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umbertobertele
IL CONTESTO INTERNAZIONALE
Umberto Bertelè
School of Management - Politecnico di Milano
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Ferrari, avvio boom a Wall Street
2
La speranza di un ritorno alla crescita
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L’incubo disoccupazione
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I NUMERI E I NODI
Manovra con poca crescita
Alberto Alesina e Francesco Giavazzi
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L’INCOGNITA CINESE
WSJ - Oct. 13, 2015
China Growth in Focus as Exports and
Imports Fall
China’s trade picture worsens for the second straight month
WSJ - Oct. 18, 2015
China Economic Growth Falls
Below 7% for First Time
Since 2009
Figure adds to worries about global economic outlook
umbertobertele 9
IL RISCHIO DISGREGAZIONE IN EUROPA
FT - October 14, 2015
Political disrupters rattle Europe’s old order
Fragmented parliaments, minority governments, coalitions among parties that
elaborate deals aimed at keeping anti-establishment movements out of high office:
welcome to the changing landscape of European democracy.
So much volatility pervades the political scene that it is hardly surprising that
Europe’s leaders struggle to cope with their various economic policy and security
challenges.
Rising far right and far left parties cherry-pick from a variety of anti-EU, anti-euro,
anti-immigrant, anti-Islam and anti-capitalist views, eroding the consensus
politics that contributed to stability in post-1945 Europe.
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RIFUGIATI E MIGRANTI
GUERRE E DEMOGRAFIA CREANO
TENSIONI FORTISSIME IN MOLTI PAESI
EUROPEI
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LA CENTRALITA’ TEDESCA
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PAPA’ DRAGHI
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NEMMENO GLI US DORMONO SONNI DEL TUTTO
TRANQUILLI
WSJ - Oct. 18, 2015
Debt, Growth Concerns Rain on Deficit Parade
Budget success yields to concerns about debt-to-GDP ratio and the
economic outlook
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LA “TERZA” GUERRA MONDIALE
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UNA SUPERPOTENZA “IMBRIGLIATA”
PER VINCERE UNA GUERRA NON BASTANO I DRONI
MA OCCORRONO ANCHE GLI SCARPONI
DIFFICILE INTERVENIRE SE LE GUERRE SONO
FRA PAESI “AMICI”
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APPLE E GOOGLE SONO PRIME PER CAPITALIZZAZIONE A
LIVELLO GLOBALE [$bn]
• Apple 651,31
• Google 439,08
• Microsoft 347,75
• Berkshire H. 324,86
• Exxon Mobil 303,08
• Wells Fargo 270,12
• Facebook 259,36
• Novartis 258,58
• Johnson & Johnson 257,33
• General Electric 251,91
• Amazon 247,62
• China Mobile 242,39
• PetroChina 240,02
• Ind.&Comm.BankC 240,02
• Nestlé 236,25
• Roche 232,56
• JPMorgan Chase 231,35
• Royal Dutch Shell 216,71
• Wal-Mart 207,26
• Pfizer 203,34
• AT&T 201,45
• Toyota 200,44
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LE IMPRESE ICT CON UNA CAPITALIZZAZIONE
INFERIORE AI $200bn
• Verizon 185,92
• Oracle 164,42
• Alibaba 162,30
• Tencent 155,54
• Samsung 154,68
• IBM 144,35
• Comcast 141,62
• Intel 140,10
• Cisco 131,69
• Vodafone 91,72
• Qualcomm 85,88
• SAP 80,68
• Telefonica 63,68
• Uber 51,00
• Baidu 50,63
• HP 48,82
• Salesforce.com 46,65
• Xiaomi 46,00
• Netflix 41,54
• Adobe 39,41
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TUTTA LA BORSA ITALIANA VALE
MENO DI GOOGLE
ENI 63,47 $bn
INTESA SANPAOLO 61,61
ENEL 43,63
UNICREDIT 40,33
LUXOTTICA 33,69
FCA 19,59
CNH INDUSTRIAL 8,05
umbertobertele 19
LA FINANZA NELL’ECONOMIA: M&A e BREAK-UP
HeidelbergCement, Germany’s largest cement maker, is to buy a 45 per cent
stake in Italcementi, the Italian building materials company, for €1.7bn. The
deal comes come just weeks after Europe’s two largest cement and crushed
earth companies Holcim and Lafarge completed a €41bn combination.
The merger of Dell and EMC stems from the rise of cloud computing: at $67
billion, it is the biggest ever corporate marriage in the information-technology
industry.
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SABMiller agrees in principle to ÂŁ68bn takeover by AB InBev.
A fresh wave of consolidation swept across the tech industry: Western
Digital is to acquire flash-memory maker SanDisk for $19 billion,
semiconductor maker Lam Research said it would buy rival KLA-Tencor
Corporation for $10.6 billion and IT management software group
SolarWinds is to be sold for $4.5 billion to two buyout firms.
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Qualcomm to conduct strategic review, may consider breakup. Chip maker
may also look at returning more cash to shareholders after activist investor
presses for change.
EBay and PayPal: better off alone. EBay’s split should make investors
happy—and corporate divorces more popular.
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H-P’s earnings, revenue slide: tech firm is set to split into a PC-and-printer
maker that racked up $56 billion in sales last year, and a $55 billion server,
services and software company. The results suggest tougher times ahead as
demand shifts toward mobile and cloud computing from PCs.
Procter & Gamble agrees to sell beauty brands. Deal with Coty - valued
around $13 billion - includes Clairol, Covergirl and Wella.
GE breaks up: an iconic firm abandons its finance business. Stricter regulation
curbed GE Capital’s freewheeling ways, and profits.
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LA “DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION”:
COME LA RIVOLUZIONE INNESCATA
DALLE TECNOLOGIE RIDISEGNA
BUSINESS MODEL, PRODOTTI,
MANSIONI E RUOLI
23
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L’innovazione è progresso ma chi si occuperà di noi?
