 1.2 73?;B9//@B5/7A3?2//A2B/0B/65/0B@E/5A3?7@/6@38/B6 1;32B/E/ /79AB?BA3?0/D/53:=;0/5/7?*/:/6@/AB5/0B@03?/2/27B1/953:=;0/5 @32/59/5/0B@E/5:/703?/2/272/@/?53:=;0/57/A/?/932B/5/0B@A3?@30BA A3?2//A@/AB0B97A!79/4?39B3@753:=;0/5/7?A3?@30BA/2/:/6 FA3AB9/13/A ?/;0/A53:=;0/5/2//7? 0 793A/6B7 F 35/;3;3?6/A79/5/;0/?273?=:36 1; 1; 3. Energi Gelombang 7 /D/: 0/0 77 2/ A3:/6 ;353A/6B7 0/6D/ 53:=;0/5 276/@7:9/ =:36 53A/?/ E/5 27?/;0/A9/ ,AB9 ;3567AB5 33?57 53:=;0/5 2/ 6/?B@ ;3575/A 93;0/:7 ;/A3?7 27 3:/@ . A3A/5 33?57 A=A/: ;/@@/E/503?=@7:/@7/2/35/@3?57A3?@30BA27AB:7@9/@30/5/703?79BA

11. 235/

12. @30/5/7 9=@A/A/ 5/E/ 2/ /2/:/6 /;:7AB2= *3:/8BAE/ 3?6/A79/ 5/;0/? 03?79BA '+

13. ;3?B/9/ @30B/6 ;=23: 53:=;0/5 A/:7 3:=;0/5 A/:7 A3?@30BA A3?8/27 9/?3/ /2/E/ 53?/9/ A/5/ +/5/ A3?@30BA 03?53?/96/?;=79235//;:7AB2=2/4?39B3@7@B2BA 3?/9/ A/5/ 77 ;3E30/09/ @3A7/ 3:3;3 A/:7 ;35/:/;7 53?/9 6/?;=79 /2/:/6;/@@/2/?7@35;39317:A/:7 ;3?B/9/?//A;/@@/:73/? A/:7 2/ ;3?B/9/ /8/5 @35;3 A/:7 35/ 23;797/ 33?57 53:=;0/5 2//A 27AB:7@9/ @30/5/7 03?79BA

16. ! 1;I F 1; @ ; @ !/2713/A?/;0/A53:=;0/5/2//7?/2/:/6; @ m x Gambar 1.5 Gerakan tangan dirambatkan oleh tali dalam bentuk gelombang. 1,5 Pembahasan Soal Gelombang air laut menyebabkan permukaan air naik turun dengan periode 2 s. Jika jarak antara dua puncak gelombang 5 m, gelombang akan mencapai jarak 10 m dalam waktu .... a. 1 s b. 2 s c. 3 s d. 4 s e. 5 s UMPTN 2001 Pembahasan: T = 2 s jarak antara dua puncak = satu gelombang v = 5 m T 2 s = 2,5 m/s s = vt 10 m = (2,5 m/s)t t = 10 m 2,5 m/s = 4 s Jawaban: d 5 m /

17. !/27/8/553:=;0/5A/:7; 0 ! ! F !/274?39B3@753:=;0/5A/:7/2/:/6 F Tugas Anda 1.2 Embusan angin kencang membuat Sears Building di Chicago goyang dan selanjutnya bergetar dengan frekuensi sebesar 0,1 Hz. Berapa periode getarannya?

18. / H

19. P1 x ! H *30B/653:=;0/5/8/5E/ 1;2//;:7AB2=E/

20. 1;03?53?/9235/ 9313/A/; @27@3/8/5A/:7E/5/8/5E/;2/;/@@/E/ 5 / 3?//9/633?57A=A/:53:=;0/5/2/A/:7 0 3?//9/62/E/E/527?/;0/A9/A/:7A3?@30BA 0 793A/6B7 1; ;

21. 1; 5?/; ! ; @ 6 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII P1 t1 t1 + t v t Gambar 1.6 (a) Pada waktu t1, gelombang tali mencapai titik P1 dan memiliki energi karena gerak harmonik elemen-elemennya. (b) Pada saat waktu bertambah sebesar t, gelombang tali menjalar sejauh v t .

25. *3:/8BAE/ 3?6/A79/ '+ 03?79BA '+ ;3;3?:76/A9/ @30B/6 53:=;0/5 E/5 ;38/:/? 93 9// '/2/ @//A 53:=;0/5 A3/A ;31//7 A7A79 ' *3A7/ @35;3 A/:7/2/0/57/97?7';3;7:79733?57 E/52703?79/=:36 +,'( 1 *3A3:/6 53:=;0/5 A3:/6;38/:/? @38/B6 ! @33?A7 A3?:76/A /2/ '+ 3?57 E/5 27A?/@;7@79/ ;3:/:B7 ' @3:/;/ /2/:/6

29. *3:/8BAE/ 8B;:/6 33?57 E/5 27A?/@;7@79/ @3A7/ @/AB/ D/9AB 27@30BA :/8B 33?57 /A/B @/;/ 235/ 2/E/ E/5 27A?/@;7@79/ *31/?/ ;/A3;/A7@ 27AB:7@ @30/5/7 03?79BA

31. ! H /?7 +,'( 1 2/ 2//A ;3:76/A 0/6D/ 2/E/ E/5 27A?/@ ;7@79/ 03?0/275 :B?B@ 235/ 9B/2?/A /;:7AB2= 9B/2?/A 4?39B3@7 2/ :/8B 53:=;0/5 Contoh 1.3 Tantangan untuk Anda Grafik simpangan terhadap waktu sebuah gelombang yang memiliki kecepatan 0,05 m/s seperti pada gambar berikut. Berdasarkan gambar tersebut, tentukan: a. amplitudo (A); b. periode (T); c. frekuensi gelombang (f). t(s) y(cm) 10 150 cm 0 x

32. Kata Kunci • gelombang mekanik • gelombang elektromagnetik • gelombang transversal • gelombang longitudinal • panjang gelombang • periode gelombang • frekuensi gelombang • simpul • laju energi gelombang • daya gelombang • cepat rambat gelombang • rapat massa linear • energi total gelombang 932B/ 5/0B@ A3?@30BA A3?2//A @30B/6 0B97A 53:=;0/5 !79/ 13/A ?/;0/A 53:=;0/5

33. ; @ A3AB9/4?39B3@753:=;0/5A3?@30BA *30B/653:=;0/5;3?/;0/A9/33?57@303@/? ! 235/4?39B3@7 F2//;:7AB2=

34. 1; / 7AB5:/635B?/5/33?57879/4?39B3@7E/ A3A/2//;:7AB2=E/03?B0/6;38/27 1; 0 7AB5:/6 33?57 53:=;0/5 A3?@30BA 879/ 4?39B3@72//;:7AB2=E/;38/27 Gejala Gelombang 7 )//A;/@@/:73/?A/:7/2/:/6 H 95 I 95 ; ; ?39B3@7@B2BA53:=;0/5/2/:/6

35. ; @

36. ?/2 @ ; / 3?57A=A/:53:=;0/5/2/A/:7/2/:/6

38. I H 95 ;?/2 @

40. ;! 0 /E/E/527A?/@;7@79/;3:/:B7@30B/6A7A79/2/A/:7/2/:/6

43. I H 95 ;?/2 @

45. ; @

46. - !3:/@9/837@837@53:=;0/503?2/@/?9/@B;03? 2//?/653A/?E/

47. 3:=;0/5/7?:/BA03?53?/9235/9313/A/; @ !/?/9/A/?/A75/B1/953:=;0/5E/503?239/A/ /2/:/6;+3AB9/ / /8/553:=;0/5 0 3?7=23 1 4?39B3@753:=;0/5 3?79/ 2B/ /:/@/ ;35// 53:=;0/5 /7? :/BA /;:7AB2=E/@3;/979317:879/@3;/978/B62/?7 @B;03?53:=;0/5 B/0B/65/0B@03?8/?/9

48. ;32B/5/0B@A3?@30BA 03?/2/27/A/@3?;B9///7?32B/5/0B@03?53?/9 /79AB?B03?@/;//235/38/:/?/53:=;0/5 /7?*/AB5/0B@03?/2/27/A/@0B97A53:=;0/52/ @/AB :/57 03?/2/ 27 :3;0/6 53:=;0/5 7 /A/?/ B. Gelombang Berjalan dan Gelombang Stasioner $/@76 75/A9/6 2/ 1/?/ ;3;0B/A 53:=;0/5 A?/@C3?@/: ;355B/9/ A/:7 */:/6 @/AB B8B5 A/:7 E/5 A3?:3A/9 27 /A/@ :/A/7 2763A/99/ AB?B /79 @36755/ /2/ A/:7 A3?@30BA A3?8/27 53:=;0/5 E/5 27A/2/7 235/ A3?03AB9E/ 0B97A 2/ :3;0/6 E/5 ;38/:/? @3/8/5 A/:7 !79/ A/5/ 2/ ;/;B ;3553?/99/ B8B5 A/:7 AB?B /79 @31/?/ 9=@A/ @3:/;/ 53?/9/ A3?@30BA /9/ A3?03AB9 53:=;0/5 E/5 ;38/:/? @3/8/5 A/:7 /5/7;// 03AB9 53:=;0/5 A3?@30BA !79/ 2/ 3?6/A79/ 53:=;0/5 A3?@30BA ;3;7:797 /;:7AB2= A3A/ 3:=;0/5 @33?A7 77 27@30BA 53:=;0/5 03?8/:/ 1 2 9/:72/?7 @3;B:/ *B/AB53:=;0/5A?/@C3?@/:E/5;3;7:7974?39B3@7

49. 9F ;3553A/?9/ /?A793: 03?;/@@/ ;5 235/ /;:7AB2= ;; !79/

50. 67AB5:/6 03@/?33?5753A/?E/527;7:797=:36@B;03?53A/? 53:=;0/5A3?@30BA Tes Kompetensi Subbab A +$%('.%.-#(

51. 1. Gelombang Berjalan *3BA/@A/:7/8/52753A/?9/@36755//2/A/:7;3?/;0/A53:=;0/5 A?/@C3?@/: 93 /?/6 @B;0B =@7A74 @33?A7 A3?:76/A /2/ '+ 3:=;0/5 03?8/:/ E/5 276/@7:9/ 27;B:/7 2/?7 A7A79 E/7AB A7A79 /@/: ?/;0/A/53:=;0/5*//AA7A79A3:/603?53A/?@39=@7;/5/53A/? A7A79A3?6/2/D/9AB53:=;0/5;3;3B673?@/;//@7;/5/53A/? 6/?;=7@ *31/?/ ;/A3;/A7@ 3?@/;//E/ 27AB:7@9/ @30/5/7 03?79BA O P Ingatlah 8 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII # @7 H 3A3?/5/ # @7;/5/ 53:=;0/5 ; /;:7AB2= 53:=;0/5 ; 9313/A/ @B2BA ?/2 @ D/9AB @ :369/?3/

