Introduction to Arduino Programming
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This document provides an overview of Arduino programming concepts including: - The Arduino programming language is based on C/C++ and includes libraries for interfacing with hardware. - Examples are provided for basic blink programs, using variables, functions, control structures like if statements and loops, reading analog/digital pins, and using the serial monitor. - Key concepts covered include variable scope, data types, naming conventions, pin modes, analog/digital reading and writing, functions, arrays, and different loop structures.
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Introduction to Arduino Programming
- 1. Arduino Programming (C) 2014 James Lewis james@baldengineer.com 1
- 2. Arduino Langauge 2 Machine Language (Binary Code) Assembly (Readable Code) C / C++ (Readable Code) C++ Libs C++ Libs C++ Libs “Arduino”
- 3. Arduino Langauge 3 Machine Language (Binary Code) Assembly (Readable Code) C / C++ (Readable Code) C++ Libs C++ Libs C++ Libs “Arduino”
- 7. Hello World (Blink) 7 Comments Good Comment: // Blue LED for Activity Indicator Bad Comment: // Pin 13
- 19. Arduino IDE 19 Type Stuff Here Compiler Output
- 20. Arduino IDE 20 Type Stuff Here Compiler Output Serial Monitor
- 21. Arduino IDE 21 Type Stuff Here Compiler Output Serial MonitorVerify & Upload
- 22. Arduino IDE 22 Type Stuff Here Compiler Output Serial MonitorVerify & Upload Board & Serial Port
- 23. Blink Exercise • Load the Blink Example and program it to your board • Change the values of delay() to see how it affects the behavior 23 Check the correct board and serial port are selected in the tools menu!
- 28. Serial objects 28 Variables Strings Control Characters Print and Println NOTE: Strings and Variables Can’t be used on the same line
- 29. Hello World (Serial) • Load up the serial code to the right • Exercise: • Change the 2000 in delay into a variable. • Print value of variable on same line as “Hello World” 29
- 30. Variables 30
- 31. How Much Memory is in your Arduino? 31
- 32. Variable Types 32 Bits Unsigned Range Signed Range byte 8 0 to 255 N/A char 8 0 to 255 ‘A’..’b’..’X’ N/A int 16 0 to 65535 -32,767 to 32,766 long 32 0 to 4,294,967,295 -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 float 32 ±3.4028235E+38 n/a double 32 n/a n/a
- 33. Variable Do and Don’t • DO Use Descriptive Names • “BlueLED”, “ActivityIndicator” • DON’T Use Bad Names • “Integer”, “Pin13” • DO Stick to a naming convention • Variables are Case Sensitive! • DON’T use same name for Local and Global Variables 33
- 36. Variable Scope 36 Global Local to loop()
- 40. analogReadings[] arrays 40 0 1 2 3 4 5
- 41. analogReadings[] arrays 41 0 1 2 3 4 5 Size Elements
- 42. analogReadings[] arrays 42 0 1 2 3 4 5 Size Elements arrays are 0-index based. So last element is always “1 less” than the size!
- 43. Pin Functions 43
- 44. pinMode() 44 Analog (A0..A5) Digital (0..13) INPUT Digital Input, Pull-Up Off Digital Input, Pull-Up Off INPUT_PULLUP Digital Input, Pull-Up On Digital Input, Pull-Up On OUTPUT Digital Output Digital Output Analog Pins can be used as Digital Pins pinMode(INPUT, Ax) isn’t necessary for analogRead()
- 46. Pull-Up Resistor 46 INPUTs almost always need a Pull-Up or Pull-Down pinMode(INPUT_PULLUP) Turns on the Internal Pull-Up Resistor http://www.baldengineer.com/tutorials/arduino-pull-ups/
- 47. I/O Exercise • Objective: Understand Inputs and Outputs • Exercise: “Fix” the random LED 47
- 48. analogRead() 48 Analog Signal Convert Digital Value 10-bits, stored as 8-bits Values 0 to 1023 Voltage 0v to 5v 5 volts 1023 Steps = 4.887mV per Step Calling analogRead() on an Analog Pin, automatically converts to Input
- 49. analogWrite() 49 analogWrite() isn’t Analog (Except on the Due) Uno Pins: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11 Actual AnalogPulse Width Modulation (PWM)
- 50. Analog Exercise • Connect Pin 6 to Analog 0 Run this code • Then, disconnect from Pin 6 While Running the Code 50 Remember to open the Serial Monitor!
- 51. Analog Exercise • Connect Pin 6 to Analog 0 Run this code • Then, disconnect from Pin 6 While Running the Code 51 Remember to open the Serial Monitor! A0, A1, A2..A5 are integers!
- 52. functions() 52
- 54. Functions Getting Data Back Tip: The Arduino IDE, doesn’t require “prototyping”
- 55. Functions Getting Data Back Return Type Arguments “Return” FunctionName
- 56. Functions Returning Nothing 56 Return Type If the function doesn’t return anything, declare it as void
- 57. Function Exercise • “Re-Write” the built-in Blink Example to use a Function • Exercise: add a “argument” to adjust the delay time 57
- 59. if-statements 59
- 60. if-statements 60
- 61. if-statements 61
- 62. if-statements 62
- 63. control operators 63 == Equal to > >= Greater than (or equal) < <= Less Than (or equal) != Not Equal to || OR && AND | Bitwise OR & Bitwise AND
- 65. #1 if-statement mistake 65 = != ==
- 67. for() loop 67
- 71. Array and For Exercise • Use an Array and two for- loops to read analog inputs, then display then • Notice the difference in brackets between the two loops 71
- 72. while() loop 72
- 74. while() loop 74 Condition Loop conditions are same as “if conditions”
- 75. while() and Serial • This program echoes whatever is on the serial buffer back out 75