Gentile signora Isabella Bossi Fedrigotti,
le innovazioni che sono alle porte sono tali da sconvolgere la vita di milioni di
persone, con prospettive alquanto oscure. È vero che si dice che il progresso non si
può fermare, ma proviamo a metterci nei panni di coloro i quali saranno
(inesorabilmente?) colpiti. Con l’avanzare delle vendite online, i negozi, ma anche i
supermercati sono destinati a sparire: la merce ordinata via Internet viene
consegnata a casa agli orari stabiliti dall’acquirente. Con le possibilità offerte dalla
rete, poi, le agenzie bancarie e assicurative, oltre agli uffici postali, non avranno piĂš
alcuna funzione. Il car-sharing e il bike-sharing stanno inoltre modificando le
abitudini dei cittadini. I tassisti, con l’appoggio delle autorità, fanno muro contro
l’arrivo di Uber e analoghi. Finché dura. Il personale impiegatizio verrà ridotto e
sostituito con applicazioni apposite. Gli spazi per gli uffici verranno dimensionati alle
nuove esigenze. Gli hotel - e tutto il personale addetto - soffrono per lo sviluppo
esponenziale, anche nel nostro Paese, dei bed & breakfast. … Di tutto ciò, qualcuno si
sta occupando? Non ne vedo traccia. Ha qualche consiglio da dare?
Mariella Mercalli
24
CdS - 1 ottobre 2015
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Parto dall’auto perché, insieme con il suo indotto a monte e
a valle, essa costituisce uno dei piĂš importanti comparti
dell’economia di molti Paesi. E perché è un magnifico caso
per mostrare la complessitĂ  dei potenziali impatti
dell’innovazione tecnologica e dei business model che essa
rende possibili.
25
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AUTO TRADIZIONALE
AUTO IBRIDA
AUTO IBRIDA PLUG-IN
AUTO ELETTRICA
SELF-DRIVING CAR
INFOTAINMENT & DRIVER-ASSISTANCE FEATURES
26
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L’auto elettrica rappresenta la minaccia maggiore per le
imprese incumbent, perché rende più facile l’entrata in
campo di nuovi attori: giĂ  ora Tesla e forse nel prossimo
futuro Apple
27
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FT - October 20, 2015
Apple’s Tim Cook sees ‘massive’ tech-led upheaval in car
industry
28
“The global automobile industry is on the brink of a technology-led
upheaval. The industry is at an inflection point for massive change, not
just evolutionary change. A series of technology shifts are coming
together to create a rare opportunity for outsiders to break into the
business.
Software becomes an increasingly important component of the car in
future. Autonomous driving becomes very much more important in a
huge way in future.”
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The growing importance of software, both in controlling vehicles and
acting as the interface with drivers, has already opened the way for
electric carmaker Tesla Motors to become the auto industry’s most
significant insurgent in decades.
Tesla released new software for its Model S to allow self-driving
features such as automated highway driving and self-parking, and
promised to use over-the-air updates to keep advancing the capabilities
of its existing vehicles.
Electric vehicles are threatening to destabilise the existing carmakers.
“Major technologies in the car shift from combustion engine focus.”
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Ma una minaccia forse ancora maggiore potrebbe venire
dalla crescita potenzialmente esplosiva delle variegate
forme di condivisione che appaiono sul mercato (da
Uber/UberPop/UberPool a Car2Go a BlaBlaCar alle
nuove proposte di BMW e altri), che possono erodere il
livello delle vendite nei Paesi piĂš sviluppati.
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FT - June 24, 2015 Carmakers launch peer-to-peer vehicle sharing
Three of the world’s biggest carmakers have jumped into peer-to-peer
vehicle sharing, as the industry scrambles to stay relevant in the age
of Uber and BlaBlaCar.
Ford, GM and BMW announced Airbnb-style schemes to let car owners
earn money by renting out their new vehicles to other drivers.
The moves are part of attempts to respond to the changing tastes of so-
called millennials. Motor industry executives are watching with alarm as
consumer-focused sectors are disrupted by new entrants encouraging
individuals to share goods and services with each other.
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ConnettivitĂ  e infotainment hanno giĂ  assunto una valenza competitiva
molto forte: un acquirente su cinque si dice disposto a cambiare marca a
fronte di un pacchetto connettivitĂ  piĂš ricco.
Apple e Google salgono a bordo delle auto, aprendo un problema – su
cui anche Angela Merkel è intervenuta - su chi possa sfruttare i dati
acquisibili dal traffico e i relativi ricavi.
In attesa dell’eventuale avvento delle self-driving car, cresce poi l’offerta
di driver-assistance features e il potere dei componentisti (quali Bosch)
che - spesso operando insieme con gli OTT - li offrono.
umbertobertele 33
C’è il rischio che anche le grandi dell’auto subiscano
l’effetto “punteruolo rosso”, lo stesso che colpì IBM
quando crebbe il peso nei PC dei microprocessori di Intel e
del software di Microsoft?
umbertobertele 34
Il peso assunto dal software nel controllo dell’auto è d’altronde
apparso in tutta la sua ampiezza con il defeat device di VW.
L’elettronica nel suo complesso – software e hardware
(sensori e attuatori) – ha un peso prossimo al 50 per cento.
umbertobertele 35
L’ICT e Internet non hanno solo un impatto negativo sulle case
automobilistiche. Esse possono infatti accrescere fortemente la
vicinanza ai loro clienti e rubare influenza ai tradizionali dealer.
Lo fanno offrendo il check continuo via Internet dello stato
dell’auto.
Lo fanno potenziando i loro siti e iniziando a vendere
direttamente ed esclusivamente via Internet (caso Volvo) serie
limitate di fascia alta, facendo comporre ai clienti i modelli
desiderati.
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Car Dealers Aim to Curb Online Rivals
Referral services like TrueCar, once allies, now seen as undercutting
chains’ digital-marketing efforts
WSJ - June 13, 2015
New-car dealers are sharpening their Web-sales skills, angling to cut out the
middlemen in online transactions - companies such as TrueCar and
AutoTrader.com - that funnel customers to their stores and have grown into
potential rivals.
These websites attract potential customers looking for car information,
reviews and pricing guides, and then charge dealers to steer buyers to their
stores - a fee that in some cases costs up to $400 a referral.
umbertobertele 37
FT Sept. 30, 2015 McKinsey warns banks face wipeout in some financial services
The digital revolution sweeping through the banking
sector is set to wipe out almost two-thirds of earnings on
some financial products as new technology companies
drive down prices and erode lenders’ profit margins.
umbertobertele 38
Banks as facing a high-stakes struggle to defend their business
model against digital disruption. Technological competition
would reduce profits from non-mortgage retail lending, such as
credit cards and car loans, by 60 per cent and revenues by 40 per
cent over the next decade.