53. 2/

55. +,'(1

56. 2//A8B5/27AB:7@

57. H # @7 /A/B # @7

58. 3:=;0/5 ;3?/;0/A ;B:/7 2/?7 A7A79 93 @B;0B =@7A74 ;3B8B A7A79'E/503?8/?/92/?7A7A79-/9ABE/5273?:B9/53:=;0/5BAB9 ;3?/;0/A 2/?7 A7A79 93 A7A79 ' @38/B6 /2/:/6 ! @39= !79/ A7A79 03?53A/?@3:/;/@39=;/9/A7A79/9/03?53A/?@3:/;/H ! @39= '3?@/;// @7;/5/ 53:=;0/5 27 A7A79 ' /2/:/6 @7 # ! +,'( 1 03?:/9B BAB9 53:=;0/5 E/5 ;3?/;0/A 93 /?/6 @B;0B =@7A74 2/B 3?@/;// 53:=;0/5 E/5 ;3?/;0/A 2/?7 @B;0B =@7A74 ;3B8B @B;0B 35/A74 /A/B B@/A 9==?27/A /2/:/6 @7 # ! H '/2/ +,'(12/ +,'(1/;:7AB2=03?6/?5/ =@7A74 9/?3/ 27/55/ /D/: 53A/?/ 27;B:/7 2/?7 A7A79 @3A7;0/5 03?53?/9 93 /A/@ !79/ 53?/9/ 27;B:/7 2/?7 A7A79 @3A7;0/5 03?53?/9 93 0/D/6 ;/9/ /;:7AB2= 03?6/?5/ 35/A74 @36755/ 3?@/;// @7;/5/ 53:=;0/5 27 ' @31/?/ B;B; ;38/27 @7 # ! H /:/; 03AB9 :/7 +,'( 1 2//A 27AB:7@ @30/5/7 03?79BA @7 # H 235/ /2/:/6 7:/7 2/?7 ! /A/B

59. H Gambar 1.7 Gelombang merambat ke arah sumbu-x positif. y v x y = Asin t kx +A = awal getaran gelombang ke atas –A = awal getaran gelombang ke bawah +k = gelombang merambat ke kiri –k = gelombang merambat ke kanan

60. Gejala Gelombang 9 3A3?/5/ # @7;/5/ 53:=;0/5 ; 9313/A/ @B2BA 53A/?/ ?/2 @ =@7@7 A7A79 ' 27B9B? 2/?7 A7A79 /@/: ; 07:/5/ 53:=;0/5 /;:7AB2= ; D/9AB A7A79 /@/: 03?53A/? @ 4?39B3@7 53A/?/ 53:=;0/5 F a. Sudut Fase, Fase, dan Beda Fase 2/ A3:/6 ;353A/6B7 0/6D/ 53:=;0/5 03?8/:/ ;3;7:797 3?@/;// @7;/5/ @33?A7 /2/ +,'( 1 ,AB9 93/2// B;B; 3?@/;//E/ @30/5/7 03?79BA @7 @7

62. /?7 3?@/;// A3?@30BA 03@/? @B2BA 4/@3E/ /2/:/6

63. H 2/ 03@/? 4/@3E/ /2/:/6

65. @36755/6B0B5//A/?/@B2BA4/@32/4/@353:=;0/5E/2//A27AB:7@ @30/5/7 03?79BA

66. H '3?6/A79/ '+ +7A79 E/5 03?8/?/9 2/?7 A7A79 /@/: 53A/?/ A3:/6 03?53A/? @3:/;/ @39= ;3;7:797 4/@3 '/2/ /D/: 53A/?/ E/5 @/;/ A7A79 03?8/?/9

67. 2/?7 A7A79 /@/: 53A/?/ 2/ ;3;7:797 4/@3

68. 32/ 4/@3 A7A79 2/ /2/:/6

70. H Tugas Anda 1.3 Gelombang air laut merupakan gelombang berjalan. Energi gelombang air laut ini dapat digunakan untuk menggerakkan generator listrik. Bukan hal yang mustahil teknologi ini suatu saat diterapkan di Indonesia. Menurut Anda, kira-kira di daerah laut manakah teknologi ini dapat diterapkan? Coba Anda diskusikan alasannya bersama teman-teman. y Gambar 1.8 Titik A yang berjarak x1 dan titik B yang berjarak x2 dari O. Kedua titik memiliki beda fase . x B x1 x2 A O Mari Mencari Tahu $/@7675/A9/62/A3A/5031///:/;/:752/6@E/AE/5;37;/@/B2/?/ @/B2/?/97A/271362/@397A/?E//2/

71. 3@3;03?

72. )'(!,.('# ;3:B:B6:/A/99/0B;7136+B5/@2/1/?7:/674=?;/@7;353/753:=;0/5 A@B/;7A3?@30BA@33?A70/5/7;//A3?8/27E///3E30/03E30/0E/9// 2/27;//3?/6A3?8/27+@B/;72/74=?;/@7:/7E/A3A/5A@B/;75/? :3076;3/?79A/;0/69/5/;0/?5/;0/?E/5?3:3C/932/:/;AB:7@/2/

73. Informasi untuk Anda Information for You Tantangan untuk Anda Sebuah gelombang merambat dari sumber S ke kanan dengan laju 8 m/s, frekuensi 16 Hz, dan amplitudo 4 cm. Gelombang tersebut melalui titik P yang berjarak 1 9 2 m dari S. Jika S telah bergetar 1 1 4 S dan arah gerak pertamanya ke atas, hitunglah simpangan titik P pada saat itu. Contoh 1.5 *30B/653:=;0/5;3?/;0/A93/?/6@B;0B=@7A74235/93:/8B/; @4?39B3@7 F2//;:7AB2=53A/?

74. 1;3:=;0/5A3?@30BA;3:/:B7A7A79'E/503?8/?/9 ; 2/?7A7A79!79/A7A79/@/:A3:/603?53A/?@3:/;/ @39=2/A7A799/:73?A/;/ 03?53A/?235//?/6@7;/5/930/D/6A3AB9/:/6 / 3?@/;//@7;/5/53:=;0/52/:/;03AB9@7B@ 0 3?@/;//53A/?/27A7A79' 1 @B2BA4/@32/4/@353:=;0/5 2 @7;/5/27A7A79' 0 793A/6B7 ! 1; @ F

75. 1; @39= / '3?@/;//@7;/5/53:=;0/503?8/:/2/:/;03AB9@7B@235/A7A79 @//A 03?53?/9930/D/62//?/6?/;0/AE/93@B;0B=@7A74/2/:/6 #H@7 10 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

76. @7

77. ! #H

78. @7

79. 0 #H

80. @7

81. #H

82. @7

83. Satuan frekuensi adalah hertz (Hz), diambil dari nama Heinrich Hertz, orang yang pertama kali mendemonstrasikan gelombang radio pada 1886. Satu getaran per sekon disebut 1 hertz; dua getaran per sekon dinamakan 2 hertz, dan selanjutnya. The unit of frequency is called the hertz (Hz), after Heinrich Hertz, who demonstrated radio in 1886. One vibration per second is 1 hertz; two vibrations per second is 2 hertz, and so on. '3?@/;//@30B/653:=;0/503?8/:/27E/A/9/=:36# @7

84. H 235/2/#2/:/;1;2/2/:/;@39=A3AB9/ / /?/63?/;0/A/53:=;0/5 2 07:/5/53:=;0/5 0 /;:7AB2=53:=;0/5 3 13/A?/;0/A53:=;0/5 1 4?39B3@753:=;0/5 0 '3?@/;//@7;/5/# @7

85. H 2//A27@/;/9/235/3?@/;// #@7 t kx # @7

86. H @7

87. H 35/;3;3?6/A79/932B/3?@/;//A3?@30BA@3;B/3?A/E///9/A3?8/D/0 / +/2/2/:/;4B5@7@7B@35/A74/?/63?/;0/A/53:=;0/5939// 0 ;:7AB2= 1; 1

88. 9313/A/@B2BA

89. ;/9/

90. F 2 2/?7 +,'(1

91. /8/553:=;0/5273?=:36

93. 1; 3 3/A?/;0/A53:=;0/52//A273?=:362/?7 +,'(1E/7AB !

94. 1; F 1; @ Contoh 1.4

95. gelombang gelombang pantul perut simpul y2 y1 x Gejala Gelombang 11 1 '3?@/;//B;B;@7;/5//2/:/6 #H

96. @7

97. *B2BA4/@3

98. ?/2 /@3

100. 2 *7;/5/27A7A79'E/503?8/?/9 ;2/?7/2/:/6 $

101. @7

102. G ; # $@7

103. @7 +/2/35/A74;3B8B99//?/6@7;/5/930/D/6 2. Gelombang Stasioner 3:=;0/5 @A/@7=3? 2//A A3?8/27 9/?3/ # $7@/:E/ @B3?=@7@7 A3?B@;33?B@ /A/?/ 53:=;0/5 2/A/5 2/ 53:=;0/5 /AB: E/5 ;3?/;0/A /2/ 53:=;0/5 A/:7 '/2/ 53:=;0/5 @A/@7=3? A3?2//A A7A79A7A79 E/5 03?53A/? 235/ /;:7AB2= ;/9@7;B; +7A79 77 27/;/9/ 3?BA 53:=;0/5 @32/59/ A7A79A7A79 E/5 03?53A/? 235/ /;:7AB2= ;77;B; 27@30BA @7;B: 53:=;0/5 3:=;0/5 @A/@7=3? 2//A 276/@7:9/ 2/?7 @3BA/@ A/:7 0/79 Gambar 1.10 Gelombang pantul dari seutas tali yang terikat. datang Gambar 1.9 Gelombang pantul dari seutas tali yang bergerak bebas (tidak ada perubahan fase). gelombang pantul gelombang datang gelombang pantul O A P x Gambar 1.11 Simpangan gelombang datang y1 dan simpangan gelombang pantul y2 pada ujung bebas tidak mengalami beda fase. 235/ B8B5 A72/9 A3?79/A '+ ;/BB 235/ B8B5 A3?79/A '+ a. Gelombang Stasioner pada Tali dengan Ujung Bebas 3:=;0/5 @A/@7=3? /2/ A/:7 235/ B8B5 030/@ B8B5 A/:7 2707/?9/ 03?53?/9 /79AB?B @32/59/ B8B5 E/5 :/7 2753A/?9/ '/2/ 53:=;0/5 @A/@7=3? 77 A72/9 A3?8/27 3?B0/6/ 4/@3 /?A7E/ 4/@3 53:=;0/5 2/A/5 @/;/ 235/ 4/@3 53:=;0/5 /AB: '3?6/A79/'++7A79/2/:/6A7A79/@/:?/;0/A/53:=;0/5 2/A/5235/ /8/5A/:72/8/?/9A7A79'2/?7B8B5030/@ +7A79 ' ;35/:/;7 3?/2B/ 53:=;0/5 2/A/5 # 235/ 53:=;0/5 /AB: #

104. *31/?/ ;/A3;/A7@ @7;/5/ 53:=;0/5 2/A/5 # 27 A7A79 ' /2/:/6 @7 # ! H -/9AB E/5 273?:B9/ 53:=;0/5 2/A/5 2/?7 A7A79 @/;/7 27 A7A79 ' /2/:/6 ! @32/59/ D/9AB E/5 273?:B9/ =:36 53:=;0/5 /AB: 2/?7 A7A79 93 A7A79 @/;/7 27 ' /2/:/6 ! !/27 3?@/;// @7;/5/ 53:=;0/5 /AB: /2/:/6

105. @7 # ! H /@7: 3?/2B/ @7;/5/ 53:=;0/5 2/A/5 # 2/ @7;/5/ 53:=;0/5 /AB: #

106. 27 A7A79 ' 2//A 27AB:7@ @30/5/7 03?79BA

107. ###

108. #@7 @7

109. 12 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII ! ! ;7@/:9/ 2/ ! ! ;/9/ 3?@/;// @7;/5/ # ;38/27 # @7 @7 03?2/@/?9/ /AB?/ 3?8B;:/6/ @7B@ E/7AB @7 @7

110. @7 1=@

112. @36755/ yp =

113. @7 1=@ ! ! ! !

