This mentoring session contains board-like questions. Enjoy!

1. What is Science?
 The word science comes from the Latin term
"scientia" meaning knowledge. This knowledge is
acquired through a system of study, practice,
observation and experimentation to explain problems
about nature or any other phenomenon.
 This knowledge is also based on facts obtained not by
guessing or superstitions.
 At the very core of science are the people or scientists
who observe the world or the environment and ask
questions and search for answers to these questions.

2. Branches of Science?
.
SCIENCE
Natural Sciences Social Sciences
Physical
Science
Biological
Science Psychology, sociology,
history, political science
and anthropology
ZoologyBotany

3. Branches of Zoology
• Anatomy-study of internal structure and form
of organisms.
• Bacteriology- study of bacteria.
• Biochemistry- study of chemical substances in
living organisms.
• Cytology-study of cells.
• Ecology-study of the relationships of
organisms and the environment.

4. Branches of Zoology
• Embryology-the study of the development of
the individual from fertilization to birth.
• Entomology- the study of insects.
• Genetics-the study of heredity and variation.
• Herpetology-the study of reptiles.
• Ichthyology- the study of fishes.
• Malacology-the study of mollusks

5. Branches of Zoology
• Microbiology- the study of microbes.
• Mycology-the study of fungi.
• Parasitology- the study of parasites
• Pathology-the study of diseases.
• Phycology- the study of algae.
• Physiology- the study of processes and functions
in living things.
• Protozoology- the study of unicellular organisms
or protozoans.

6. In some systems of biological
classification, the Protozoa are
a diverse group of unicellular
eukaryotic organisms.
Historically, protozoa were
defined as single-celled
organisms with animal-like
behaviours, such as motility
and predation
Scientific Name: Protozoa
Rank: Kingdom

7. Branches of Zoology
• Taxonomy-the study of classification and
naming of organisms.
• Virology- the study of viruses.
• Biochemistry - the study of the chemical
reactions required for life to exist and
function, usually a focus on the cellular level

8. Branches of Botany
• Cell Biology - the study of the cell as a complete unit,
and the molecular and chemical interactions that occur
within a living cell.
• Conservation Biology - the study of the preservation,
protection, or restoration of the natural environment,
natural ecosystems, vegetation, and wildlife
• Cryobiology - the study of the effects of lower than
normally preferred temperatures on living beings.
• Developmental Biology - the study of the processes
through which an organism develops, from zygote to
full structure.

9. Branches of Botany
• Ecology - the study of the ecosystem as a
complete unit, with an emphasis on how species
and groups of species interact with other living
beings and non-living elements.
• Entomology - the study of insects
• Environmental Biology - the study of the natural
world, as a whole or in a particular area,
especially as affected by human activity
• Epidemiology - a major component of public
health research, it is the study of factors affecting
the health and illness of populations

10. Branches of Botany
• Ethnology - the study of animal behavior.
• Evolution or Evolutionary Biology - the study
of the origin and decent of species over time
• Histology - The study of cells and tissue, a
microscopic branch of anatomy.
• Mammology - the study of mammals
• Marine Biology - the study of ocean
ecosystems, plants, animals, and other living
beings.

11. Branches of Botany
• Oceanography - the study of the ocean, including
ocean life, environment, geography, weather, and
other aspects influencing the ocean.
• Ornithology - the study of birds
• Paleontology - the study of fossils and sometimes
geographic evidence of prehistoric life
• Agriculture - study of producing crops from the
land, with an emphasis on practical applications

12. System of Binomial Nomenclature
Linnean system of binomial nomenclature, the scientific
way to name living things with a two part generic (genus)
and specific (species) name.
Linnaeus (1707-1778), a Swedish physician and botanist,
was the founder of modern taxonomy. He originated a
system called binomial nomenclature which is used for
naming living things and grouping similar organisms into
categories.
Use this sentence to remember the levels of biological
classification in order from most general to most specific:
"Little darling King Phillip came over
for good sandwiches."

13. Five (5) Kingdoms

14. Kingdom Plantae
The Kingdom plantae is also called as
kingdom Metaphyta. The Kingdom
plantae includes all types of
eukaryotic, multicellular,
photosynthetic plants found in this
biosphere. Most of the organism in
this kingdom is autotrophs, which
synthesis their own food with the help
of solar energy.

15. Kingdom Animalia
The major group of animals
are classified under the Kingdom
Animalia, also known as Metazoa. All
the members of this kingdom are
multicellular, eukaryotes. They are
heterotrophs, they depend on other
organisms directly or indirectly for
food. Most of the animals ingest food
and digest in the internal cavity. Most
of the organisms are motile which
means they can move independently
and spontaneously.