A smaller, but still significant, chunk of profits and revenues
would be lost from payments processing, small and medium-sized
enterprise lending, wealth management and mortgages. These
would decline between 35 and 10 per cent.
umbertobertele 39
The most significant impact will be in price erosion, as tech
companies allow delivery of financial services at a fraction of the
cost, and this will mostly be transferred to the customer in lower
prices.
Most tech companies are focused on picking off the most
lucrative parts of banks’ relationships with their customers,
leaving them as “dumb” providers of balance sheet capacity.
Most of the attackers do not want to become a bank, they want to
squeeze themselves in between the customer and the bank and
skim the cream off.
umbertobertele 40
McKinsey said there was no evidence that digital
disruption had started to eat into banks’ market share yet.
One factor that could slow down the erosion of banks’
market share was if regulators decided to clamp down on
the disrupters by imposing similar capital and
compliance rules as those faced by banks.
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WSJ - Oct. 7, 2015
Samsung Says Personal Payment
Information Not at Risk
The tech giant says the reported hacking incident at LoopPay didn’t
impact its mobile payment system
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FT - June 25, 2015
Alibaba finance arm launches online bank
Alibaba’s financial affiliate company launched its internet bank, with executives
pledging to use the Chinese ecommerce group’s trove of customer data to target
lending to small businesses.
MYBank’s launch follows the setting up of internet lender WeBank in January -
a joint venture led by Alibaba’s rival, Tencent, the online gaming and social
media group.
umbertobertele 45
Le piattaforme P2P - Marketplace lending
WSJ - Sept. 13, 2015 European Banks Use Online Platforms to Find Borrowers
European banks are experimenting with delegating what has been a
core part of their business for centuries: deciding who deserves a
loan. They are following similar developments in the US, where
several community banks are buying consumer loans made
through Lending Club’s platform.
Tech companies are getting a foothold in the banking business thanks
to online operations and algorithms that help them judge customers’
creditworthiness more efficiently than big banks.
umbertobertele 46
FT - August 30, 2015
China Rapid Finance, one of China’s largest P2P lending sites, rated 50m
Chinese consumers for creditworthiness using social networking and
computer gaming data and arranged 3m P2P loans in the six months since
its partnership with Tencent.
The data, provided by Tencent, are processed using an algorithm that looks
at frequency and amount of time spent using Tencent services (WeChat ..).
The criteria may seem unusual but Internet user behaviour is sufficient to
establish reliable creditworthiness. Moreover the 80 per cent of Chinese
have no credit history or access to credit.
umbertobertele 47
FT - September 20, 2015 Robo-advisers mark ‘seismic’ shift in wealth management
The acquisition of US robo-adviser FutureAdvisor from BlackRock,
world’s largest asset manager and largest ETF provider,
is a potentially huge deal for the wealth management industry.
Fund managers, banks, brokers and financial advisers all face threats to
their business models from robo-advisers, which provide automated
online investment services.
BlackRock plans to use FutureAdvisor to partner with banks, insurance
companies, broker-dealers and financial advisers to help them sell robo-
advice. Robo-advisers mostly allocate client funds to low-cost ETFs or
index funds.
umbertobertele 48
WSJ - Sept. 23, 2015 The New Bond Market: Algorithms Trump Humans
High-speed trading accounts for increasingly large portion of
volumes of bond dealings.
Firms using algorithms say they are expanding the flow of orders
and making pricing smoother, but skeptics see signs the firms are
intensifying tumult at market turning points because of their speed.
Regulators haven’t fully concluded what the growing presence of
algorithmic trading means for the Treasury market, but data show
that superfast, nonbank trading firms account for 60% of activity, up
from 45% in 2012.
umbertobertele 49
La filiera produttore-intermediari-consumatori:
• produttore finale del bene (materiale o immateriale) e/o
servizio
• intermediari (middlemen) in senso lato, che si frappongono
fra il produttore finale e l’acquirente finale o comunque
hanno la capacitĂ  di orientarne/influenzarne le scelte
• consumatori
Quali attori - nell’ambito della filiera - sono maggiormente
esposti al rischio disruption?
LA DISRUPTION NEL B2C
umbertobertele 50
Il prodotto è lo stesso o un altro in grado di soddisfare gli stessi
bisogni o bisogni simili?
• un cambio radicale del prodotto fa saltare l’intera filiera:
l’uso dello smartphone per fotografare uccide sia i produttori
di macchine fotografiche sia la filiera commerciale
• il passaggio dai CD musicali al download o allo streaming fa
saltare la filiera commerciale fisica, ma lascia in vita le case
produttrici cambiandone però profondamente gli economics
• l’entrata in gioco di operatori come TripAdvisor impatta
sulla filiera dei restaurant, senza modificare il prodotto
finale
• l’apertura di siti di e-commerce dei grandi della moda non
altera i rapporti di filiera, perchĂŠ conferma il rapporto
diretto giĂ  esistente con i negozi monomarca e crea una
strada alternativa di acquisto
umbertobertele 51
Il doppio rischio dei “middlemen”
I middlemen, o almeno molti dei tradizionali, possono sparire o
essere fortemente ridimensionati quando:
• i produttori riescono a creare un rapporto più diretto con i clienti,
senza perdere in efficienza e nel contempo guadagnando in fedeltĂ 
(accorciamento della catena); oppure
• sono sostituiti o affiancati da nuovi intermediari pure play, più
capaci di sfruttare la tecnologia per creare business model alternativi.
umbertobertele 52
Laddove il canale Internet si aggiunge e non si sostituisce, almeno
temporaneamente, ai canali esistenti aumenta di fatto il potere
dei produttori, anche in assenza di un loro rapporto diretto con i
clienti finali.