115. :369/?3/

117. ! 2/ 3?@/;//53:=;0/5@A/@7=3?

118. /970/A 3;/AB:/ B8B5 030/@ 2//A 27AB:7@9/ @30/5/7 03?79BA #

119. @7

120. 1=@

121. H '3?@/;// @7;/5/ # 2//A 8B5/ 27AB:7@ @30/5/7 03?79BA #

122. 1=@

123. @7

124. H '3?6/A79/ +,'( 1 '3?@/;// ;3?B/ 9/ /;:7AB2= 53:=;0/5 @A/@7=3? 27 A7A79 ' !/27 /;:7AB2= 53:=;0/5 27 A7A79 ' 2//A 27E/A/9/ 235/ 3?@/;//

125. 1=@

127. 1=@ H #3A/9 3?BA 2/ @7;B: 2/?7 B8B5 030/@ 2//A 27A3AB9/ 03?2/@/?9/ +,'( 1 '3?BA A3?8/27 93A79/ A3?03AB9 @7;/5/ ;/9@7;B; @E/?/AE/ 1=@ /A/B

128. @36755/ 273?=:36

129. 235/

130. H

131. 35/ 23;797/ 3?BA A3?03AB9 /2/ =@7@7

134. gelombang pantul gelombang datang x P y1 y2 O Gejala Gelombang 13 *7;B: A3?8/27 93A79/ A3?03AB9 @7;/5/ 53:=;0/5 03?6/?5/ =: @E/?/AE/ 1=@

135. /A/B

136. @36755/ 273?=:36

137. 235/

138. H

139. 35/ 23;797/ @7;B: A3?03AB9 /2/ =@7@7 2/?7 B8B5 030/@ b. Gelombang Stasioner pada Tali dengan Ujung Terikat 3:=;0/5 @A/@7=3? /2/ A/:7 235/ B8B5 A3?79/A 273?=:36 2/?7 53A/?/ @3BA/@ A/:7 E/5 B8B5E/ A3?79/A @36755/ A72/9 2//A 03?53?/9 @33?A7 A3?:76/A /2/ '+ :36 9/?3/ B8B5 A/:7 A72/9 2//A 03?53?/9 ;/9/ /9/ A3?8/27 3?B0/6/ 4/@3 53:=;0/5 2/A/5 235/ 53:=;0/5 /AB: @303@/? ?/2 '3B?B/ 3?@/;// @7;/5/ 53:=;0/5 @A/@7=3? /2/ B8B5 A3?79/A235/;3:76/A'+ +7A79/2/:/6A7A79/D/:?/;0/A/ 53:=;0/5 2/A/5 235/ /8/5 A/:7 8/?/9 A7A79 ' E/5 ;3?B/9/ 3?/2B/ 53:=;0/5 2/A/5 # 2/ 53:=;0/5 /AB: #

140. *31/?/;/A3;/A7@@7;/5/#E/5A3?8/27/2/A7A79'/2/:/6@7;/5/ 53:=;0/5 2/A/5 # 27 A7A79 ' # @7 ! H

142. -/9AB E/5 273?:B9/ 53:=;0/5 2/A/5 2/?7 A7A79 @/;/7 A7A79 '/2/:/6 ! @32/59/D/9ABE/5273?:B9/=:3653:=;0/5/AB: 2/?7 A7A79 93 @/;/7 27 A7A79 ' /2/:/6 ! 3:=;0/5 @A/@7=3? /2/A/:7235/B8B5A3?79/A;3;7:797032/@B2BA4/@3/A/?/53:=;0/5 2/A/52/53:=;0/5/AB:@303@/? G35/23;797/3?@/;// @7;/5/ #

143. 53:=;0/5 /AB: /2/:/6 #

144. @7 ! H

145. /@7: 3?/2B/ @7;/5/ 53:=;0/5 2/A/5 # 2/ @7;/5/ 53:=;0/5 /AB: #

146. 27 A7A79 ' 2//A 27E/A/9/ 235/ 3?@/;// ###

147. # @7 @7 ! ! $7@/:9/ 2/ ! ! A Gambar 1.12 Simpangan gelombang datang y1 dan simpangan gelombang pantul y2 pada ujung terikat memiliki beda fase 180°.

148. Tantangan untuk Anda Gelombang stasioner dapat terjadi karena superposisi gelombang datang dan gelombang pantul oleh ujung bebas. Titik simpul yang kesepuluh berjarak 1,52 m dari ujung bebasnya. Jika frekuensi gelombang itu 50 Hz, berapakah cepat rambat gelombangnya? 35/ 23;797/ 3?@/;// @7;/5/ ;38/27 # @7 @7 E

149. @7 1=@

151. /A/B

152. 14 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII ! ! ! ! #

153. @7 1=@ ! ! :369/?3/

155. !

156. 2/

157. ;/9/ #

158. @7

159. 1=@

161. H

162. Tugas Anda 1.4 Rumus syarat terbentuknya simpul dan perut dapat juga ditulis seperti berikut. x = (2n – 1) 1 4 untuk simpul dan x = n 1 2 untuk perut. Coba Anda diskusikan dengan teman, bagaimanakah penurunannya? !79/ 2/ 3?6/A79/ +,'( 1

163. @7

164. ;3?B/9/ /;:7AB2=53:=;0/5@A/@7=3?/2/A7A79'35/23;797//;:7AB2= 53:=;0/5 27 A7A79 ' 2//A 27AB:7@ @30/5/7 03?79BA

165. @7

166. H

167. #3A/9 3?BA 2/ @7;B: 2//A 27A3AB9/ 03?2/@/?9/ +,'( 1

168. '3?BA A3?8/27 93A79/ A3?03AB9 @7;/5/ ;/9@7;B; @E/?/AE/ @7

170. @36755/ 273?=:36

171. 235/

172. H

173. 35/ 23;797/ 3?BA A3?03AB9 /2/ =@7@7 2/?7 A7A79 B8B5 A/:7 A3?79/A *7;B: A3?8/27 93A79/ A3?03AB9 @7;/5/ 53:=;0/5 03?7:/7 =: @E/?/AE/ @7

174. /A/B

175. @36755/ 273?=:36 x n

176. 235/

177. H

178. 35/ 23;797/ @7;B: A3?03AB9 /2/ =@7@7

179. 2/?7 A7A79 B8B5 A/:7 A3?79/A

180. Contoh 1.6 Kata Kunci Gejala Gelombang 15 *3BA/@A/:7E/5/8/5E/1;2753A/?9//79AB?B/2/@/:/6@/ABB8B5E/ @32/59/B8B5E/5:/703?53?/9030/@ / !79/3?BA9303?8/?/9

181. 1;2/?7A7A79/@/:53A/?/A3AB9//8/553:=;0/5 E/5A3?8/27 0 +3AB9/8/?/9@7;B:93 2/?7A7A79/@/:53A/?/ 0 / :369/?3//8/5A/:7 1;@32/59/8/?/93?BA932/?7/@/: 53A/?/

182. 1;8/?/92/?7B8B5030/@/2/:/61;H

183. 1; 1;*3:/8BAE/ 5B/9/ +,'(1 BAB9;33AB9//8/553:=;0/5

184. 1; *3BA/@A/:7/8/5E/;B8B5'A3?79/AA/:72753A/?9/A?/@C3?@/:235/4?39B3@7 F/;:7AB2=53:=;0/51;2/:/8B53:=;0/5

185. ; @+3AB9/@7;/5/ E/5A3?8/2727A7A79(E/503?/2/

186. ;2/?7A7A79/@/:53A/?/@3A3:/603?53A/? @3:/;/

187. @39= Jawab: 793A/6B7 ;

188. ; !

189. ; @ 1; F

190. @ H H

191. ;

192. ; @ F ! F

193. ;

194. @ ;/9/ #

195. @7

196. 1=@

198. @7 1=@

199. I1;I H H

201. 1; !/27@7;/5/E/5A3?8/2727A7A79(/2/:/6H

203. 1; • bilangan gelombang • amplitudo • frekuensi • kecepatan sudut getar • sudut fase • fase • beda fase • cepat rambat gelombang • simpul gelombang • perut gelombang Contoh 1.7 2,4 m P O Q 4 m

205. /A/B

206. 1; !/27/8/553:=;0/5E//2/:/6

207. 1; 0 !/?/9A7A79@7;B:93

208. 2/?7B8B5030/@/2/:/6

210. 1; !/278/?/9@7;B:93 2/?7A7A79/@/:53A/?//2/:/61;H

211. 1; 1;

