Nanotechnology is the scientific ability to control and restructure the matter at the atomic and molecular levels within the nanoscale. It is a modern branch of materials science dealing with the understanding of the role of nanomaterials(NM) in real-world applications. It is the creation and/or manipulation of various materials at nanometer (nm) scale, analysing their structural characteristics & properties for novel applications, attracting, producing and exploiting the nanoparticles in different dimensions and increase the utilisation potential of nano structured materials (NSM)in various fields.

1. NANOTECHNOLOGY & ITS
APPLICATIONS
BY
PROF.A.BALASUBRAMANIAN
Former Dean, Faculty of Science &
Technology
University of Mysore, India

3. Human use of Materials
• Materials have always been an integral part of
human civilization and social development, e.g.
we designate periods in the past as the stone,
Bronze and Iron ages.
• Recent advances in technologies rely on
sophisticated materials—all of them used
devices, products, and systems that consist of
materials.
• With the rapid advances in computer technology,
design engineering have become quite
sophisticated.

4. Materials Science
• The basic elements of materials science and
engineering include the study of
1. Structure & composition of materials,
2. properties of materials,
3. classification of solids,
4. Processing and synthesis of materials, and
Performance of materials.
Structure-properties-performance
(service/product)

6. Structure of crystalline solids

9. Properties of materials
• Different materials possess different properties to meet the various
requirement for engineering purposes.
• a) Mechanical Properties
• The important mechanical properties affecting the selection of a
material are:
• (i) Tensile Strength: This enables the material to resist the
application of a tensile force. To withstand the tensile force, the
internal structure of the material provides the internal resistance.
• (ii) Hardness: It is the degree of resistance to indentation or
scratching, abrasion and wear. Alloying techniques and heat
treatment help to achieve the same.
• (iii) Ductility: This is the property of a metal by virtue of which it can
be drawn into wires or elongated before rupture takes place. It
depends upon the grain size of the metal crystals.

10. Mechanical Properties contd..
• (iv) Impact Strength: It is the energy required per unit cross-
sectional area to fracture a specimen, i.e., it is a measure of the
response of a material to shock loading.
• (v) Wear Resistance: The ability of a material to resist friction wear
under particular conditions, i.e. to maintain its physical dimensions
when in sliding or rolling contact with a second member.
• (vi) Corrosion Resistance: Those metals and alloys which can
withstand the corrosive action of a medium, i.e. corrosion
processes proceed in them at a relatively low rate are termed
corrosion-resistant.
• (vii) Density: This is an important factor of a material where weight
and thus the mass is critical, i.e. aircraft components.

11. b) Thermal Properties
(i) Specific Heat (c)
(ii) Thermal Conductivity (K )
(iii) Thermal Expansion
(iv) Thermal Resistance (RT)
(v) Thermal Diffusivity (h)
(vi) Thermal Fatigue

12. c) Electrical Properties
• Conductivity, resistivity, dielectric strength are
few important electrical properties of a material.
• The electrical resistance of a material depends on
its dimensions and is given by Resistance =
Resistivity, Length, Cross-section area
• On the basis of electrical resistivity materials are
divided as:
(i) Conductors
(ii) Semiconductors and
(iii) Insulators.

13. (d) Magnetic Properties
• Materials in which a state of magnetism can be
induced are termed magnetic materials. There
are five classes into which magnetic materials
may be grouped:
(i) diamagnetic
(ii) paramagnetic
(iii) ferromagnetic
(iv) antiferromagnetic and
(v) ferrimagnetic.

14. (e) Chemical Properties
• These properties includes atomic weight,
molecular weight, atomic number, valence,
chemical composition, acidity, alkalinity, etc.
• Chemical –Composition-bonding, acidity,
alkalinity, weathering, corrosion, binding
force, electrostatic attraction, dispersion, etc.

15. (f) Optical Properties
• The optical properties of materials, e.g.
refractive index, reflectivity and absorption
coefficient etc. affect the light reflection and
transmission.

16. (g) Structure of Materials
• The properties of engineering materials
mainly depends on the internal arrangement
of the atoms on molecules.
• We must note that in the selection of
materials, the awareness regarding differences
and similarities between materials is
extremely important.