Questo è vero ad esempio per i produttori di film e serie televisive,
che vedono accrescersi il loro range di scelte. Non è un caso, o
almeno non appare tale, che Mediaset abbia potenziato la sua
divisione di produzione o che Netflix e Amazon si siano messe a
finanziare la produzione di serie di successo.
umbertobertele 53
Come si insinuano nella filiera i “disrupter pure play”?
Tre i possibili business model:
vendere, aiutare a vendere, organizzare scambi
umbertobertele 54
e-commerce
beni materiali (con annessa logistica)
beni immateriali (software, musica, film, programmi tv, e-book, giornali, app,
ecc.) in download o streaming
titoli di accesso a servizi di diversa natura: biglietti ferroviari e aerei, biglietti
teatrali, prenotazioni alberghiere, affitto di auto o case ..
Si può vendere direttamente e/o mettere a disposizione di venditori terzi la
propria rete informatica e (talora) logistica.
umbertobertele 55
creare condizioni favorevoli per la vendita
pubblicità “tradizionale”: rivolta indistintamente a tutti o comunque ad
ampie categorie
cessione di “privacy” per pubblicità/offerta di prodotti personalizzata
erogazione gratuita di informazioni e valutazioni comparative di fornitori
di beni e/o servizi (modello TripAdvisor), con possibile pagamento da
parte dei fornitori selezionati
erogazione gratuita di servizi (Google, social network, WhatsApp ..) allo
scopo di attirare utenti in numero elevato, nella speranza di coinvolgerli in
uno o piĂš dei tre modelli descritti
umbertobertele 56
organizzare scambi fra parti terze
via piattaforma/marketplace
con l’accompagnamento o meno di servizi di supporto
umbertobertele 57
I tre volti della “disruption”
L’innovazione letteralmente travolge un prodotto (bene
e/o servizio), una famiglia di prodotti o un intero settore, e
insieme le imprese incumbent che su questi vivevano e
prosperavano
umbertobertele 58
L’innovazione rende disponibile un nuovo prodotto, che
entra in competizione - almeno per una parte degli utilizzi -
con gli esistenti, sottraendo mercato e minando profittabilitĂ 
e valore degli incumbent
L’innovazione provoca un cambiamento di rilevanza fra i
diversi attori della filiera (effetto “punteruolo rosso”): non
costringe nessuno a uscire di scena, ma - modificando la
ripartizione dei profitti di filiera – spinge in direzioni diverse
le loro capitalizzazioni
umbertobertele 59
Il passaggio di testimone al B2B e alla
riorganizzazione del B
La progressiva estensione
della digital transformation
a “industries far beyond tech, media and
communications”
umbertobertele 60
Marc Andreessen - venture capitalist
umbertobertele 61
I motori di cambiamento
l’enorme sofisticazione del software, sempre più in grado di trattare
grandi masse di dati e di apprendere con l’intelligenza artificiale
lo sviluppo di nuovi sensori e attuatori
l’accelerazione della crescita nella robotica e nella stampa 3-D, che
integrano software, sensori e attuatori
la possibilità, estendendo con l’IoT l’interconnessione alle cose, di
effettuare controlli e comandi a distanza
umbertobertele 62
La disruption, in questa nuova fase, appare destinata a
riguardare non solo settori – quali in primis l’auto e la sanità
- e imprese, ma anche e forse soprattutto le risorse umane
umbertobertele 63
Tablet e smartphone entrano nell’organizzazione delle imprese.
Apple accresce fortemente le sue vendite B2B, segno di un processo di
riorganizzazione delle imprese e delle loro interconnessioni con il
mondo esterno.
Apple’s business-related revenue hits $25bn
Total for the year reflects company’s push
for business customers
WSJ - Sept. 29, 2015
Apple has pushed to get its products into the business world
beyond its traditional base of consumers.
The $25bn figure represents about 11% of Apple’s total revenue.
Apple becomes one of the 10 largest sellers of technology to businesses,
and is about half of Microsoft’s $52bn in sales to corporate customers.
umbertobertele 64
Cresce l’offerta sul mercato di “online accounting services”
Si apre la sfida fra tech company e Big Four, per l’automazione delle attività
amministrative delle imprese, con una ricaduta potenzialmente pesante in
termini di disruption delle risorse umane
FT – Sept. 24, 2015 Big Four firms face ‘tsunami’ of threats from digital groups
Technology is reshaping the accounting, audit and consulting divisions that are
the bread and butter of professional services firms. They are trying to fight back,
launching partnerships with technology companies, picking dynamic start-ups to
invest in and increasingly employing techniques that are the foundations on
which innovative technology companies such as Google and Amazon are built.
umbertobertele 65
Software & IoT per innovare business model e
organizzazione di filiera
[FT – Sept. 30, 2015 Jeff Immelt warns EU data curbs could limit productivity gains]
Jeff Immelt told the FT that using data collected by manufacturing companies to
improve performance and invent new ways of doing business - part of the so-called
“internet of things” - was key to “a rejuvenation of industrial productivity”.
The company is seeking to add analytics and other new services to its traditional
equipment sales and servicing. “By 2020 we’ll be a top-ten software company.
We’re going to intersect in the same markets now, whether it’s Accenture
or IBM, or SAP or Oracle.”
The increasing importance of software has produced a race by tech start-ups to take
on industries far beyond tech, media and communications.
umbertobertele 66
3-D Printing
[WSJ - Sept. 18, 2015 UPS Tests a 3-D Printing Service]
UPS doesn’t want 3-D printing to disrupt its business the
way the Internet pulled the rug out from overnight
document deliveries more than a decade ago.
umbertobertele 67
Robotica
[WSJ - July 5, 2015 China’s Hunger for Robots Marks Significant Shift]
China already ranks as the world’s largest market for robotic machines. Sales last
year grew 54% from a year earlier, and the boom shows every sign of increasing.
China is projected to have more installed industrial robots than any other
country by next year.