212. 3. Kecepatan Gelombang Stasioner !79/ 2/ ;3;0B/A 93;0/:7 ;=23: 53:=;0/5 ;355B/9/ A/:7 E/5 @/:/6 @/AB B8B5E/ 2779/A 93;B27/ ;3553?/99/E/ A3?B@ ;33?B@@/;/7272//A2B/0B/653:=;0/53:=;0/53?A/;//2/:/6 53:=;0/5 E/5 03?@B;03? /2/ A/5/ 2/ 2/ 53:=;0/5 932B/ /2/:/6 53:=;0/5 E/5 03?/@/: 2/?7 3;/AB:/ '/2/ 93/2// A3?@30BA 2/ /9/ ;33;B9/ 93;0/:7 538/:/ @B3?=@7@7 3:=;0/5 @A/@7=3? A3?03AB9 879/ 53:=;0/5 /AB: 03?@B3?=@7@7 235/ 53:=;0/5 2/A/5 32B/ 53:=;0/5 A3?@30BA ;3;7:797 4?39B3@7 2/ /;:7AB2= @/;/ A3A/7 4/@3E/ 03?:/D// ,AB9 ;3;0B9A79/ /2/E/ 53:=;0/5 @A/@7=3? :/9B9/:/6 3?1=0// @33?A7 E/5 3?/6 27:/9B9/ /2/ %-#/#-, #,#% 03?79BA 77 2 N 5 m 6,25 10 kg 16 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII Aktivitas Fisika 1.2 Percobaan Melde Tujuan Percobaan Mengamati gelombang stasioner. Alat-Alat Percobaan 1. Kawat tipis (2 buah) yang berbeda massanya 2. Beban 3. Pembangkit getaran (vibrator) 4. Katrol Langkah-Langkah Percobaan 1. Susunlah alat-alat seperti pada gambar berikut. vibrator gelombang P S P S beban 2. Hidupkan pembangkit getaran dengan menghubungkannya ke sumber tegangan sehingga pada tali terbentuk gelombang seperti pada gambar. 3. Jika belum terbentuk gelombang stasioner, ubahlah berat beban yang tergantung pada ujung katrol sehingga pada suatu saat terbentuk gelom-bang stasioner. 4. Amatilah dengan saksama gelombang yang terjadi dan tulislah kesimpulan Anda dari kegiatan tersebut. 5. Lakukan langkah 1 sampai 4 untuk kawat kedua yang berbeda massanya. =0/ @39/?/5 2/ 0/2759/ 93@7;B:/ 2/ 235/ 93@7;B:/ 03?79BA 3/A ?/;0/A 53:=;0/5 A?/@C3?@/: E/5 ;3?/;0/A ;3:/:B7 @3/? /2/ 3?1=0// @30/275 235/ /9/? 5/E/ A35/5/ 9/D/A 2/ 03?0/275 A3?0/:79 235/ /9/? ;/@@/ 9/D/A 3? @/AB/ /8/5 9/D/A *31/?/ ;/A3;/A7@ 3?@/;// 13/A ?/;0/A 53:=;0/5 27AB:7@9/ @30/5/7 03?79BA ! /A/B! H

213. Pembahasan Soal Tali yang panjangnya 5 m ber-tegangan 2 N digetarkan sehingga terbentuk gelombang stasioner. Jika massa tali 625 × 10–3 kg, maka cepat rambat gelombang tali adalah .... a. 2 m/s b. 5 m/s c. 6 m/s d. 10 m/s e. 40 m/s UMPTN 1996 Pembahasan: Diketahui: = 5 m; F = 2 N; m = 625 × 10–3 kg. Menurut Melde kecepatan rambat gelombang tali adalah F v = = F m = -3 = 40 m/s Jawaban: e

214. Tugas Anda 1.5 Gelombang stasioner terbentuk jika superposisi terjadi dari dua gelombang yang frekuensi dan amplitudo sama tapi fasenya berlawanan. Jika frekuensi dan amplitudo dibuat tidak sama, gelombang apa yang terjadi? Gejala Gelombang 17 3A3?/5/ ! 13/A ?/;0/A 53:=;0/5 ; @ 5/E/ A35/5/ 9/D/A % ;/@@/ 9/D/A 3? @/AB/ /8/5 95 ; Contoh 1.9 *3BA/@A/:72753A/?9/@36755/;3;03AB953:=;0/5E/503?4?39B3@7

215. F2/ 13/A?/;0/A53:=;0/5; @+3AB9/A3;/A932B2B9/3?BA2/@7;B:2/?7 B8B53;/AB:/53:=;0/5A3?@30BA 0 793A/6B7

216. F ! ; @ ! ; @

217. F

218. ;

219. 1; / 32B2B9/3?BA

220. ,AB9 1;

221. 1; 1; !/27932B2B9/3?BABAB903?/2//2/8/?/91;

222. 03?/2/ /2/8/?/9

223. 1;2/BAB9 03?/2//2/8/?/9 1;2/?7B8B53;/AB:/ 0 32B2B9/@7;B:

225. ,AB9 1;

226. 1; 1; !/27932B2B9/@7;B:BAB903?/2//2/8/?/9 1;

227. 03?/2/ /2/8/?/9

228. 1;2/ 03?/2//2/8/?/9 1;2/?7B8B53;/AB:/ Contoh 1.10 '/2/3?1=0//$3:23A3?03AB9 3?BA53:=;0/52/?7@3/?E/5/8/5E/ ; !79/ /2/ B8B5 9/D/A 275/AB59/ 030/ 5 2/ ;/@@/ @3/? 5 A3AB9/ / 03AB953:=;0/5@3/?A3?@30BA 0 /8/553:=;0/5/2/@3/? 1 13/A?/;0/A53:=;0/5 2 4?39B3@7@B;03?53A/? 0 793A/6B7 ; 030/ 5I H

229. 95 @3/? 5 I H 95 Tantangan untuk Anda Kawat untuk saluran transmisi listrik yang massanya 40 kg diikat antara dua menara tegangan tinggi yang jaraknya 200 m. Salah satu ujung kawat dipukul oleh teknisi yang berada di salah satu menara, sehingga timbul gelombang yang merambat ke menara yang lain. Jika gelombang pantul terdeteksi setelah 10 s, berapa tegangan kawat?

230. / 3AB953:=;0/5 1,5 m 0 '/8/553:=;0/5273?=:362/?73?@/;// *3BA/@ A/:7 E/5 /8/5E/ 1; @/:/6 @/AB B8B5E/ 2753A/?9/ 6/?;=79 /79AB?B 235/ 4?39B3@7 F2//;:7AB2=1;@32/59/B8B5 :/7E/A3?79/A3A/?/;3?/;0/A235/:/8B1; @ +3AB9/ / /;:7AB2=53:=;0/527A7A79E/503?8/?/91; 2/?7A7A79/@/:53A/?/ 0 @7;/5/53:=;0/527A7A79A3?@30BA@3A3:/6A/:7 03?53A/?@3:/;/

231. @ 1 :3A/9@7;B:932/3?BA93 2/?7A7A79/@/: 53A/?/

232. *3BA/@A/:7/8/5E/;*/ABB8B5A/:72779/A93 27275 2/ B8B5 A/:7 :/7E/ 2753A/?9/ 235/ /;:7AB2= 1; @3?A/ 3?7=23

233. @ @36755/ 53:=;0/5/2/A/:72//A;3?/;0/A235/93:/8B/ 1; @*30B/6A7A79'/2/8/?/9;2/?7B8B5 3;/AB:/A3AB9/:/6 / 3?@/;// @7;/5/ 53:=;0/5 2/A/5 2/ 53:=;0/5/AB:27A7A79' 0 3?@/;//@7;/5/@B3?=@7@753:=;0/527 A7A79' */:/6@/ABB8B52/?7@3BA/@A/:7E/5;3;7:797/8/5 1; 2753A/?9/ 6/?;=79 /79AB?B @32/59/ B8B5:/7E/2707/?9/030/@03?53?/9 18 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII / 3?///8/553:=;0/5E/503?53?/9/2/ A/:7879/3?BA93 03?8/?/91;2/?7A7A79/@/: 53A/?/ 0 7;//:3A/9@7;B:93

234. 27B9B?2/?7A7A79/@/: 53A/?/ *30B/653:=;0/5E/54?39B3@7E/ F;3;7:797 9313/A/ ; @ / 3?//9/6 8/?/9 /A/?/ 2B/ A7A79 /5/? @B2BA 4/@3E/03?032/@303@/? G 0 3?//9/63?032//@B2BA4/@3@B/ABA7A79E/5 03?53A/?2/:/;@3:/5D/9AB H @39= *30B/653:=;0/5;3?/;0/A2/?7A7A7993A7A79' 235/13/A?/;0/A; @4?39B3@7

235. F/;:7AB2= 1;2/8/?/9' ;+3AB9/@7;/5/A7A79' @//AA3:/603?53A/?@3:/;/@ +3AB9/@B2BA4/@353:=;0/527A7A79'879/A7A79 A3:/603?53A/?@3:/;/

236. @39=235/8/?/9A7A79 93'/2/:/6;3A3?2/03@/?13/A?/;0/A53:=;0/5 ; @ *3BA/@ A/:7 E/5 /8/5E/ ; 27?3A/59/ 6=?7F=A/:*/:/6@/ABB8B5E/2753A/?9/2/B8B5 :/7E/ A3A/ *3A3:/6 A3?8/27 53:=;0/5 @A/@7=3? A3?E/A/ 3?BA 93 03?8/?/9 ; 2/?7 A7A79 /@/: 53A/?/ / 3?///8/553:=;0/5E/5A3?8/27 0 7AB5 :3A/9 @7;B: 93 27B9B? 2/?7 A7A79 /@/: 53A/?/ Tes Kompetensi Subbab B +$%('.%.-#(

238. ; ; !/27/8/553:=;0/5/2/@3/?/2/:/6; 1 @3/?

239. I H 95 ; 030/II H

240. I % !

241. ; @ !/2713/A?/;0/A53:=;0/5/2/:/6 ; @ 2 ?39B3@7@B;03?53A/? ! F !/274?39B3@7@B;03?53A/?/2/:/6 F

242. 1 2 O A Sumber: Physics for ‘O’ Level, 1999 Sumber: Physics for ‘O’ Level, 1999 Gejala Gelombang 19 C. Sifat-Sifat Gelombang 1. Pemantulan 38/:/ 3;/AB:/ 53:=;0/5 2//A 2/ :76/A 2/:/; 93672B/ @36/?76/?7 $7@/:E/ 3;/AB:/ 1/6/E/ =:36 13?;7 @36755/ 2/2//A;3:76/A0/E/5//2/13?;738/:/3;/AB:/53:=;0/5 2//AB:/27/;/A7/2/53:=;0/5A/:7'/2/B8B5A/:7E/597A/79/A9/ /9/ A3?:76/A 3;/AB:/ 53:=;0/5 @33?A7 /2/ '+ @32/59/ BAB9 B8B5 030/@ 27AB8B99/ =:36 '+ ,AB9 :3076 ;3;/6/;7 3;/AB:/ 2/ 2//A ;35/;/A7 3;/AB:/ 53:=;0/5 /7? E/5 A3?8/27 /2/ A/597 /7? A/597 ?7/9 B9B; 3;/AB:/ 53:=;0/5 ;3E/A/9/ 0/6D/ @B2BA 2/A/5 53:=;0/5@/;/235/@B2BA/AB:E/ :B@A?/@73;/AB:/53:=;0/5 A3?@30BA 2//A 27:76/A /2/ '+ *31/?/ ;/A3;/A7@ 3?E/A// A3?@30BA 2//A 27?B;B@9/ 2/:/; 03AB9 3?@/;// 03?79BA

243. H

244. 3A3?/5/ 1 @B2BA 2/A/5 2 @B2BA /AB: a. Pemantulan Gelombang Lingkaran oleh Bidang Datar /5/7;// 072/5 2/A/? ;3;/AB:9/ ;B9/ 53:=;0/5 :759/?/ '+

245. ;3B8B99/ 3;/AB:/ 53:=;0/5 :759/?/ 93A79/ ;353/7072/52/A/?E/5;356/:/57E/+3?E/A/53:=;0/5/AB: ;3;7:797 =:/ E/5 @/;/ 235/ 53:=;0/5 2/A/5 '/2/ '+