17. Historical Scientific achievements

21. Manufacturing Sector
• Necessity is the mother of Invention.
• Reducing the size of consumer goods,
computers, mobiles, etc
• Modifying the properties of raw materials to
meet the industrial requirements
• Producing durable goods for use by
consuming lesser amounts of raw material
resources.

24. Dimensional Properties
• Dimensional- size, shape, form,etc
• Bulk samples-Macro level
• Size reduction
• When the size is reduced = miracles have been
observed in the properties of materials.

25. What is NANO ?
• the prefix "nano" means one-billionth, or 10-9;
• One nanometer is one-billionth of a meter.
• It’s difficult to imagine just how small that is.
• There are 25,400,000 nanometers in an inch.
• The term Nanoscale, is about 1 to 100
nanometers in range.

26. METROLOGY

29. Nanometer compared
• A sheet of paper is about 100,000 nanometers
in thickness
• A strand of human DNA is 2.5 nanometers in
diameter
• There are 25,400,000 nanometers in one inch
• A human hair is approximately 80,000-
100,000 nanometers wide
• A single gold atom is about a third of a
nanometer in diameter.

30. Nanoscience
• Nanoscience deals with the scientific study of
objects with sizes in the 1 – 100 nm range in
at least one dimension.
• The objects are controlled on this size scale
either in terms of manufacturing,
modification or analysis, and the research
includes some aspect of novelty either in
terms of material studied, methods used or
question asked.

31. Nanostructured Materials=
Nanomaterials
• Size effects are an essential aspect of
nanomaterials.
• The effects determined by size pertain to the
evolution of structural, thermodynamic,
electronic, spectroscopic, and chemical
features of these finite systems with
increasing size.

32. NANOSIZEDMATERIALS(NSM)
• Nanopartciles- spherical/ capsule-shaped
• Nanocomposites/Nanofluids
• Nanotubes/Nanoshells
• Nanowires/Nanobeads/Nanochips
• Nanocones/Nanocrystals
• Nanofilters/Nanocontainers
• Nanofilms/Quantum dots

33. Nanoscience and nanotechnology, acc
to Dr.C.N.Rao
• primarily deal with the synthesis,
characterization, exploration, and exploitation
of nanostructured materials.
• These materials are characterized by at least
one dimension in the nanometer (1 nm 10-9
m) range.

34. Nanotechnology
• is the scientific ability to control and restructure the matter
at the atomic and molecular levels within the nanoscale.
• It is a modern branch of materials science dealing with the
understanding of the role of nanomaterials(NM) in real-
world applications
• the creation and/or manipulation of various materials at
nanometer (nm) scale,
• analysing their structural characteristics & properties for
novel applications
• attracting, producing and exploiting the nanoparticles in
different dimensions
• and increase the utilisation potential of nano structured
materials (NSM)in various fields.

35. Nanostructures
• Nanostructures constitute a bridge between
molecules and infinite bulk systems.
• Individual nanostructures include clusters,
quantum dots, nanocrystals, nanowires, and
nanotubes, while collections of
nanostructures involve arrays, assemblies,
and superlattices of the individual
nanostructures .

37. Physical and chemical properties
• The physical and chemical properties of
nanomaterials can differ significantly from
those of the atomic-molecular or the bulk
materials of the same composition.

38. Uniqueness of nanostructures
• The uniqueness of the structural
characteristics, energetics, response,
dynamics, and chemistry of nanostructures
constitutes the basis of nanoscience.
• Suitable control of the properties and
response of nanostructures can lead to new
devices and technologies.

39. Nanotechnology are two-fold
• The themes underlying nanoscience and
nanotechnology are two-fold: one is the bottom-
up approach, that is, the miniaturization of the
components, as articulated by Feynman, who
stated in the 1959 lecture that “there is plenty of
room at the bottom” ; and
• the other is the approach of the self-assembly of
molecular components, where each
nanostructured component becomes part of a
suprastructure.

41. What kind of changes arise when the macro
Materials are converted into nanomaterials?
• Materials reduced to nanoscale can show very
different properties when compared to macro-
scale materials. This enables for unique
applications.
• Opaque substances become transparent (copper)
• Inert substances become catalysts( platinum)
• Solid substances become liquids at room
temperature(aluminium)
• Insulators become conductors(silicon).

42. Properties of Nanostructures
• The physical and chemical properties of
nanostructures are distinctly different from
those of a single atom (molecule) and bulk
matter with the same chemical composition.