New robot technology is cheaper and easier to use than ever before. In addition,
many of China’s fastest-growing industries, such as vehicle-making, tend to rely
on automation regardless of where the factories are. Some jobs, such as delicate
operations in electronics plants, can only be done with machines.
umbertobertele

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Il contesto internazionale - 23 ottobre - Meeting ACEF 2015

  • 1. umbertobertele IL CONTESTO INTERNAZIONALE Umberto Bertelè School of Management - Politecnico di Milano
  • 2. umbertobertele Ferrari, avvio boom a Wall Street 2 La speranza di un ritorno alla crescita
  • 5. umbertobertele 5 I NUMERI E I NODI Manovra con poca crescita Alberto Alesina e Francesco Giavazzi
  • 8. umbertobertele 8 L’INCOGNITA CINESE WSJ - Oct. 13, 2015 China Growth in Focus as Exports and Imports Fall China’s trade picture worsens for the second straight month WSJ - Oct. 18, 2015 China Economic Growth Falls Below 7% for First Time Since 2009 Figure adds to worries about global economic outlook
  • 9. umbertobertele 9 IL RISCHIO DISGREGAZIONE IN EUROPA FT - October 14, 2015 Political disrupters rattle Europe’s old order Fragmented parliaments, minority governments, coalitions among parties that elaborate deals aimed at keeping anti-establishment movements out of high office: welcome to the changing landscape of European democracy. So much volatility pervades the political scene that it is hardly surprising that Europe’s leaders struggle to cope with their various economic policy and security challenges. Rising far right and far left parties cherry-pick from a variety of anti-EU, anti-euro, anti-immigrant, anti-Islam and anti-capitalist views, eroding the consensus politics that contributed to stability in post-1945 Europe.
  • 10. umbertobertele 10 RIFUGIATI E MIGRANTI GUERRE E DEMOGRAFIA CREANO TENSIONI FORTISSIME IN MOLTI PAESI EUROPEI
  • 13. umbertobertele 13 NEMMENO GLI US DORMONO SONNI DEL TUTTO TRANQUILLI WSJ - Oct. 18, 2015 Debt, Growth Concerns Rain on Deficit Parade Budget success yields to concerns about debt-to-GDP ratio and the economic outlook
  • 15. umbertobertele 15 UNA SUPERPOTENZA “IMBRIGLIATA” PER VINCERE UNA GUERRA NON BASTANO I DRONI MA OCCORRONO ANCHE GLI SCARPONI DIFFICILE INTERVENIRE SE LE GUERRE SONO FRA PAESI “AMICI”
  • 16. umbertobertele 16 APPLE E GOOGLE SONO PRIME PER CAPITALIZZAZIONE A LIVELLO GLOBALE [$bn] • Apple 651,31 • Google 439,08 • Microsoft 347,75 • Berkshire H. 324,86 • Exxon Mobil 303,08 • Wells Fargo 270,12 • Facebook 259,36 • Novartis 258,58 • Johnson & Johnson 257,33 • General Electric 251,91 • Amazon 247,62 • China Mobile 242,39 • PetroChina 240,02 • Ind.&Comm.BankC 240,02 • NestlĂŠ 236,25 • Roche 232,56 • JPMorgan Chase 231,35 • Royal Dutch Shell 216,71 • Wal-Mart 207,26 • Pfizer 203,34 • AT&T 201,45 • Toyota 200,44
  • 17. umbertobertele 17 LE IMPRESE ICT CON UNA CAPITALIZZAZIONE INFERIORE AI $200bn • Verizon 185,92 • Oracle 164,42 • Alibaba 162,30 • Tencent 155,54 • Samsung 154,68 • IBM 144,35 • Comcast 141,62 • Intel 140,10 • Cisco 131,69 • Vodafone 91,72 • Qualcomm 85,88 • SAP 80,68 • Telefonica 63,68 • Uber 51,00 • Baidu 50,63 • HP 48,82 • Salesforce.com 46,65 • Xiaomi 46,00 • Netflix 41,54 • Adobe 39,41
  • 18. umbertobertele 18 TUTTA LA BORSA ITALIANA VALE MENO DI GOOGLE ENI 63,47 $bn INTESA SANPAOLO 61,61 ENEL 43,63 UNICREDIT 40,33 LUXOTTICA 33,69 FCA 19,59 CNH INDUSTRIAL 8,05
  • 19. umbertobertele 19 LA FINANZA NELL’ECONOMIA: M&A e BREAK-UP HeidelbergCement, Germany’s largest cement maker, is to buy a 45 per cent stake in Italcementi, the Italian building materials company, for €1.7bn. The deal comes come just weeks after Europe’s two largest cement and crushed earth companies Holcim and Lafarge completed a €41bn combination. The merger of Dell and EMC stems from the rise of cloud computing: at $67 billion, it is the biggest ever corporate marriage in the information-technology industry.
  • 20. umbertobertele 20 SABMiller agrees in principle to ÂŁ68bn takeover by AB InBev. A fresh wave of consolidation swept across the tech industry: Western Digital is to acquire flash-memory maker SanDisk for $19 billion, semiconductor maker Lam Research said it would buy rival KLA-Tencor Corporation for $10.6 billion and IT management software group SolarWinds is to be sold for $4.5 billion to two buyout firms.
  • 21. umbertobertele 21 Qualcomm to conduct strategic review, may consider breakup. Chip maker may also look at returning more cash to shareholders after activist investor presses for change. EBay and PayPal: better off alone. EBay’s split should make investors happy—and corporate divorces more popular.
  • 22. umbertobertele 22 H-P’s earnings, revenue slide: tech firm is set to split into a PC-and-printer maker that racked up $56 billion in sales last year, and a $55 billion server, services and software company. The results suggest tougher times ahead as demand shifts toward mobile and cloud computing from PCs. Procter & Gamble agrees to sell beauty brands. Deal with Coty - valued around $13 billion - includes Clairol, Covergirl and Wella. GE breaks up: an iconic firm abandons its finance business. Stricter regulation curbed GE Capital’s freewheeling ways, and profits.