246. +7A79 ;3?B/9/ @B;03? 53:=;0/5 2/A/5 235/ ;3;3?6/A79/ 6B9B; 3;/AB:/ E/7AB @B2BA 2/A/5 @/;/ 235/ @B2BA /AB: :36 9/?3/ 7AB 273?=:36 0/E/5/ 27 A7A79 +7A79 /2/:/6 @B;03? 53:=;0/5 /AB: @36755/ ;B9/ 53:=;0/5 /AB: /2/:/6 :759/?/:759/?/ E/5 03?B@/A 27 / 0 Gambar 1.13 Pemantulan gelombang pada tali: (a) ujung terikat; dan (b) ujung bebas. Gambar 1.14 Hukum pemantulan Gambar 1.15 Pemantulan gelombang lingkaran oleh bidang datar. Aktivitas Fisika 1.3 Pemantulan Gelombang Tujuan Percobaan Mengamati pemantulan gelombang pada tangki riak. Alat-Alat Percobaan 1. Wadah bak air 4. Lampu atau OHP 2. Papan 5. Air 3. Kaca Langkah-Langkah Percobaan 1. Buatlah semacam bak air (tangki riak) dengan kaca sebagai alasnya. 2. Letakkan bak tersebut di bawah sinar lampu OHP, kemudian letakkan sebuah kertas putih di bawah bak. 3. Buatlah riak kecil dengan cara mencelupkan salah satu jari Anda di tengah-tengah bak. Perhatikan yang terjadi. 4. Masukkan papan tersebut di ujung bak, lalu gerakkan secara perlahan dalam arah horizontal sehingga terbentuk riak. 5. Jelaskan hasil yang diperoleh dan sebutkan perbedaan kedua riak tersebut. Kemudian, jelaskan pula bagaimana dengan pemantulan gelombang pada dinding. i r normal gelombang datang sinar gelombang datang sinar gelombang pantul muka gelombang pantul Gambar 1.16 Tangki riak yang ditempatkan di atas OHP.

247. Gambar 1.17 Pembiasan pada tangki riak yang kedalamannya berbeda. Sumber: Dokumentasi Penerbit n1 n2 Gambar 1.18 (a) Pembiasan terjadi pada bolpoin yang dicelupkan ke dalam air; (b) Skema perjalanan sinar pada proses pembiasan. 2. Pembiasan Gelombang ,AB9 ;35/;/A7 3;07/@/ 53:=;0/5 :3A/99/:/6 9375 53:/@ A30/:27@30/57/2/@/?A/597?7/953:=;0/5/5/?932B/072/5;3;7:797 932/:/;/ /7? E/5 03?032/ '3?032// 932/:/;/ /7? A3?@30BA A3?:76/A /2/ '+ 03?79BA gelombang setelah dibiaskan 20 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII 1 2 gelombang datang batas tempat dangkal keping gelas tebal meja kaca tangki riak /?7 '+ A3?:76/A 0/6D/ /8/5 53:=;0/5 27 A3;/A E/5 :3076 2/:/; :3076 03@/? 2/?7/2/ /8/5 53:=;0/5 27 A3;/A E/5 2/59/:

248. @36755/13/A?/;0/A53:=;0/5E/B03?032/35/ 23;797/ 3?B0/6/ /8/5 53:=;0/5 ;3E30/09/ A3?8/27E/ 3;03:=9/ 53:=;0/5 '3;03:=9/ 53:=;0/5 27/;/9/ 3;07/@/ ;07::/6 @30/A/5 0=:=7 :/:B ;/@B99/ 93 2/:/; 53:/@ 9/1/ E/5 03?7@7 /7? 0375 =:=7 A3?@30BA /9/ A3?:76/A 0359=9 '3?7@A7D/ 77 27@30BA 3?7@A7D/ =A=6 3?7@A7D/ 3;07/@/ E/5 :/7 /2/:/6 43=;3/ 2/ 3:/57 '3;07/@/ A3?8/27 /970/A /2/E/ 3?032// 7239@ 07/@ '3?032// 7239@ 07/@ ;3E30/09/ 3?B0/6/ 13/A ?/;0/A 53:=;0/5 '/2/ 3?7@A7D/0=:=7272/:/;53:/@1/6/E/E/527/AB:9/93;/A/;3:3D/A7 A75/;/1/;0/6/'3?A/;/1/6/E/E/527/AB:9/;3:3D/A7/7?272/:/; 53:/@3;B27/;3:3D/A70/6/E/5932B/E/7AB9/1/53:/@2/A3?/967? ;3:3D/A7 B2/?/ 3A75/ ;/1/; 0/6/ A3?@30BA ;3;7:797 7239@ 07/@ E/5 03?032/032/ @36755/ 13/A ?/;0/A 53:=;0/5 03?B0/6B0/6 B9B; E/5 ;355/;0/?9/ 43=;3/ 77 /2/:/6 B9B; *3::7B@ A3A/5 3;07/@/ '3?6/A79/ '+ B9B; *3::7B@ ;3E/A/9/ 0/6D/ @7/?2/A/55/?7@=?;/:2/@7/?07/@A3?:3A/9/2/@/AB072/52/A/?

249. @7/? 2/A/5 ;3;03AB9 @B2BA A3?6/2/ 5/?7@ =?;/: 2/ @7/? 07/@ ;3;03AB9 @B2BA

250. A3?6/2/ 5/?7@ =?;/: 2/ ;3;3B67 3?@/;// 03?79BA

251. @7

252. @7 H 3A3?/5/ 13/A ?/;0/A 1/6/E/ 27 ?B/5 6/;/ ; @ ! 13/A ?/;0/A 1/6/E/ 93A79/ ;3:3D/A7 ;327B; 7239@ 07/@ ;BA:/9 0/6/ '3?6/A79/ +,'( 1 *7;0=: 2/;

253. ;3?B/9/ 9=@A/A/ A/9 03?27;3@7 =@A/A/ A3?@30BA 27/;/9/ 7239 07/@ *7;0=: 1 /2/:/6@B2BAE/52703AB9=:36@7/?2/A/52/5/?7@=?;/: 2/B2 /2/:/6@B2BAE/52703AB9=:36@7/?07/@2/5/?7@=?;/: / 0 sinar datang 1 2 sinar bias n2 n1

254. Gejala Gelombang 21 8./5 ,3+ +,96= += ,+2+8 7/;:+5+8 :/;,+8.381+8 5/-/:+=+8 -+2+A+ .+6+7 ;+81 ?+57

255. .+8 5/-/:+=+8 -+2+A+ .3 .+6+7 7/.37 ,+2+8 =/;/,= /81+8 ./7353+8 38./5 ,3+ .38A+=+5+8 ./81+8 :/;+7++8

256. D

257. 35+ )*% / .38 5/7,+63 8=5 7/7,+8.3815+8 .= ,3+ .+81+8 .= .+=+81 .3:/;96/2 :/;+7++8 ,/;35= D

258. 38 38 /;.++;5+8 )*% / .+:+= .35/=+23 ,+2@+ ,/+;8A+ .= ,3+ ,/;1+8=81 :+.+ .= .+=+81 38./5 ,3+ 7/.37 :/;=+7+ .+8 38./5 ,3+ 7/.37 5/.+ 35+ +7+ ./81+8 +5+8 +7+ ./81+8 %+.+ 5/+.++8 383 ;/0;+53=3.+57/8A/,+,5+8:/7,/695+838+;(38+;.+=+81+5+8.3=/; 5+8=+8:+:/7,/6955+8+;+2/:/;=3=/;632+=:+.+ %) 35+6/,32,/+;.+;3:+.+ +5+86/,325/-36.+;3:+.+ %+.+ 5/+.++8 383 38+; .3,3+5+8 7/8./5+=3 1+;3 89;7+6 .+8 7/84+2 1+;3 :/;:+84+81+8 38+; .+=+81 /:/;=3 :+.+ %) 35+6/,325/-36.+;3:+.+ +5+86/,32,/+;.+;3:+.+ %+.+ 5/+.++838338+;.3,3+5+87/84+231+;389;7+6.+81+;3:/;:+8 4+81+8 38+; .+=+81 /:/;=3 :+.+ %) Gambar 1.19 Pembiasan sinar bergantung pada indeks bias medium. 1 sinar datang garis normal 2 n1 n2 sinar bias n2 = n1 sinar datang n1 n2 garis normal garis normal 2 sinar bias 1 n2 n1 sinar datang n1 1 n2 sinar bias 2 n2 n1 + , - Contoh 1.8 (/,+21/697,+81.+=+81:+.+,3.+81,+=++8=+;+.+7/.37./81+8.=.+=+81

259. C 35+:/;,+8.381+8+8=+;+38./5,3+7/.37:/;=+7+.+87/.375/.++.+6+2 Tugas Anda 1.6 Menurut Anda, mengapa gelombang air laut yang begitu besar ketika sampai di pantai menjadi kecil? Apakah terjadi hal yang sama untuk laut yang berbatasan dengan daratan yang bertebing karang curam?

260. =/8=5+8.=,3+8A+.+86535+8:/7,3++81/697,+81=/;/,= -

261. 35/=+23 .=.+=+81

262. C 38./5,3+

263. 3. Polarisasi , 53+8:/7,3++81/697,+81 medium 1 medium 2 %96+;3+3 7/;:+5+8 :/;3=3@+ A+81 7/7:/;632+=5+8 -3;3 52+ 1/697,+81 =;+8?/;+6 %/;3=3@+ :96+;3+3 .+:+= =/;4+.3 5+;/8+ :/;3=3@+ :/7+8=6+8 :/7,3++8 ,3+ 5/7,+; /6/5=30 .+8 :/;3=3@+ ,3.+81 1/=+; %/;3=3@+ :96+;3+3 .+:+= .3?3+63+35+8 ./81+8 7/7,+A+815+8 1/697,+81 =;+8?/;+6 :+.+ /=+ =+63 %/;2+=35+8 %) + gelombang terpolarisasi , gelombang tidak terpolarisasi 22 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII gelombang terpolarisasi celah Gambar 1.20 Gelombang tali yang terpolarisasi. + (.=,3+ 38 38 38 38

264. 38

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ambar 1.21 Polarisasi gelombang tali. 37° 53°