16. Kingdom Protista
Protists are a
diverse kingdom, including all
eukaryotic organisms that are
neither animals, nor plants,
nor fungi. For classification,
the protists are divided into
three groups: animal-
like protists, plant-
like protists, and fungi-
like protists.

17. Kingdom Monera
Monera is considered as the most
primitive group of organisms. They
include various types of bacteria
and blue-green algae.
Monerans are most abundant of all
organisms, due to their versatility of their
habitat. It is estimated that a single drop
of water contains 50 billion bacteria.

18. Kingdom Fungi
• The organisms in kingdom fungi
include
mushrooms, yeasts, molds, rusts, s
muts, puffballs, truffles, morels,
and molds.
• The fungi constitute and
independent group to that of
plants and animals. They live
everywhere in air, in water,
on land, in soil, and on or in plants
and animals.
• Fungi appear like plants but are
closely related to animals. Fungi
are not capable of producing their
own food,so they get their
nourishment from other sources.

19. EUKARYOTE AND PROKARYOTE

20. 1. Where do producers obtain their energy?
A. From other producers
B. From the consumers
C. From the decomposers
D. From the sun

21. Energy Cycle in Living Things
• A fascinating parallel between plant and animal
life is in the use of tiny energy factories within the
cells to handle the energy transformation
processes necessary for life. In plants, these
energy factories are called chloroplasts. They
collect energy from the sun and use carbon
dioxide and water in the process
called photosynthesis to produce sugars.
• The energy cycle for life is fueled by the Sun. The
main end product for plants and animals is the
production of highly energetic molecules like ATP
. These molecules store enough immediately
available energy to allow plants and animals to
do their necessary work.

22. 3. What term is used to describe the ability to
maintain a constant internal environment?
A. Metabolism
B. Growth and development
C. Homeostasis
D. Thermoregulation

23. • Homeostasis – is
the tendency of biological systems to maintain
relatively constant conditions in the internal e
nvironment while continuously
interacting with
and adjusting to changes originating within or
outside the system.

24. Characteristics of Living Things
1.Complex
Organization

25. Characteristics of Living Things
2. Metabolism
- exhibit a rapid turn over of chemicals;
involves exchange of matters; release of
chemical energy (waste product)
3. Responsiveness
- all living things respond to stimuli

26. Characteristics of Living Things
4. Growth
- refer to an increase in size
5. Reproduction
6. Evolution
7. Adaptation
- modification/survival
 behavioral – what organism do to adjust
Example: Falling of leaves during fall
 structural – body parts which enable them to adjust
to the environment
8. Homeostasis – state of balance

27. 4. What is the most common cause of
cardiovascular disease?
A. Fatty deposits in the arteries
B. Inadequate supply of red blood cells
C. Lack of sodium in the diet
D. Increased heartbeat

28. 5. Which is the smallest unit of life that can
survive and reproduce on its own?
A. Cell
B. Organ
C. Tissues
D. Population

29. 8. Which of the following is the building block
carbohydrate?
A. Amino acid
B. Nucleotide
C. Fatty acid
D. Monosaccharide

30. • Monosaccharides are the simplest form
of carbohydrates. They consist of
one sugar and are usually colorless, water-
soluble, crystalline solids. Some
monosaccharides have a sweet taste.
• Examples of monosaccharides
include glucose (dextrose), fructose, galactose
, and ribose.

31. The four basic categories of molecules for building life are
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
1. Carbohydrates serve many purposes, from energy to structure to
chemical communication, as monomers or polymers.
2. Lipids, which are hydrophobic, also have different purposes,
including energy storage, structure, and signaling.
3. Proteins, made of amino acids in up to four structural levels, are
involved in just about every process of life.
4. The nucleic acids DNA and RNA consist of four nucleotide building
blocks, and each has different purposes.

32. DNA is a double helix formed by base pairs
attached to a sugar-phosphate backbone.

33. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric
molecule implicated in various biological roles
in coding, decoding, regulation,
and expression of genes. RNA
and DNA are nucleic acids, and, along
with proteins and carbohydrates, constitute
the three major macromolecules essential for
all known forms of life. Like DNA, RNA is
assembled as a chain of nucleotides, but
unlike DNA it is more often found in nature as
a single-strand folded onto itself, rather than a
paired double-strand.

34. 8. Why it is necessary men have more red blood
cells per cubic millimeter of blood than
women?
A. Man does strenuous activities and need
more energy
B. They have bigger physique and need more
blood
C. Man waste more blood cells and need extra
D. They are more prone to anemia disorders

35. 9. Which of the following is the building block of
protein?
A. Amino acid
B. Nucleotide
C. Fatty acid
D. Monosaccharide

36. The basic building block of a protein is called an
amino acid. There are 20 amino acids in the
proteins you eat and in the proteins within
your body, and they link together to form
large protein molecules.