  • 23. umbertobertele LA “DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION”: COME LA RIVOLUZIONE INNESCATA DALLE TECNOLOGIE RIDISEGNA BUSINESS MODEL, PRODOTTI, MANSIONI E RUOLI 23
  • 24. umbertobertele L’innovazione è progresso ma chi si occuperĂ  di noi? Gentile signora Isabella Bossi Fedrigotti, le innovazioni che sono alle porte sono tali da sconvolgere la vita di milioni di persone, con prospettive alquanto oscure. È vero che si dice che il progresso non si può fermare, ma proviamo a metterci nei panni di coloro i quali saranno (inesorabilmente?) colpiti. Con l’avanzare delle vendite online, i negozi, ma anche i supermercati sono destinati a sparire: la merce ordinata via Internet viene consegnata a casa agli orari stabiliti dall’acquirente. Con le possibilitĂ  offerte dalla rete, poi, le agenzie bancarie e assicurative, oltre agli uffici postali, non avranno piĂš alcuna funzione. Il car-sharing e il bike-sharing stanno inoltre modificando le abitudini dei cittadini. I tassisti, con l’appoggio delle autoritĂ , fanno muro contro l’arrivo di Uber e analoghi. FinchĂŠ dura. Il personale impiegatizio verrĂ  ridotto e sostituito con applicazioni apposite. Gli spazi per gli uffici verranno dimensionati alle nuove esigenze. Gli hotel - e tutto il personale addetto - soffrono per lo sviluppo esponenziale, anche nel nostro Paese, dei bed & breakfast. … Di tutto ciò, qualcuno si sta occupando? Non ne vedo traccia. Ha qualche consiglio da dare? Mariella Mercalli 24 CdS - 1 ottobre 2015
  • 25. umbertobertele Parto dall’auto perchĂŠ, insieme con il suo indotto a monte e a valle, essa costituisce uno dei piĂš importanti comparti dell’economia di molti Paesi. E perchĂŠ è un magnifico caso per mostrare la complessitĂ  dei potenziali impatti dell’innovazione tecnologica e dei business model che essa rende possibili. 25
  • 26. umbertobertele AUTO TRADIZIONALE AUTO IBRIDA AUTO IBRIDA PLUG-IN AUTO ELETTRICA SELF-DRIVING CAR INFOTAINMENT & DRIVER-ASSISTANCE FEATURES 26
  • 27. umbertobertele L’auto elettrica rappresenta la minaccia maggiore per le imprese incumbent, perchĂŠ rende piĂš facile l’entrata in campo di nuovi attori: giĂ  ora Tesla e forse nel prossimo futuro Apple 27
  • 28. umbertobertele FT - October 20, 2015 Apple’s Tim Cook sees ‘massive’ tech-led upheaval in car industry 28 “The global automobile industry is on the brink of a technology-led upheaval. The industry is at an inflection point for massive change, not just evolutionary change. A series of technology shifts are coming together to create a rare opportunity for outsiders to break into the business. Software becomes an increasingly important component of the car in future. Autonomous driving becomes very much more important in a huge way in future.”
  • 29. umbertobertele 29 The growing importance of software, both in controlling vehicles and acting as the interface with drivers, has already opened the way for electric carmaker Tesla Motors to become the auto industry’s most significant insurgent in decades. Tesla released new software for its Model S to allow self-driving features such as automated highway driving and self-parking, and promised to use over-the-air updates to keep advancing the capabilities of its existing vehicles. Electric vehicles are threatening to destabilise the existing carmakers. “Major technologies in the car shift from combustion engine focus.”
  • 30. umbertobertele 30 Ma una minaccia forse ancora maggiore potrebbe venire dalla crescita potenzialmente esplosiva delle variegate forme di condivisione che appaiono sul mercato (da Uber/UberPop/UberPool a Car2Go a BlaBlaCar alle nuove proposte di BMW e altri), che possono erodere il livello delle vendite nei Paesi piĂš sviluppati.
  • 31. umbertobertele 31 FT - June 24, 2015 Carmakers launch peer-to-peer vehicle sharing Three of the world’s biggest carmakers have jumped into peer-to-peer vehicle sharing, as the industry scrambles to stay relevant in the age of Uber and BlaBlaCar. Ford, GM and BMW announced Airbnb-style schemes to let car owners earn money by renting out their new vehicles to other drivers. The moves are part of attempts to respond to the changing tastes of so- called millennials. Motor industry executives are watching with alarm as consumer-focused sectors are disrupted by new entrants encouraging individuals to share goods and services with each other.
  • 32. umbertobertele 32 ConnettivitĂ  e infotainment hanno giĂ  assunto una valenza competitiva molto forte: un acquirente su cinque si dice disposto a cambiare marca a fronte di un pacchetto connettivitĂ  piĂš ricco. Apple e Google salgono a bordo delle auto, aprendo un problema – su cui anche Angela Merkel è intervenuta - su chi possa sfruttare i dati acquisibili dal traffico e i relativi ricavi. In attesa dell’eventuale avvento delle self-driving car, cresce poi l’offerta di driver-assistance features e il potere dei componentisti (quali Bosch) che - spesso operando insieme con gli OTT - li offrono.
  • 33. umbertobertele 33 C’è il rischio che anche le grandi dell’auto subiscano l’effetto “punteruolo rosso”, lo stesso che colpĂŹ IBM quando crebbe il peso nei PC dei microprocessori di Intel e del software di Microsoft?
  • 34. umbertobertele 34 Il peso assunto dal software nel controllo dell’auto è d’altronde apparso in tutta la sua ampiezza con il defeat device di VW. L’elettronica nel suo complesso – software e hardware (sensori e attuatori) – ha un peso prossimo al 50 per cento.
  • 35. umbertobertele 35 L’ICT e Internet non hanno solo un impatto negativo sulle case automobilistiche. Esse possono infatti accrescere fortemente la vicinanza ai loro clienti e rubare influenza ai tradizionali dealer. Lo fanno offrendo il check continuo via Internet dello stato dell’auto. Lo fanno potenziando i loro siti e iniziando a vendere direttamente ed esclusivamente via Internet (caso Volvo) serie limitate di fascia alta, facendo comporre ai clienti i modelli desiderati.
  • 36. umbertobertele 36 Car Dealers Aim to Curb Online Rivals Referral services like TrueCar, once allies, now seen as undercutting chains’ digital-marketing efforts WSJ - June 13, 2015 New-car dealers are sharpening their Web-sales skills, angling to cut out the middlemen in online transactions - companies such as TrueCar and AutoTrader.com - that funnel customers to their stores and have grown into potential rivals. These websites attract potential customers looking for car information, reviews and pricing guides, and then charge dealers to steer buyers to their stores - a fee that in some cases costs up to $400 a referral.