43. Classification of Nanomaterials:
• Nanomaterials can be nanoscale in
• one dimension (e.g., surface films),
• two dimensions (e.g., strands or fibers), or
• three dimensions (e.g., precipitates, colloids).
• They can exist in single, fused, aggregated or
agglomerated forms with spherical, tubular,
and irregular shapes.

44. Nanomaterials have the structural
features
• Nanomaterials have the structural features in
between of those of atoms and the bulk
materials.
• While most microstructured materials have
similar properties to the corresponding bulk
materials, the properties of materials with
nanometer dimensions are significantly
different from those of atoms and bulks
materials.

45. Nanometer size
• This is mainly due to the nanometer size of
the materials which render them:
• large fraction of surface atoms;
• high surface energy;
• spatial confinement;
• reduced imperfections, which do not exist in
the corresponding bulk materials.

47. Gold

48. Properties of nanomaterials
• Due to their small dimensions, nanomaterials
have extremely large surface area to volume
ratio, which makes a large to be the surface or
interfacial atoms, resulting in more “surface”
dependent material properties.
• The properties of nanomaterials are very
much different from those at a larger scale.

49. Two principal factors
• Two principal factors cause the properties of
Nano Materials to differ significantly from
other materials (1) Increased relative surface
area and (2) Quantum confinement effect.
• These factors can charge or enhance
properties such as reactivity, strength and
electrical characteristics.

50. Studying nanostructures and
nanomaterials
• Sophisticated microscopes
• Their resolving power

54. The use of modern microspcopes
Tem 2

55. Mantra of nanotechnology

56. One example we will today
• Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)

57. Carbon nanotubes
•layers of carbon bonded in hexagonal lattices
•form large sheets of graphene
•when sheets are rolled up they form tubes which are existent at a
nanometer scale
Single Walled
CNT
Multi Walled CNT
Length Less than 100nm up to several cm
Diameter .8-2nm 5-20nm
L/D 100- 4x10^7 20-2x10^6
Thermal
Conductivity
3500 W/mK
(>diamond)
-
Tensile Strength - 100 Gpa
Two types of CNTs
•multi walled
•make incredibly strong fibers
•single walled
•well suited for electrical and thermal conduction
•the strength of a MWNT is ten times higher than any other known fiber!

58. Carbon nanotubes/ Graphene
• Currently CNT’s are used in specialty applications such as bikes,
boats, and race cars because of CNT’s very light weight compared
to competing high strength materials. Most recently CNT’s have
been used in batteries, transistors, and even as a shield against
space debris for NASA’s Juno spacecraft.

59. Carbon nanotubes
• The increasing demand for CNT’s is
driving advances in CNT synthesis,
purification, and chemical modification
technology.
• The advances in production are
beginning to create new applications
for CNT’s that go beyond the
incorporation of bulk powders. The
most promising areas of research are
microelectronics, biotechnology,
water purification, and composite
materials.

60. Electron Structure of Nanotubes
• Properties stem from “graphene”
• Conducting properties determined by nature of
electronic states near Fermi energy
- energy of highest occupied electronic state
at zero temperature
• Band structure
• Unlike metal or semiconductor
• In between
• Most directions, electrons at Fermi energy are
backscattered by atoms in the lattice
• Other directions, electrons that scatter from
different atoms in lattice interfere destructively
and suppresses backscattering
• Only happens in y direction and directions
60°, 120°, 180°, 240° from y

61. • Converting 2-D to 1-D forms tube
• Resulting boundary conditions on wavefunction quantizes kn, component of
k perpendicular to axis of tube
– kn =2πn/C
• Tube axis in y direction: tube acts as 1-D metal
• Tube axis in different direction: semiconducting 1-D band structure
Electron Structure of Nanotubes
Converting from 2D to 1D
•simply a matter of changing
the tube orientation
•usually done with an electrical
current
If CNT is turned such that the axis is
pointing in the metallic direction it
results in a tube whose dispersion is a
slice through the center of a
cone. The reason it's called 1D at that
point is because the fermi velocity is
comparable to typical metals.