37. 11. Why are our lips “redder” than our palm?
A. There is increased blood flow in the lips
B. Lips are heavily keratinized
C. Lip epidermis is thinner
D. Many blood vessels are located around the
lips

38. 13. What is the branch of zoology that is
devoted to the study of fish?
A. Helmintology
B. Ichthyology
C. Chondrichthyes
D. Ornithology

39. 14. What is the most abundant inorganic
compound in the cytoplasm?
A. Fluid
B. Blood
C. Plasma
D. Water

40. The most abundant substance in the cytoplasm
of cells is water, by a good margin. The most
abundant organelle by mass are ribosomes,
which convert DNA into protein

41. 15. Which is the richest type of tropical rain
forest in the Philippines?
A. Molave forest
B. Dipterocarp forest
C. Mangrove forest
D. Pine forest

42. Different Types Ecosystem and There
Characteristics
Ecosystem is a biotic community living in a
particular environment such as a forest, coral
reef and other physical parts with nonliving
environment. Ecosystem was coined in 1935
by British Ecologist Sir Arthur George
Tansley who described natural system in
“constant interchange” with living and
nonliving parts.

43. Natural Ecosystem
Some of the natural ecosystems are grassland,
forest and coastal zone ecosystem.
• 1. Forest – is a plant community mostly of tress
and other woody vegetation that occupy an
extensive area of land. In a natural state it
remains in relative fixed and self-regulated over a
long period of time. Trees are determined by the
characteristic of:
• Climate
• Soil
• Topography of the region

44. Natural Ecosystem
Original forest which are untouched or virgin are
also called “Primary Forest” while when trees
in the forest are cut down by deforestation
and people plant trees again by reforestation
the forest is then called “Second-Growth
Forest or Secondary Forest”.

45. Natural Ecosystem
For example, in Philippines the primary forest in
the lowland includes dipterocarp forest,
mangrove forest and molave forest. In the
highlands, they are pine forest such as those
found in Baguio City and in the mountains of
Central Cordillera, Zambales and in Mindoro
which has “Mossy Forest”.

46. Dipterocarp Forest

47. Natural Ecosystem
2. Dipterocarp forest is the richest type of
tropical rainforest for it has the biggest plant
and animal species. Thick canopy is the richest
habitat for birds. Thick layer of decaying leaves
on the forest is the richest habitat for
millipedes, leeches, centipedes and land
snails. And the untouched dipterocarp forest
abounds in mammals, birds, reptiles and
insects that thrive on trees, grounds and in
soil.

48. Natural Ecosystem
Grassland – is an ecosystem where grasses,
sedges and forage plants are dominant
vegetation. Grasslands are also natural, semi-
natural and cultivated. It also refers to the
land with natural grass cover without trees or
very few widely scattered trees. These
grasslands are the result of destruction of
forest caused by man.

49. Grassland

50. Natural Ecosystem
Some of the animals that lives on grasslands
includes:
• Lizards
• Rats
• Birds
• Insects

51. 16. We feel warmer just before it rains because
__________.
A. Heat is released by the evaporation of water
B. The clouds prevent heat from escaping the
earth
C. There is an increased relative humidity
D. Heat is released by the condensation of
water vapor

52. Just before the rain
The surrounding would have become so hot that
some amount of water vaporises in the air
itself without falling to the ground. This water
vapour contains the heat it absorbed, and
when this water vapour combines with the air,
the humidity increases. This humidity is what
creates the warm feeling.

53. 17. Which of the following is not considered as a
reproductive cell?
A. Gamete
B. Somatic cell
C. Egg cell
D. Sperm cell

54. 19. Which of the following is the correct
sequence of the level of organization from
lowest to highest?
A. Cells-system-organs-tissues
B. System-organs-tissues-cells
C. Cells-tissues-organs-system
D. Tissues-systems-cells-organs

55. 21. Which plant has underground stem modified
for reproduction?
A. Ginger
B. Camote
C. Tubers
D. Strawberry

56. TUBER a short,
thick, round stem
that is a part of
certain plants
(such as the
potato), that
grows
underground, and
that can produce
a new plant.

57. 22. Which of the following structures serve as a
passageway of food and air?
A. Epiglottis
B. Trachea
C. Pharynx
D. Larynx

59. 23. Which kind of relationship is exhibited by
algae and fungi in lichen?
A. Commensalism
B. Parasitism
C. Symbiosis
D. Competition

60. Lichenlook like tiny plants, butthey’re
actually a fusion between a plant and a
fungus.
Like the slime molds, lichens area
hybrid; a symbiotic relationship
between an algae and a fungus.