266. Gambar 1.22 Cahaya tak terpolarisasi dilewatkan pada sebuah kristal. + + = = + , Gejala Gelombang 23 cahaya alami yang datang 4. Interferensi Gelombang (/6+38 :/7+8=6+8 .+8 :/7,3++8 30+= 6+38 .+;3 1/697,+81 +.+6+2 38=/;0/;/83 (30+= 38=/;0/;/83 :+.+ 1/697,+81 +.+6+2 :96+ :/81+=+8 38=/;0/;/83 598=;5=30 .+8 :96+ :/81236+81+8 38=/;0/;/83 ./=;5=30 75+1/697,+81.+;3.+1/697,+81A+81+6381,/;=/7*8=57/632+= :96+ 383 6/,32 4/6+ :/;2+=35+8 %) ,/;35= Gambar 1.23 Interferensi gelombang air interferensi konstruktif Sumber: www.physics.umd.edu interferensi destruktif 8.+ :8 .+:+= 7/6+55+8 :/;-9,++8 8=5 7/632+= 1/4+6+ 38=/;0/;/83 1/697,+81 7,366+2 /,+2 =+8153 ;3+5 5/7.3+8 ,+=6+2 -/6+2 1+8.+ :+.+ /,+2 :+:+8 #+55+8 :+:+8 =/;/,= 5/ .+6+7 =+8153 /-+;+ ?/;=35+6 $A+6+5+8 6+7: .3 +=+ =+8153 ;3+5 +3; !/7 .3+8 ,+=6+2 7,/; 1/697,+81 ./81+8 -+;+ 7/8-/6:5+8 +6+2 += 4+;3 8.+ 5/ .+6+7 +3; .3 +6+2 += 481 =+8153 32+=6+2 :96+ 38=/; 0/;/83 :+.+ 5/;=+ .3 ,+@+2 =+8153 =/;/,= .3 ,+@+2 481 =+8153 6+38 %/7++81+8 :+:+8 ,/;-/6+2 =+.3 /,/8+;8A+ +.+6+2 :/7,+=+8 .+ 7,/; 1/697,+81 %+.+ .38.381 =+8153 +5+8 =+7:+5 :/81+=+8 .+8 :/81236+81+8 1/697,+81 +53,+= ,/;=/78A+ 5/.+ 1/697,+81 =/;/,= %/81+=+8 =/;4+.3 5+;/8+ +.+8A+ 5/+7++8 0+/ .+;3 5/.+ 1/697,+81 !/+7++8 0+/ +.+6+2 .+ 1/697,+81 A+81 7/736353 0;/5/83 .+8 37:+81+8A+81+7+%/81236+81+8=/;4+.35+;/8++.+8A+5/=3.+5+7++8 0+/ 1/697,+81 +/ A+81 =3.+5 +7+ +.+6+2 435+ +.+ .+ 1/697,+81 7/736353 0;/5/83 A+81 +7+ 8+78 37:+81+88A+ +6381 ,/;6+@+8+8 5. Difraksi Gelombang 30;+53.+6+7,+2++/2+;32+;3.+:+=.3+;=35+8/,+1+3:/6/8=;+8 %/;3=3@+ .30;+53 +=+ :/6/8=;+8 1/697,+81 .+:+= .3+7+=3 ./81+8 7/8118+5+8 =+8153 ;3+5 .+8 :+:+8 ,/;-/6+2 $+78 1/697,+81 A+81 =37,6.3+3;=3.+5.32+365+896/21/=+;+8=+81+87/6+385+8.+;31/;+5+8 7+4 78.; /,+2 :+:+8 /23811+ 75+ 1/697,+81 ,5+8 ,/;,/8=5 63815+;+8 35+ 8.+ 7/6+55+8 2+6 =/;/,= 8.+ +5+8 7/8.+:+=5+8 Gambar 1.24 Interferensi dua gelombang (a) interferensi konstruktif (menguatkan) dan (b) interferensi destruktif (menghilangkan). getaran horizontal diserap sempurna oleh polaroid getaran vertikal diserap sebagian cahaya diteruskan terpolarisasi linear

267. ,+2@+ /=/6+2 1/697,+81 5/6+; .+;3 :+:+8 ,/;-/6+2 ,/8=5 75+ 1/697,+81=3.+5/:/;=3,/8=51/697,+81A+81:/;=+7+%96+A+81+5+8 8.+ .+:+=3 .3=8455+8 96/2 %) 6. Efek Doppler 35+ 8.+ 7/7,+= 1/=+;+8 :+.+ :/;75++8 +3; 7/8118+5+8 /,+2 +6+= :/811/=+; :+.+ :/;75++8 +3; =/;/,= +5+8 =/;,/8=5 1/697,+811/697,+81 A+81 7/;+7,+= 5/ /1+6+ +;+2 /:/;=3 .3=8455+8 %) :+ A+81 =/;4+.3 435+ ?3,;+=9; .3=+;35 5/ 5+8+8 35+?3,;+=9;.3=+;355/5+8+8+5+8=/;,/8=563815+;+81/697,+81 +3; /:/;=3 :+.+ %) +;+5 1/697,+81 .3 /,/6+2 5+8+8 6/,32 ;+:+= .3,+8.3815+8 ./81+8 4+;+5 1/697,+81 .3 /,/6+2 53;3 )/;632+= ,+2@+ :+= .+;3 /=3+: 75+ 1/697,+81 A+81 .32+365+8 ,/;1/;+5 5/ 5+8+8 /23811+ 4+;+5 +8=+;+ :8-+5 5/ :8-+5 1/697,+81 A+81 ,/;./5+=+8 .3 /,/6+2 5+8+8 6/,32 :/8./5 .+;3:+.+ :+84+81 1/697,+81 .3 /,/6+2 53;3 ;=38A+ 7,/; 1/697,+81 A+81 ,/;1/;+5 7/8A/,+,5+8 :/;,+2+8 :+84+81 1/697,+81 %+84+811/697,+81A+81,/;,+2+5+87/8A/,+,5+8:/;,+2+80;/5/83 %/;3=3@+ :/;,+2+8 0;/5/83 1/697,+81 +53,+= :/81+;2 1/;+5 ;/6+=30 +8=+;+ 7,/; 1/697,+81 .+8 :/81+7+= .38+7+5+8 /0/5 9::6/; 8.+ .+:+= 7/81+7+=3 /0/5 9::6/; 5/=35+ ,/;.3;3 .3 :38113; 4+6+8 .+8 +.+ 79,36 7/84 +=+ 7/8./5+=3 8.+ ,8A3 79,36 =/;/,= =/; ./81+; /7+538 =38113 /7353+8 :6+ 435+ 79,36 =/;/,= 7/84+23 8.+,8A379,36=/;/,==/;./81+;/7+538;/8.+2/897/8+=/;/,= 5+63 :/;=+7+ .3+7+=3 96/2 /9;+81 0335+@+8 =;3+ )!*+! '(($)

268. D

269. /23811+ .38+7+5+8 /0/5 9::6/; %/;,+2+8 ,8A3 79,36 7/84+.3 =38113 +=+ ;/8.+2 =/;/,= .3/,+,5+8 96/2 :/;,+2+8 0;/5/83 !/=35+ 79,36 =/;/,= 7/8./5+=3 8.+ 0;/5/838A+ /7+538 ,/+; (/,+6358A+ 5/=35+ 79,36 =/;/,= ,/; 1/;+5 7/84+23 8.+ 0;/5/838A+ /7+538 5/-36 %/;,+2+8 0;/5/83 =/;/,= .+:+= .34/6+5+8 /,+1+3 ,/;35= !/=35+ 7,/; ,8A3 .+8 :/8./81+; .3+7 1/697,+81 ,8A3 A+81 .3:+8-+;5+8 96/2 7,/; ,8A3 7/736353 :+84+81 1/697,+81 A+81 +7+ ./81+8 1/697,+81 ,8A3 A+81 .3=/;37+ :/8./81+; ,/;6+5 :/;+7++8 Gambar 1.25 Difraksi pada gelombang air s 5 4 3 2 1 + vp vs P s 5 4 3 2 1 , 24 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII $+78:+.+++=7,/;,8A3,/;1/;+5.+8:/8./81+;.3+77+5+ :+84+81 1/697,+81 A+81 .3=/;37+ :/8./81+; +.+6+2 Gambar 1.26 Sumber gelombang yang bergerak pada permukaan air menyebabkan panjang gelombang lebih pendek sesuai arah gerak. gelombang air setelah melewati celah gelombang air celah Sumber: Physics for Scientist Engineers with Modern Physics, 2000

270. Gejala Gelombang 25 /23811+ 0;/5/83 A+81 .3=/;37+ :/8./81+; +.+6+2 /,+1+3 ,/;35= D

272. + *8=55+/,+6358A+:+.+++=7,/;,8A3.3+7.+8:/8./81+; ,/;1/;+5 :+84+81 1/697,+81 A+81 .3=/;37+ :/8./81+; +.+6+2 /23811+ 0;/5/83 A+81 .3=/;37+ :/8./81+; +.+6+2 /,+1+3 ,/;35= D

274. , (/-+;+ 77 :/;+7++8 /0/5 9::6/; 8=5 7,/; ,8A3 .+8 :/8./81+; ,/;1/;+5 ,/;6+5 :/;+7++8 D

275. !/=/;+81+8 0;/5/83 A+81 .3=/;37+ :/8./81+; B 0;/5/83 .+;3 .= ,8A3 B 5/-/:+=+8 1/697,+81 ,8A3 7 5/-/:+=+8 1/;+5 :/8./81+; 7 5/-/:+=+8 1/;+5 7,/; ,8A3 7 %/;4+843+8 =+8.+ A+81 .318+5+8 .+6+7 :/;+7++8 +.+6+2 /,+1+3 ,/;35= 35+ :/8./81+; 7/8./5+=3 7,/; :/8./81+; :93=30 35+ :/8./81+; 7/84+23 7,/; :/8./81+; 8/1+=30

276. 35+ 7,/; 7/8./5+=3 :/8./81+; 7,/; 8/1+=30 35+ 7,/; 7/84+23 :/8./81+; 7,/; :93=30 Contoh 1.11 (/,+279,36,/;1/;+5./81+85/-/:+=+8574+7+7,367/7,8A35+856+598 ./81+80;/5/83 B+;3+;+2,/;6+@+8+8/9;+81:/81/8.+;+79=9;,/;1/;+5 ./81+85/-/:+=+8 574+7)/8=5+80;/5/83,8A356+598A+81.3./81+;96/2 :/81/8.+;+/:/.+79=9;=/;/,=435+-/:+=;+7,+=,8A3.3.+;++.+6+2

277. 7 -

278. 35/=+23 79,36 574+7 7 :/8./1+; 574+7 7 .+;+

279. 7 56+598 79,36 B :/8./81+; .+;+ :/8./81+; 56+59879,36 .+;+ 79,36

280. 7 7 B

281. 7 7 B +.3:/81/8.+;+/:/.+79=9;7/8./81+;,8A356+598./81+80;/5/83B Tokoh Christian Johann Doppler (1803–1853) Christian Johann Doppler adalah fisikawan yang lahir di Salzburg, Austria. Dia belajar di Vienna dan menjadi seorang profesor Fisika (1851). Dia terkenal dengan pengamatannya tentang variasi frekuensi gelombang suara dan gelombang cahaya karena pengaruh kecepatan gerak relatif antara sumber dan pengamat. Sumber: www. allbiographic.com

282. Contoh 1.12 !/;/=++:3,/;1/;+57/83811+65+8=+38./81+85/-/:+=+8 574+7(/9;+81 7+3837/7,8A35+8:/63=8A+./81+80;/5/83 B 35+-/:+=;+7,+=,8A3 .3.+;+