62. Nanotubes: how they conduct
• Attach metal electrodes
– Can be connected to single tube or bundle of several hundred tubes
– Drop tubes onto electrodes (a)
– Deposit tubes on substrate, locate with scanning electron microscope, attach
leads to tubes using lithography (b)
• Advanced techniques
– Growing tubes between electrodes
– Attaching tubes to surface in controllable fashion using electrostatic or chemical
forces
• Source and drain allow conducting properties to be measured
a b

63. Nanotubes: how they conduct
• Gate used to electrostatically induce carriers into tube
– Negative bias on gate induces positive charges on tube
– Positive bias induces negative charges
• Conductance of tube measured as function of gate voltage
http://www.physics.umd.edu/condmat/mfuhrer/publications/PWorld00all.pdf

64. CNT Synthesis
Chemical Vapor Deposition
•Most commonly used method of high volume CNT production
•A catalyst is placed in a reactor and carbon containing gas is pumped
through at a specific temperature and pressure so that it forms graphene on
the surface of the catalyst
Current bulk production methods
•leave a large number of impurities and contaminants
•must be washed out with chemical treatments
•can reduce CNT length and cause defects in CNT sidewalls

65. Chemical vapor deposition creates a bulk powder of
CNT’s. Currently research is being done to find how
catalyst and production conditions influence CNT
chirality, diameter, length, and purity.
Product
Post Production Processing:
High purity SWNT powders are created by separating bulk
powder by density or gel chromatography. Following this
various washes and thermal treatments are used to create
stability on the CNT surface by addition of surfactants.
Separation of three proteins by gel
chromatography. In the same way,
CNT’s can be separated based on
density.
Bulk CNT Powder

66. 66
CNT Production: Bottom-line
Laser Alignment
•Using lasers, single walled carbon nanotubes can
be synthesized with large lengths, if this process
can be scaled up then the cost of processing and
purifying bulk powders to achieve desirable lengths
could be avoided.
Self Aligning Growth
•Synthesis of long CNT’s could be done without
expensive and time consuming liquid processing
by coating substrates with catalyst particles which
cause the CNT’s to line up together as they grow.

67. Composite Materials
• Electrically conductive fillers in plastics
• CNT powders mixed with polymers
– Increase stiffness, strength, toughness
– No compromise in mechanical properties
• CNT resins
– Enhance fiber composites
– Wind turbines, boat hulls

68. Composite Materials
• MWNT added as flame
retardant additives to
plastics
– Change in rheology
by nanotube
loading
• Yarn
– High surface area
increases strength
when knotted

69. CNT synthesis (MWNT)
• Use of Fluidized bed reactors for
CVD
– Allows for uniform gas
diffusion
– Allows for heat transfer to
metal catalyst nanoparticles
• Has allowed for factors to greatly
decrease MWNT commercial
prices
– Scale-up
– Use of low cost feed stocks
– Increase in yields

70. SWNT >> MWNT
CNT synthesis
(SWNT)• SWNT synthesis by CVD requires
– Separation according to chirality by density gradient
centrifugation + surfactant wrapping or gel chromatography
– Stable CNT suspensions will require addition of surfactant
– Washing or thermal treatment needed to remove surfactant
– Very tight process control

71. CNT synthesis
• Synthesis of long, aligned CNTs
– Preferably without requiring to
disperse in a liquid
• Methods include
– Self-aligned growth of horizontal & vertical CNTS on substrates
– Substrates are coated with catalyst particles

72. CNT synthesis
• Can synthesize CNT
forests and
manipulate into
– Thin films
– Intricate 3D
microarchitectures
– Directly spun into
long yarns
– Drawn into sheets

73. Composite Materials
• To organize CNTs at a large scale, fiber composites
are created by growing aligned CNT forests on
– Glass
– SiC
– Alumina
– Carbon Fibers
• Creates fuzzy fibers
• Improves toughness by more than 50%

74. Coating and Films
• CNT can be a
multifunctional coating
material
– Leveraging CNT
dispersion
– Functionalization
– Large-area deposition
techniques
• Example:
– MWNT containing paints reduce bio-fouling
on hulls
– Anticorrosion coating on metals while
providing stiffness and strength

75. Coating and Films
• CNT-based transparent
conducting films
– Alternative to expensive
indium tin oxide (ITO)
– Flexible, and not brittle
– Application in
• Displays
• Touch screen devices
• photovolatics

76. Coating and Films
• CNT conductors can be deposited from solution
– Slot-die coating
– Ultrasonic spraying
• Can be patterned by economic nonlithographic methods
• Recent developments have allowed for
– SWNT films with 90% transparency
– Sheet resistivity of 100 ohm per square
– Adequate applications such as CNT thin-film heaters like defrosting windows or
sidewalks
Other
examples

77. Microelectronics
• SWNTs are attractive for transistors due
to
– Low electron scattering
– Band-gap
• Depends on diameter
• Depends on chiral angle
• Also compatible with field-effect
transistor (FET) architectures and high
k-dielectrics.
– Current densities achieved were
greater than those obtained for Si
devices.

