5. Positive health
Perfect continuing adjustment between
the individual and the environment.
This definition indicates that health is a
positive dynamic interaction between the
individual and his surroundings with
proper acclimatization to maintain health.
6. Negative or marginal
health:
If the individual is in a state of
equilibrium, he looks healthy, but he has
no ability to adjust himself to his
surroundings, then he is going to fall ill on
the slightest adverse stimulus.
7. In-apparent disease:
Disease is a state of departure from
normal to the extent that the ordinary
physiologic processes of the tissues and
organs are not enough to restore the body
to its normal functions. Unapparent
disease (also called pre-clinical) is not
recognized by the individual, but can be
discovered by examination and screening
tests.
9. Epidemiology (Epi = on,
and demos = people)
Epidemiology is the subject concerned
with study of what happens to people
when involved by disease, whether
communicable or non-communicable
It is defined as the study of distribution,
frequency, determinants, and dynamics of
diseases in human populations.
11. Host Factors
Heredity and genetic factors
Age and sex
Health status
Previous immunologic experience
Physiologic state
Life style: e.g. smoking.
Socio-economic status
16. Causative Agent:
Biologic agents
Nutritional agents
Chemical agents: Examples are
poisons, insecticides, and even some drugs.
Physical agents: Excessive heat or cold
, electricity, irradiation, ....
Mechanical agents: causing injuries or
accidents.
Metabolic agents:
e.g., phenylketonuria, galactosemia,..
Genetic agents: as in Down's syndrome.
Functional: Dysfunction of certain organs or
gland may produce disease, e.g., Diabetes
Mellitus.
17. Risk Factors:
These are factors that make an
individual, a family, a group of
individuals, or a community, more prone
to a specific disease due to the presence
of a certain factor which is not the direct
causative agent.
The causative agent may be known or
unknown.
The risk factors are related to the host or
his/her self specific environment.
18. PUBLIC HEALTH
Public health is "the art and science of
promoting health, preventing disease and
increasing the span of healthy life through
organized efforts of the society".
Another definition, which has almost the
same meaning "public health can be
defined as the combination of sciences,
skills and beliefs that are directed to the
maintenance and improvement of the
health of all the people."
19. Essential public health
functions includes:
Protection of the environment
Health education
Health legislation, and health regulations
Prevention and control of communicable
diseases
Care for special groups as mothers,
children, and workers in certain hazardous
occupations
Assessment of health needs, plans and
supports the provision of health care
services to the population
20. Community Health /
Community Medicine:
Is the application of the principles of
public health to communities.
A community is a group of individuals
sharing an identity, culture, and operates
through common institutions and
organizations. A health Center in a rural
or an urban area is responsible for the
health of the community they serve within
their catchment area.
21. Preventive Medicine:
is the science and art of application of the
different levels of prevention at the
population, community, and individual
levels.
23. Levels of Prevention:
Primary
Health Promotion
Specific Prevention
Secondary
Early detection of diseases
Prompt and appropriate treatment
Tertiary
Rehabilitation
25. Comparison between clinical
medicine and community
medicine
Clinical Medicine
Community Medicine
_________________________________________________________________
Objective
Patient cure
Health improvement
Information
Complaint, history
and related factors
morbidity, mortality
Investigations
Laboratory tests,
Survey studies
Diagnosis
X-ray, other tests
Differential diagnosis
Resources
Available therapy
Management
Treatment
Evaluation
status
Follow-up of patient
Community diagnosis &
priority setting
Health & Health related
services
Health programs
Assessment of health