  • 37. umbertobertele 37 FT Sept. 30, 2015 McKinsey warns banks face wipeout in some financial services The digital revolution sweeping through the banking sector is set to wipe out almost two-thirds of earnings on some financial products as new technology companies drive down prices and erode lenders’ profit margins.
  • 38. umbertobertele 38 Banks as facing a high-stakes struggle to defend their business model against digital disruption. Technological competition would reduce profits from non-mortgage retail lending, such as credit cards and car loans, by 60 per cent and revenues by 40 per cent over the next decade. A smaller, but still significant, chunk of profits and revenues would be lost from payments processing, small and medium-sized enterprise lending, wealth management and mortgages. These would decline between 35 and 10 per cent.
  • 39. umbertobertele 39 The most significant impact will be in price erosion, as tech companies allow delivery of financial services at a fraction of the cost, and this will mostly be transferred to the customer in lower prices. Most tech companies are focused on picking off the most lucrative parts of banks’ relationships with their customers, leaving them as “dumb” providers of balance sheet capacity. Most of the attackers do not want to become a bank, they want to squeeze themselves in between the customer and the bank and skim the cream off.
  • 40. umbertobertele 40 McKinsey said there was no evidence that digital disruption had started to eat into banks’ market share yet. One factor that could slow down the erosion of banks’ market share was if regulators decided to clamp down on the disrupters by imposing similar capital and compliance rules as those faced by banks.
  • 42. umbertobertele 42 WSJ - Oct. 7, 2015 Samsung Says Personal Payment Information Not at Risk The tech giant says the reported hacking incident at LoopPay didn’t impact its mobile payment system
  • 44. umbertobertele 44 FT - June 25, 2015 Alibaba finance arm launches online bank Alibaba’s financial affiliate company launched its internet bank, with executives pledging to use the Chinese ecommerce group’s trove of customer data to target lending to small businesses. MYBank’s launch follows the setting up of internet lender WeBank in January - a joint venture led by Alibaba’s rival, Tencent, the online gaming and social media group.
  • 45. umbertobertele 45 Le piattaforme P2P - Marketplace lending WSJ - Sept. 13, 2015 European Banks Use Online Platforms to Find Borrowers European banks are experimenting with delegating what has been a core part of their business for centuries: deciding who deserves a loan. They are following similar developments in the US, where several community banks are buying consumer loans made through Lending Club’s platform. Tech companies are getting a foothold in the banking business thanks to online operations and algorithms that help them judge customers’ creditworthiness more efficiently than big banks.
  • 46. umbertobertele 46 FT - August 30, 2015 China Rapid Finance, one of China’s largest P2P lending sites, rated 50m Chinese consumers for creditworthiness using social networking and computer gaming data and arranged 3m P2P loans in the six months since its partnership with Tencent. The data, provided by Tencent, are processed using an algorithm that looks at frequency and amount of time spent using Tencent services (WeChat ..). The criteria may seem unusual but Internet user behaviour is sufficient to establish reliable creditworthiness. Moreover the 80 per cent of Chinese have no credit history or access to credit.
  • 47. umbertobertele 47 FT - September 20, 2015 Robo-advisers mark ‘seismic’ shift in wealth management The acquisition of US robo-adviser FutureAdvisor from BlackRock, world’s largest asset manager and largest ETF provider, is a potentially huge deal for the wealth management industry. Fund managers, banks, brokers and financial advisers all face threats to their business models from robo-advisers, which provide automated online investment services. BlackRock plans to use FutureAdvisor to partner with banks, insurance companies, broker-dealers and financial advisers to help them sell robo- advice. Robo-advisers mostly allocate client funds to low-cost ETFs or index funds.
  • 48. umbertobertele 48 WSJ - Sept. 23, 2015 The New Bond Market: Algorithms Trump Humans High-speed trading accounts for increasingly large portion of volumes of bond dealings. Firms using algorithms say they are expanding the flow of orders and making pricing smoother, but skeptics see signs the firms are intensifying tumult at market turning points because of their speed. Regulators haven’t fully concluded what the growing presence of algorithmic trading means for the Treasury market, but data show that superfast, nonbank trading firms account for 60% of activity, up from 45% in 2012.
  • 49. umbertobertele 49 La filiera produttore-intermediari-consumatori: • produttore finale del bene (materiale o immateriale) e/o servizio • intermediari (middlemen) in senso lato, che si frappongono fra il produttore finale e l’acquirente finale o comunque hanno la capacitĂ  di orientarne/influenzarne le scelte • consumatori Quali attori - nell’ambito della filiera - sono maggiormente esposti al rischio disruption? LA DISRUPTION NEL B2C
  • 50. umbertobertele 50 Il prodotto è lo stesso o un altro in grado di soddisfare gli stessi bisogni o bisogni simili? • un cambio radicale del prodotto fa saltare l’intera filiera: l’uso dello smartphone per fotografare uccide sia i produttori di macchine fotografiche sia la filiera commerciale • il passaggio dai CD musicali al download o allo streaming fa saltare la filiera commerciale fisica, ma lascia in vita le case produttrici cambiandone però profondamente gli economics • l’entrata in gioco di operatori come TripAdvisor impatta sulla filiera dei restaurant, senza modificare il prodotto finale • l’apertura di siti di e-commerce dei grandi della moda non altera i rapporti di filiera, perchĂŠ conferma il rapporto diretto giĂ  esistente con i negozi monomarca e crea una strada alternativa di acquisto
  • 51. umbertobertele 51 Il doppio rischio dei “middlemen” I middlemen, o almeno molti dei tradizionali, possono sparire o essere fortemente ridimensionati quando: • i produttori riescono a creare un rapporto piĂš diretto con i clienti, senza perdere in efficienza e nel contempo guadagnando in fedeltĂ  (accorciamento della catena); oppure • sono sostituiti o affiancati da nuovi intermediari pure play, piĂš capaci di sfruttare la tecnologia per creare business model alternativi.