78. Microelectronics
• CNT arrays containing 10-103 SWNTs in patterned films
increases
– Output current
– Compensates for defects and chirality differences
– Improves device uniformity and reproducibility
– Up to 105 CNTs on a single chip
http://www.nanotech-now.com/news.cgi?story_id=06788

79. Microelectronics
• CNT thin film transistors (TFT) appealing for organic light emitting
diodes (OLED) displays
– Higher mobility than amorphous Si
– Can be deposited at low T, and non-vacuum methods

80. Microelectronics
• CNTs can be used in high-power
amplifiers and function as both
– Electric leads
– Heat dissipaters
• CNTs can replace Cu in
microelectronic
interconnects.
– Low scatter
– High current carrying
capacity
– Resistance to
electromigration

81. Energy Storage
• Use of MWNTs in Li-ion
batteries
– Laptop notebooks
– Mobile phones
• MWNT powder blended with
active materials
– Increases electrical
connectivity
– Increases mechanical
strength
– Enhances cycle life and
rate capability

82. Energy Storage
(supercapacitors)
• Study on packaged cells
utilizing forest-grown SWNTs
revealed remarkable
performance
– 16 Wh kg-1 energy density
– 10 kW kg-1 power density
– 16 year lifetime forecast
• The only drawback is the high
cost of SWNTs

83. Energy Storage (Fuel Cells)
• Use of CNTs in fuel cells as catalyst
• Reduce Pt usage by 60%
• For organic solar cells, CNTs
– Reduce undesired carrier
recombination
– Enhance resistance to photo-
oxidation

84. Environment (Water filters)
• Application of tangled CNT sheets to
provide robust networks that have
controlled nanoscale porosity and are
robust
– Mechanically
– Electrochemically
• Used to electrochemically oxidize
organic contaminants, viruses, and
bacteria
• Enhanced permeability will enable
lower energy cost for water
desalination

85. Biotechnology
• CNTs have been
investigated as
components of
– Biosensors
– Medical devices
• Appeal due to
compatibility with
biomolecules
(DNA/proteins) from two
aspects:
– Dimensional
– chemical

86. Biotechnology
• CNTs enable biological
functions like
– Fluoroscence
– Photoacoustic imaging
– Localized heating via near-
infrared radiation

87. Biotechnology
(SWNT biosensors)
• Adsorption of target molecules on CNT
surface allow for large changes in
• Electrical impedance
• Optical properties
• Application include
• Gas and toxin detection in
industry and military
• Test strips for hormones and
biological markers (NO2,troponin,
estrogen, progesterone)

88. Biotechnology (In vivo)
• CNT can be loaded with
cargo on walls or inside
tube
• Attaches to cell
membrane
• Release cargo upon
near-infrared radiation

89. Nanotube transistors
• Semiconducting nanotubes
• Tube turned on: negative bias to gate
– Induces holes on tube
– Makes conductive
• Tube turned off: positive bias to gate
– Depletes holes
– Decreases conductance
• Resistance of off state can be more than million times greater than on state
– similar to p-type metal-oxide-silicon field effect transistor

90. Nanotube transistors
• Conductance limited by barriers that holes see as they traverse tube
– Barriers caused by
• structural defects in tube
• Atoms absorbed on tube
• Localized charges near tube
• Holes see peaks and valleys that they must hop through if tube is to
conduct
• Resistance dominated by highest barriers

91. Nanotubes
as one-dimensional metals
• Have large number of carriers
• Conductance much larger than
semiconducting nanotubes
• Conductance oscillates as function of
gate voltage
– Oscillations occur when additional
electron is added to nanotube
– Regular and periodic oscillations:
electronic states extended along
entire length of tube
• Electrons can travel long distances in
nanotubes without being backscattered