283. 7,/;+:+0;/5/83A+81.3./81+;96/2:/=1+.3=+38=/;/,= -

284. 35/=+235/;/=++:3 574+77.+;+

285. 7:/8./81+; 7 (/,+21/697,+81.+=+81.+;3.+;+./81+8.= .+=+81

286. C7+55/.+6+7+3;.+8.3,3+5+8./81+8 .=,3+

287. C 35+:+84+811/697,+81=/;/,=.3.+;+ -7=/8=5+8:+84+811/697,+81.3.+6+7+3; (/,+21/697,+81.+=+81:+.+,3.+81,+=++8=+;+ .+7/.37./81+8.=.+=+81

288. C 35+38./5,3+ ;/6+=307/.37.+=/;2+.+:7/.37+=+.+6+2 26 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII =/8=5+8 .= ,3+8A+ .+8 6535+8 :/7,3++8 1/697,+818A+

289. /697,+81.+=+81.+;3:/;75++8+3;A+81.+6+75/ :/;75++8+3;A+81.+815+6./81+8.=.+=+81 C 35+-/:+=;+7,+=1/697,+81:+.+:/;75++8+3;A+81 .+6+7.+8:/;75++8+3;A+81.+815+67.+8 7 =/8=5+8.=,3+8A+ /6+5+8+:+A+81.37+5.:96+;3+3 (/,+2+7,6+8,/;1/;+5./81+85/-/:+=+8

291. 7 +7,367/7,8A35+83;38/8A+:+.+0;/5/83 B (/9;+81 :/81/7.3 =;5 ,/;1/;+5 ,/;6+@+8+8 +;+2 ./81+85/-/:+=+8 77/8./81+;,8A33;38/ +7,6+8 )/8=5+8 0;/5/83 A+81 .3./81+; :/81/7.3++= + 5/.+79,36+63817/8./5+=3 , 5/.+79,36+63817/84+23 !/=35+,/;.3;3.3=;9=9+;/9;+81+8+57/8./81+;,8A3 ,/;0;/5/83 B .+;3 3;38/ 79,36 :9633 A+81 7/8./5+=38A+ (/=/6+2 79,36 :9633 7/6/@+=38A+ 0;/5/83,8A3A+81=/;./81+;7/84+.3

292. B/;+:+ 5/6+4+879,36:9633=/;/,= !/-/:+=+8,8A3.3.+;+

293. 7 (/,+2 7,/; ,8A3 7/736353 0;/5/83 B ,/;1/;+5./81+85/-/:+=+8 77/8./5+=3/9;+81 :/81+7+=A+81.3+7)/8=5+8,/+;0;/5/83A+81 .3./81+;96/2:/81+7+=435+ + =3.+5+.++8138 , =/;.+:+=+8138A+81,/;1/;+5./81+85/-/:+=+8 7/+;+2./81+8+;+27,/;,8A3.+8 - =/;.+:+=+8138A+81,/;1/;+5./81+85/-/:+=+8 7,/;6+@+8+8+;+2./81+8+;+21/;+57,/; ,8A3/:+=;+7,+=,8A3.3.+;+

294. 7 Tes Kompetensi Subbab C )#$ $%,#,$+! Rangkuman /;.++;5+87,/;8A+1/697,+81.35/697:955+8 7/84+.3.+7+-+7A+3=1/697,+817/5+835.+8 1/697,+81/6/5=;97+18/=35 /;.++;5+8 +;+2 1/=+;8A+ 1/697,+81 .3,/.+5+8 7/84+.3 1/697,+81 =;+8?/;+6 .+8 1/697,+81 69813=.38+6

295. /+; -/:+= ;+7,+= 1/697,+81 ,/;,+8.381 6; ./81+8:+84+811/697,+81.+8,/;,+8.381=/;,+635 ./81+8@+5=8=57/8/7:2+=1/697,+81 /+;8A+ .+A+ A+81 .3=;+87335+8 7/6+63 += 1/697,+81 ,/;,+8.381 6; ./81+8 5+.;+= +7:63=.95+.;+=0;/5/83.+86+41/697,+81 (37:+81+8 1/697,+81 ,/;4+6+8 .3 += =3=35 .38A+=+5+8./81+8:/;+7++8

297. 38 38 %/;+7++8 5/-/:+=+8 /,+2 =3=35 .+6+7 += 1/697,+81=/;2+.+:@+5=+.+6+2=;8+8:/;=+7+ %A+81.38A+=+5+8./81+8:/;+7++8 38 -9 :/8./81+; .+;+ :/8./81+; :/63= .+;+ 5/;/=++:3

298. 7 7 B

299. 7 7 B +.30;/5/83A+81.3./81+;96/2:/=1+.3=+38=/;/,=+.+6+2B Kata Kunci • refleksi • tangki riak • sudut datang • sudut pantul • garis normal • refraksi • fatamorgana • indeks bias • sudut bias • polarisasi • interferensi • interferensi konstruktif • interferensi destruktif • efek Doppler

300. Gejala Gelombang 27 %/;-/:+=+8 1/=+;+8 :+;=35/6 .3 =3=35 % 7/;:+5+8 =;8+8:/;=+7+.+;35/-/:+=+81/=+;=3=35%=/;/,= =/;2+.+:@+5= -9 38 %/;+7++81/697,+81=+398/;+53,+=:/7+8=6+8 :+.+481=+63,/,++.+6+2

302. -9 38 ./81+8 -9

303. +.+6+2+7:63=.91/697,+81 :/;:933 /=+537:6.+;3481:/7+8=6+8:+.+481=+63 ,/,++.+6+2 /=+5:/;=./697,+81.+;3481:/7+8=6+8:+.+ 481=+63,/,++.+6+2

304. %/;+7++81/697,+81=+398/;+53,+=:/7+8=6+8 :+.+481=+63=/;35+=+.+6+2 38 -9 ./81+8 38

305. +.+6+2+7:63=.91/697,+81 /=+537:6.+;3481:/7+8=6+8:+.+481=+63 =/;35+=+.+6+2 .+:8 6/=+5 :/;= 1/697,+81 .+;3 481 :/7+8=6+8:+.+481=+63=/;35+=+.+6+2 /697,+81.+:+=7/81+6+73:/7+8=6+8:/7,3++8 :96+;3+338=/;0/;/83.+8.30;+53 57 (8/663 :+.+ :/7,3++8 1/697,+81 .38A+=+5+8./81+8:/;+7++8 38 38 0/5 9::6/; 7/;:+5+8 0/897/8+ :/;,+2+8 0;/5/831/697,+81+53,+=:/81+;21/;+5;/6+=30 +8=+;+ 7,/; 1/697,+81 .+8 :/81+7+= (/-+;+ 77.38A+=+5+8./81+8:/;+7++8 Peta Konsep %/7+8=6+8 %/7,3++8 %96+;3+3 8=/;0/;/83 30;+53 $'% /697,+81 #/5+835 /697,+81 .+:+=7/81+6+73 );+8?/;+6 ,/;.++;5+8 7,/;8A+ =/;.3;3 +=+ ,/;.++;5+8 +;+2 1/=+;8A+ =/;.3;3 +=+ ,/;.++;5+8 +7:63=.98A+ =/;.3;3 +=+ /697,+81 6/5=;97+18/=35 /697,+81 9813=.38+6 /697,+81 (=+398/; /697,+81 /;4+6+8 Refleksi Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda tentu telah mengetahui jenis-jenis gelombang serta sifat-sifatnya. Dari materi bab ini, bagian mana yang Anda anggap sulit? Coba diskusikan dengan teman atau guru Fisika Anda. Selain itu, coba Anda sebutkan manfaat lainnya yang Anda peroleh setelah mempelajari materi bab ini.

306. 38 +=+8.+8.+6+77/=/;.+8 ./81+8 .+8 28 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII P Q R S T U V (/,+2 1/697,+81 7/736353 :/;+7++8 37:+81+8 38

307. .+6+7 +=+8(;/5/83 .+8:+84+811/697,+81=/;/,=+.+6+2 + B.+87 . B.+8 7 , B.+8 7 /

308. B.+87 - B.+87 *8=5,/8.+A+817/81+6+731/=+;+82+;79835:+.+ ++=37:+81+87+5377 + 5/-/:+=+8.+8:/;-/:+=+87+5377 , 5/-/:+=+8.+8:/;-/:+=+8738377 - 5/-/:+=+88A+7+5377.+8:/;-/:+=+88A+896 . 5/-/:+=+88A+896.+8:/;-/:+=+88A+7+5377 / 37:+81+87+5377/8/;138A+7+5377

309. /:+= ;+7,+= 1/697,+81 :+.+ =+63 +.+6+2 -7 ./81+80;/5/83 B +;+5.+=3=35:+.+=+63435+ ,/.+0+/5/.+=3=35

310. +.+6+2 + -7 . -7 , -7 / -7 -

311. -7 /697,+81 ( 7/;+7,+= ./81+8 :/;+7++8 .+6+7/598%+.+++=(=/6+2,/;1/=+; 37:+81+8 =3=35%A+81=/;6/=+5/4+2 7.+;3(+.+6+2 + 7 . 7 , 7 / 7 - 7 (/,+21/697,+81,/;4+6+87/6+63=3=35.+8A+81 ,/;4+;+5-7.+6+7+;+2.+;35/%+.+++= 37:+81+8 1/697,+81 .3 +.+6+2 896 35+ :+84+81 1/697,+81 -7.+8+7:63=.9 -737:+81+8=3=35 :+.+++=0+/=3=35

312. ;+.+.+6+2 + -7 .