  • 52. umbertobertele 52 Laddove il canale Internet si aggiunge e non si sostituisce, almeno temporaneamente, ai canali esistenti aumenta di fatto il potere dei produttori, anche in assenza di un loro rapporto diretto con i clienti finali. Questo è vero ad esempio per i produttori di film e serie televisive, che vedono accrescersi il loro range di scelte. Non è un caso, o almeno non appare tale, che Mediaset abbia potenziato la sua divisione di produzione o che Netflix e Amazon si siano messe a finanziare la produzione di serie di successo.
  • 53. umbertobertele 53 Come si insinuano nella filiera i “disrupter pure play”? Tre i possibili business model: vendere, aiutare a vendere, organizzare scambi
  • 54. umbertobertele 54 e-commerce beni materiali (con annessa logistica) beni immateriali (software, musica, film, programmi tv, e-book, giornali, app, ecc.) in download o streaming titoli di accesso a servizi di diversa natura: biglietti ferroviari e aerei, biglietti teatrali, prenotazioni alberghiere, affitto di auto o case .. Si può vendere direttamente e/o mettere a disposizione di venditori terzi la propria rete informatica e (talora) logistica.
  • 55. umbertobertele 55 creare condizioni favorevoli per la vendita pubblicitĂ  “tradizionale”: rivolta indistintamente a tutti o comunque ad ampie categorie cessione di “privacy” per pubblicitĂ /offerta di prodotti personalizzata erogazione gratuita di informazioni e valutazioni comparative di fornitori di beni e/o servizi (modello TripAdvisor), con possibile pagamento da parte dei fornitori selezionati erogazione gratuita di servizi (Google, social network, WhatsApp ..) allo scopo di attirare utenti in numero elevato, nella speranza di coinvolgerli in uno o piĂš dei tre modelli descritti
  • 56. umbertobertele 56 organizzare scambi fra parti terze via piattaforma/marketplace con l’accompagnamento o meno di servizi di supporto
  • 57. umbertobertele 57 I tre volti della “disruption” L’innovazione letteralmente travolge un prodotto (bene e/o servizio), una famiglia di prodotti o un intero settore, e insieme le imprese incumbent che su questi vivevano e prosperavano
  • 58. umbertobertele 58 L’innovazione rende disponibile un nuovo prodotto, che entra in competizione - almeno per una parte degli utilizzi - con gli esistenti, sottraendo mercato e minando profittabilitĂ  e valore degli incumbent L’innovazione provoca un cambiamento di rilevanza fra i diversi attori della filiera (effetto “punteruolo rosso”): non costringe nessuno a uscire di scena, ma - modificando la ripartizione dei profitti di filiera – spinge in direzioni diverse le loro capitalizzazioni
  • 59. umbertobertele 59 Il passaggio di testimone al B2B e alla riorganizzazione del B La progressiva estensione della digital transformation a “industries far beyond tech, media and communications”
  • 60. umbertobertele 60 Marc Andreessen - venture capitalist
  • 61. umbertobertele 61 I motori di cambiamento l’enorme sofisticazione del software, sempre piĂš in grado di trattare grandi masse di dati e di apprendere con l’intelligenza artificiale lo sviluppo di nuovi sensori e attuatori l’accelerazione della crescita nella robotica e nella stampa 3-D, che integrano software, sensori e attuatori la possibilitĂ , estendendo con l’IoT l’interconnessione alle cose, di effettuare controlli e comandi a distanza
  • 62. umbertobertele 62 La disruption, in questa nuova fase, appare destinata a riguardare non solo settori – quali in primis l’auto e la sanitĂ  - e imprese, ma anche e forse soprattutto le risorse umane
  • 63. umbertobertele 63 Tablet e smartphone entrano nell’organizzazione delle imprese. Apple accresce fortemente le sue vendite B2B, segno di un processo di riorganizzazione delle imprese e delle loro interconnessioni con il mondo esterno. Apple’s business-related revenue hits $25bn Total for the year reflects company’s push for business customers WSJ - Sept. 29, 2015 Apple has pushed to get its products into the business world beyond its traditional base of consumers. The $25bn figure represents about 11% of Apple’s total revenue. Apple becomes one of the 10 largest sellers of technology to businesses, and is about half of Microsoft’s $52bn in sales to corporate customers.
  • 64. umbertobertele 64 Cresce l’offerta sul mercato di “online accounting services” Si apre la sfida fra tech company e Big Four, per l’automazione delle attivitĂ  amministrative delle imprese, con una ricaduta potenzialmente pesante in termini di disruption delle risorse umane FT – Sept. 24, 2015 Big Four firms face ‘tsunami’ of threats from digital groups Technology is reshaping the accounting, audit and consulting divisions that are the bread and butter of professional services firms. They are trying to fight back, launching partnerships with technology companies, picking dynamic start-ups to invest in and increasingly employing techniques that are the foundations on which innovative technology companies such as Google and Amazon are built.
  • 65. umbertobertele 65 Software & IoT per innovare business model e organizzazione di filiera [FT – Sept. 30, 2015 Jeff Immelt warns EU data curbs could limit productivity gains] Jeff Immelt told the FT that using data collected by manufacturing companies to improve performance and invent new ways of doing business - part of the so-called “internet of things” - was key to “a rejuvenation of industrial productivity”. The company is seeking to add analytics and other new services to its traditional equipment sales and servicing. “By 2020 we’ll be a top-ten software company. We’re going to intersect in the same markets now, whether it’s Accenture or IBM, or SAP or Oracle.” The increasing importance of software has produced a race by tech start-ups to take on industries far beyond tech, media and communications.
  • 66. umbertobertele 66 3-D Printing [WSJ - Sept. 18, 2015 UPS Tests a 3-D Printing Service] UPS doesn’t want 3-D printing to disrupt its business the way the Internet pulled the rug out from overnight document deliveries more than a decade ago.
  • 67. umbertobertele 67 Robotica [WSJ - July 5, 2015 China’s Hunger for Robots Marks Significant Shift] China already ranks as the world’s largest market for robotic machines. Sales last year grew 54% from a year earlier, and the boom shows every sign of increasing. China is projected to have more installed industrial robots than any other country by next year. New robot technology is cheaper and easier to use than ever before. In addition, many of China’s fastest-growing industries, such as vehicle-making, tend to rely on automation regardless of where the factories are. Some jobs, such as delicate operations in electronics plants, can only be done with machines.