92. Nanotubes as
one-dimensional metals
• 1-D conductor at low voltage makes it ideal system to test ideas about electrons
• 1-D repulsive Coulomb interactions between neighboring electrons should
behave differently than 2-D or 3-D
• 2-D/3-D (a)
– Behaves as Fermi Liquid
– Electrons fill low energy states up to Fermi energy
– Low energy excitations act like free electrons (can tunnel without difficulty)
• 1-D (b)
– Low energy excitations are collective excitations of entire electron system

93. New Devices and Geometries
• Crossing metallic and semiconducting
tube
– Metallic tube locally depletes holes in
semiconducting tube
– Electron travelling tube must overcome
barrier
– Applying voltage at one end of tube
leads to correction at that end but not
other
• Nanotube coils
– Individual tube loops back on itself to
form ring-like structure
– Used as solenoids to create magnetic
fields or study quantum interference
phenomena

94. CNT
Biotechnology
Environment
Energy storage
Microelectronics
Coating
Films
Water
filters
Transistors
Biosensors
screens
Some examples

95. Future Works
• CNT biotoxicity
– Must control CNT retention within body
– Prevent undesirable accumulation
• Better understand surface chemistry and geometry
• Medical application requires better understanding of interaction of CNT with the
immune system
• Develop exposure standards for
– Inhalation
– Ingestion
– Skin contact
– Injection

96. Graphene & composite materials
• Video -1
• Video-2
• Video-3 carbon nanotubes
• Video-4 heart beat to current
• Video-5 Samsung

97. Consumer products
• Nanoscale transistors that are faster, more
powerful, and increasingly energy-efficient; soon
your computer’s entire memory may be stored
on a single tiny chip.
• Magnetic random access memory (MRAM)
enabled by nanometer‐scale magnetic tunnel
junctions that can quickly and effectively save
even encrypted data during a system shutdown
or crash, enable resume‐play features, and gather
vehicle accident data.

98. Displays for many new TVs
• Displays for many new TVs, laptop computers,
cell phones, digital cameras, and other devices
incorporate nanostructured polymer films
known as organic light-emitting diodes, or
OLEDs. OLED screens offer brighter images in
a flat format, as well as wider viewing angles,
lighter weight, better picture density, lower
power consumption, and longer lifetimes.

99. Computing and electronic products
• Other computing and electronic products
include Flash memory chips for iPod nanos;
ultraresponsive hearing aids;
antimicrobial/antibacterial coatings on
mouse/keyboard/cell phone casings;
conductive inks for printed electronics for
RFID/smart cards/smart packaging; more life-
like video games; and flexible displays for e-
book readers.

100. Nanoscale additives
• Nanoscale additives in polymer composite
materials for baseball bats, tennis rackets,
motorcycle helmets, automobile bumpers,
luggage, and power tool housings can make them
simultaneously lightweight, stiff, durable, and
resilient.
• Nanoscale additives to or surface treatments of
fabrics help them resist wrinkling, staining, and
bacterial growth, and provide lightweight ballistic
energy deflection in personal body armor.

101. Nanoscale thin films
• Nanoscale thin films on eyeglasses, computer
and camera displays, windows, and other
surfaces can make them water-repellent,
antireflective, self-cleaning, resistant to
ultraviolet or infrared light, antifog,
antimicrobial, scratch-resistant, or electrically
conductive.

102. Nanotechnology applications
• Prototype solar panels incorporating
nanotechnology are more efficient than standard
designs in converting sunlight to electricity,
promising inexpensive solar power in the future.
• Nanostructured solar cells already are cheaper to
manufacture and easier to install, since they can
use print-like manufacturing processes and can
be made in flexible rolls rather than discrete
panels. Newer research suggests that future solar
converters might even be “paintable.”

103. Fuel production
• Nanotechnology is improving the efficiency of
fuel production from normal and low-grade
raw petroleum materials through better
catalysis, as well as fuel consumption
efficiency in vehicles and power plants
through higher-efficiency combustion and
decreased friction.

104. Enzymic studies
• Nano-bioengineering of enzymes is aiming to
enable conversion of cellulose into ethanol for
fuel, from wood chips, corn stalks (not just the
kernels, as today), unfertilized perennial
grasses, etc.