313. -7 , -7 / -7 -

314. -7 (/,+2 1/697,+81 =;+8?/;+6 .38A+=+5+8 ./81+8 :/;+7++8 38 .+6+7-7.+8.+6+7/5987+5+ :+84+811/697,+818A+ -7 0;/5/838A+ B

315. +7:63=.98A+ -7 -/:+=;+7,+=8A+ -7 %/;8A+=++8A+81,/8+;+.+6+2 + .+8

316. . +4+ , .+8

317. / /7+,/8+; - .+8 %+.+:/;-9,++8#/6./.318+5+8/=+.+@+3A+81 :+84+818A+ -7 .+8 ,/;7++ 1 35+ .+@+3 .3=/1+815+8 ./81+8 1+A+ /,/+; $ 5/-/:+=+8 ;+7,+=1/697,+81=;+8?/;+6:+.+.+@+3+.+6+2 + 7 . 7 , 7 / 7 - 7 +* )+63A+81:+84+818A+7.3=/1+815+8./81+81+A+ $5/7.3+8.3;+7,+=31/697,+81=;+8?/;+6 35+ -/:+=;+7,+=1/697,+81=/;/,= 77++=+63 +.+6+2 + 1;+7 . 1;+7 , 1;+7 / 1;+7 - 1;+7 %+.+:/;-9,++8 .318+5+8/=+,/8+81A+81 :+84+818A+ 7/=/;7++,/8+811;+7 35+,/,+8 /,/+; 51.31+8=815+8:+.+,/8+81=/;/,=.+8 77+5+5/-/:+=+8:/;+7,+=+81/697,+81 :+.+,/8+81+.+6+2 + 7 . 7 , 7 / 7 - 7 (+=:+84+811/697,+81+.+6+24+;+5+8=+;+ + :8-+55/:8-+5,/;;=+8 , 37:6.+8:/;=,/;;=+8 - :/;=.+86/7,+2,/;;=+8 . :8-+55/6/7,+2,/;;=+8 / 37:65/37:6,/;;=+8 (/,+21/697,+816+=.+=+817/7/-+2:+8=+3/=3+: /598/5+63 +;+5/=3+:1/697,+81 7 +.36+4 1/697,+817/84:+8=+3/,/+; + 7 . 7 , 7 / 7 - 7 +7,+;,/;35=7/88455+81/697,+81=;+8?/;+6 ,/;4+6+8 Tes Kompetensi Bab 1 !$! $ *$ *+,-.($!+(+#)#$ (,#,$+! +6+7+=:/;39./.3=/7:24+;+5 + %DD'D( . D'D( , 'D(D)D* / 'D(D) - %DD'D(D)

318. 35+1/697,+81+3;7/;+7,+=.+;3=/7:+=A+81.+6+7 5/=/7:+=A+816/,32.+815+67+5+ + -/:+=;+7,+=.+8:+84+811/697,+81=/=+: , -/:+= ;+7,+= 7/84+.3 6/,32 ,/+; .+8 :+84+81 1/697,+81=/=+:

319. Gejala Gelombang 29 - -/:+=;+7,+=7/81/-36.+8:+84+811/697,+81 7/7,/+; . -/:+=;+7,+=.+8:+84+811/697,+817/81/-36 / -/:+=;+7,+=7/81/-36.+80;/5/837/7,/+; /697,+817/;+7,+=7/6+63.+B+=76+76+ ./81+8 5/-/:+=+8 7 .= .+=+81

320. C .+8 .3,3+5+8:+.+B+=5/.+./81+8.= C/:+= ;+7,+=1/697,+81:+.+B+=5/.++.+6+2 +

321. 7 . 7 , 7 /

322. 7 -

323. 7 (/=+=+63:+84+818A+7.+8,/;7++ 1;+7 .3=/1+815+8 ./81+8 1+A+ $ 35+ 0;/5/83 7,/;1/=+;+88A+ B-/:+=;+7,+=1/697,+81 =+63=/;/,=+.+6+2 + 7 . 7 , 7 / 7 - 7 %/;3=3@+:/;:+.+8+8=+;+.+1/697,+81.3+= =3=35.+6+7@+5=A+81,/;+7++8.3/,= + :/7,3++8 . .30;+53 , :/7+8=6+8 / :96+;3+3 - :/;:933 (/=+ =+63 A+81 :+84+818A+ 7 5/.+ 4818A+ .335+=./81+8/;+=!/7.3+8:+.+=+63.3=37,65+8 1/697,+81/23811+=/;,/8=5,+2:/;=/=+5 :/;=5/637+.+;3481=/;4+2+.+6+2 +

325. 7 . 7 , 7 / 7 - 7 35+ /,+2 1/697,+81 7/6/@+=3 :/812+6+81 A+81 7/736353-/6+2/7:3=+5+8=/;4+.3:/;3=3@+ + 38=/;0/;/83 . ;/0;+53 , .30;+53 / :96+;3+3 - ;/06/53 35+:+.+:/;-9,++8#/6./=/1+81+8.3,+=/7,36+8 5+63.+;3/76+-/:+=;+7,+=1/697,+81:+.+=+63 =/;/,=7/84+.3 +

326. 5+63/76+ . 5+63/76+ , 5+63/76+ / 5+63/76+ -

327. 5+63/76+ (/,+27,/;,8A3./81+80;/5/83 B,/; 1/;+5 7/8./5+=3 /9;+81 :/81+7+= ./81+8 5/-/:+=+8

328. 7!/-/:+=+8;+7,+=,8A3.3.+;+ +.+6+2 /,/+;

329. 7 35+ :/81+7+= ,/;1/;+5 7/84+237,/;,8A3./81+85/-/:+=+8 7 ,/+;0;/5/83,8A3A+81.3./81+;96/2:/81+7+= +.+6+2 + B . B , B /

330. B - B 8.3,/;.3;3.3+7:3817,/;,8A3A+810;/5/8 38A+ B (/,+2 7,/; ,8A3 6+38 ./81+8 0;/5/83B7/8./5+=38.3./81+85/-/:+=+8 7 35+5/-/:+=+87/;+7,+=,8A3.3.+;++.+6+2

331. 7 8.3 +5+8 7/8./81+; 6+A+81+8 ,8A3 ./81+80;/5/83 + . B , B / B - B (/,+27,/;,8A3,/;1/;+5./81+85/-/:+=+8 7 7/84 :/8./81+; A+81 .3+7 /23811+ 0;/5/83A+81.3./81+;96/2:/8./81+;+.+6+2 35+ 7,/; ,8A3 =/;/,= .3+7 /.+815+8 :/8./81+; ,/;1/;+5 ./81+8 5/-/:+=+8 7 7/8./5+=3 7,/; ,8A3 0;/5/83 A+81 .3./81+; 96/2:/8./81+;+.+6+2 35+-/:+=;+7,+=,8A3.3 .+;+7:/;,+8.381+8 +.+6+2 + . , / -

332. (/9;+81:/8/;,+81A+81:/+@+==/;,+818A+7/84 5/7/8+;+,+8.+;+7/8./81+;,8A33;38/7/8+;+ ./81+80;/5/83 B 35+:+.+++=3=3;38/ 7/7+8-+;5+8,8A3./81+80;/5/83 B.+8 -/:+= ;+7,+= ,8A3 .3 .+;+

333. 7 5/-/:+=+8 :/+@+==/;,+81=/;/,=+.+6+2 + 574+7 . 574+7 , 574+7 /

334. 574+7 - 574+7 (/,+21/697,+81,/;4+6+87/6+63=3=35.+8A+81 ,/;4+;+5-7%+.+++= 37:+81+81/697,+81 .3+.+6+2 35+:+84+81 1/697,+818A+ -7.+8 +7:63=.98A+ -7 37:+81+8=3=35:+.+++=0+/ =3=35

335. +.+6+2-7 + .

336. , / -

337. (/=+=+63:+84+818A+ 7.31/=+;5+8=;+8?/;+6 +4;+7,+=1/697,+81=;+8?/;+6:+.+=+63=/;/,= 7 35+1+A+=/1+81+8:+.+=+63=/;/,=$ 7++=+63+.+6+2 + 51 . 51 , 51 /

338. 51 - 51

339. -$ ()+.)!#,+!!+(+ %+.++=++=,/8=51/697,+81=;+8?/;+6/,+1+3 0813.+;3=/7:+=5/..5+8.3=8455+8/:/;=3 :+.+1+7,+;,/;35= A B C D E F G I H )/8=5+8.+=3=35A+810+/8A++7+ 8=/;0/;/83 A+81 .+:+= 7/812+365+8 1/697,+81 =+398/;.+:+=.3:/;96/2.+;3:/;-9,++8#/6./:+ 5+2 A+81 .37+5. ./81+8 1/697,+81 =+398/; /6+5+8./81+87/7:/;18+5+81+7,+;

340. (/=+=+63./81+8:+84+81.31/=+;5+82+;79835 /6+7+ .3 481 /23811+ 7/812+365+8 1/697,+81=;+8?/;+6,/;4+6+8./81+85/-/:+=+8 7;/5/831/697,+81 B.+8+7:63=.98A+ -7)3=35,/;+.+7.+;3 35+76+3.31/;+5 5+85/+=+23=816+2 + 37:+81+8.3 , 0+/.3 %/;+7++8 /,+2 1/697,+81 =;+8?/;+6 ,/;4+6+8 +.+6+2 38 ./81+8.+8.3 8A+=+5+8.+6+7+=+87.+8.38A+=+5+8.+6+7 +=+83=816+2 + +7:63=.98A+ , :+84+811/697,+818A+ - -/:+=;+7,+=8A+ . :/;39./8A+ %/;+7++8 1/697,+81 69813=.38+6 ,/;4+6+8 .+6+7 38 .+8 ,+=+81+.+6+2

341. .+6+7-7.+8.+6+73=816+2,/+; + +7:63=.91/697,+81 , :+84+811/697,+81 - -/:+=;+7,+=1/697,+81 . :/;39./1/697,+81 35/=+23 :/;+7++8 1/697,+81 ,/;4+6+8 38 ./81+8.+8.38A+=+5+8 30 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII .+6+7+=+8-7.+8.38A+=+5+8.+6+7+=+8 )/8=5+8836+3.+;3 + 0;/5/831/697,+81 , :+84+811/697,+81 - -/:+=;+7,+=1/697,+81=/;/,= (/,+2 1/697,+81 ,/;4+6+8 .+;3 =3=35 5/ =3=35 ./81+8+7:63=.9 -7.+8:/;39./ /598 +;+5 -7 35+ ,/+; -/:+= ;+7,+= 1/697,+81 =/;/,=7=/8=5+8 + /63320+/.+8 , 37:+81+8.3++==3=357/6+635/..5+8 /37,+818A+ (/,+21/697,+81=+398/;.3,/8=5.+;338=/;0/;/83 .+,+21/697,+81A+817+3817+3817/736353

342. +7:63=.9 -7,36+81+81/697,+81 -7 .+80;/5/83.= ;+. + 3=814+;+5+8=+;+.+:/;=1/697,+81A+81 ,/;;=+8 , /;+:++7:63=.91/697,+81=+398/;.3 -7 (/,+27,/;,8A3,/;0;/5/83 B,/;1/;+5 ./81+8 5/-/:+=+8 7 7/8./5+=3 /9;+81 :/81+7+= A+81 .3+7 )/8=5+8 0;/5/83 A+81 .3./81+;96/2:/81+7+=435+ + =3.+5+.++8138 , =/;.+:+=+8138A+81,/;1/;+5./81+85/-/:+=+8 7/+;+2./81+8+;+27,/;,8A3 - =/;.+:+=+8138A+81,/;1/;+5./81+85/-/:+=+8 7,/;6+@+8+8./81+8+;+21/;+57,/; ,8A3 (/,+279,36 A+81 ,/;1/;+5 ./81+8 5/-/:+=+8 7 %+.+ +;+2 ,/;6+@+8+8 ,/;1/;+5 79,36 +7,6+8./81+85/-/:+=+8 77,6+87/7 ,8A35+8 3;38/ /23811+ =/;./81+; ,8A3 3;38/ ,/;0;/5/83 B)/8=5+80;/5/833;38/A+81 =/;./81+;96/2:/81/7.379,36=/;/,=435++8138 ,/;=3:./81+85/-/:+=+87 + /+;+21/;+5+7,6+8 , /+;+21/;+579,36

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