105. Batteries
• Nanotechnology is already being used in
numerous new kinds of batteries that are less
flammable, quicker-charging, more efficient,
lighter weight, and that have a higher power
density and hold electrical charge longer.
• One new lithium-ion battery type uses a
common, nontoxic virus in an environmentally
benign production process.

106. Hydrogen membrane
• Nanostructured materials are being pursued
to greatly improve hydrogen membrane and
storage materials and the catalysts needed to
realize fuel cells for alternative transportation
technologies at reduced cost.
• Researchers are also working to develop a
safe, lightweight hydrogen fuel tank.

107. Convert waste heat
• Various nanoscience-based options are being
pursued to convert waste heat in computers,
automobiles, homes, power plants, etc., to
usable electrical power.
• An epoxy containing carbon nanotubes is
being used to make windmill blades that are
longer, stronger, and lighter-weight than other
blades to increase the amount of electricity
that windmills can generate.

108. Nanoscale materials in cosmetic
products
• Nanoscale materials in cosmetic products
provide greater clarity or coverage; cleansing;
absorption; personalization; and antioxidant,
anti-microbial, and other health properties in
sunscreens, cleansers, complexion treatments,
creams and lotions, shampoos, and
specialized makeup.

109. Nano-engineered materials
• Nano-engineered materials in the food
industry include nanocomposites in food
containers to minimize carbon dioxide leakage
out of carbonated beverages, or reduce
oxygen inflow, moisture outflow, or the
growth of bacteria in order to keep food
fresher and safer, longer.
• Nanosensors built into plastic packaging can
warn against spoiled food.

110. Thin-film solar electric panels
• To power mobile electronic devices,
researchers are developing thin-film solar
electric panels that can be fitted onto
computer cases and flexible piezoelectric
nanowires woven into clothing to generate
usable energy on-the-go from light, friction,
and/or body heat.

111. Energy efficiency products
• Energy efficiency products are increasing in number and
kinds of application.
• In addition to those noted above, they include more
efficient lighting systems for vastly reduced energy
consumption for illumination;
• lighter and stronger vehicle chassis materials for the
transportation sector;
• lower energy consumption in advanced electronics;
• low-friction nano-engineered lubricants for all kinds of
higher-efficiency machine gears, pumps, and fans;
• light-responsive smart coatings for glass to complement
alternative heating/cooling schemes; and
• high-light-intensity, fast-recharging lanterns for emergency
crews.

112. Paper towel
• Researchers have developed a
nanofabric "paper towel," woven
from tiny wires of potassium
manganese oxide, that can absorb
20 times its weight in oil for cleanup
applications.

113. Nanotechnology -enabled sensors
• New nanotechnology-enabled sensors and
solutions may one day be able to detect,
identify, and filter out, and/or neutralize
harmful chemical or biological agents in the
air and soil with much higher sensitivity than
is possible today.

114. Nanosensors
• Nanosensors are being developed to detect
salmonella, pesticides, and other
contaminates on food before packaging and
distribution.
• Nano-engineered materials in automotive
products include high-power rechargeable
battery systems

115. Diagnosis of atherosclerosis
• Nanotechnology has been used in the early
diagnosis of atherosclerosis, or the buildup of
plaque in arteries.
• Researchers have developed an imaging
technology to measure the amount of an
antibody-nanoparticle complex that accumulates
specifically in plaque.
• Clinical scientists are able to monitor the
development of plaque as well as its
disappearance following treatment.

116. Gold nanoparticles
• Gold nanoparticles can be used to detect
early-stage Alzheimer’s disease.

117. Molecular imaging
• Molecular imaging for the early detection
where sensitive biosensors constructed of
nanoscale components (e.g., nanocantilevers,
nanowires, and nanochannels) can recognize
genetic and molecular events and have
reporting capabilities, thereby offering the
potential to detect rare molecular signals
associated with malignancy.

118. Multifunctional therapeutics
• Multifunctional therapeutics where a
nanoparticle serves as a platform to facilitate
its specific targeting to cancer cells and
delivery of a potent treatment, minimizing the
risk to normal tissues.

119. The life of nanotechnology
• Promising future
• DNA repair

121. Nanotechnology
• Nanotechnology combines solid state physics,
chemistry, electrical engineering, chemical
engineering, biology, geology, environmental
science, maths, comp.sci., biochemistry and
biophysics, and materials science.
• It is a highly interdisciplinary subject.

122. Thank you