61. 24. What do you call the finger-like folds on the
inner linings of the small intestine?
A. Villi
B. Appendix
C. Rugae
D. Cecum

62. 25. What is that flap-like structure that prevents
the food from going the wrong way during
swallowing?
A. Epiglottis
B. Larynx
C. Esophagus
D. Pharynx

63. 26. Which pigment is dominant in red algae?
A. Phycocyanin
B. Fucoxanthin
C. Phycoerythrin
D. Pharynx

64. Red algae are, not surprisingly,
red, reddish or purplish in color.
There are about 6,000 species
of red algae, and they
are protists in the phylum
Rhodophyta.

65. How Does Red Algae Get Its Color?
When you think of algae, you might think of
something that is green or brownish green. So
what gives red algae their color?
Red algae contain a variety of pigments,
including cholorophyll a, phycobiliproteins,
red phycoerythrin, blue phycocyanin,
carotenes, lutein, and zeaxanthin. The most
important pigment is phycoerythrin, which
provides the algae's red pigmentation by
reflecting red light and absorbing blue light.
Red algae with little of this pigment may
appear more green or blue than red due to
the other pigments in this algae.
Because red algae contains pigments that
absorb blue light waves, it can be found
deeper in the ocean than some other algaes.

66. 28. What process is responsible for the upward
movement of the water in very tall trees?
A. Osmosis
B. Capillary action
C. Turgor pressure
D. Transpiration

67. Turgor Pressure

68. Capillary action (sometimes
capillarity, capillary motion,
or wicking) is the ability of a
liquid to flow in narrow
spaces without the assistance
of, and in opposition to,
external forces like gravity.

69. Plants use capillary
action to bring water up the
roots and stems to the rest of
the plant. The molecules of the
water (liquid) are attracted to
the molecules of the inside of
the stem (solid). This attraction
is used to help force the water
up from the ground and
disperse throughout the plant.

70. 29. What is the longest bone in the body?
A. Humerus
B. Femur
C. Tibia-fibula
D. Clavicle

71. HUMERUS

72. FEMUR

73. TIBIA-FIBULA

74. CLAVICLE

75. 31. . How many bones an adult human body
has?
A. 201
B. 200
C. 217
D. 206

76. 35. Which of the following is not a type of
cell?
A. Bacterium
B. Amoeba
C. Sperm
D. Virus

77. 36. What branch of Biology is involved when one
is studying the characteristic structure and
functions of all kinds of
cells?
A. Cytology
B. Morphology
C. Physiology
D. Histology

78. 37. Which biome grows tropical grassland with
scattered individual trees and larger
herbivores?
A. Tundra
B. Rain forest
C. Grassland
D. Savanna

79. 1. Tundra
– is the coldest of all biomes. It comes
from the Finnish word tunturia, meaning
treeless plain. It is noted fro its frost-molded
landscapes, extremely low temperatures,
little precipitation, poor nutrients, and short
growing seasons.

80. TUNDRA

81. 2. Rainforests
- are very dense, warm, wet forests. They are havens
for millions of plants and animals. They are extremely
important in the ecology of the Earth. The plants of the
rainforests generate much of the Earth’s oxygen.
2 Types:
a. Tropical Rainforests – characterized by a warm and wet
climate. They are located in the tropics (equatorial zone,
Tropic of Cancer, Tropic of Capricorn).
b. Temperate Rainforests – only occur in few regions around
the world. They found in temperate regions.

82. RAINFOREST

83. 3. Grassland
- are large, rolling terrains of grasses, flowers
and herbs. It is a region where the average
annual precipitation is great enough to
support grasses, and in some areas, a few
trees.

84. 4. Savanna
- is a hot, seasonally dry grassland with
scattered trees. This environment is
intermediate between a grassland and a
forest.

85. SAVANNA

86. 38. What do you call that process in birds
wherein they shed off features at least once a
year?
A. Skinning
B. Molting
C. Furrowing
D. Migrating

87. MOLTING
- this is the process wherein birds develop a
new coat of feathers, generally by dropping a
few feathers at a time, with new feathers
growing in their place. Birders may not notice
the molt unless they look closely. It’s a
universal phenomenon among birds.

88. 39. Which of the following is not true of
fungi?
A. Some are pathogenic
B. Some are photosynthetic
C. Some are edible
D. Form symbiotic relation with algae

89. 40. Which of the following is not true of
plants?
A. Some are pathogenic
B. Some are photosynthetic
C. Some are edible
D. Form symbiotic relation with algae

90. 41. Which of the following pair of organisms are
closely
related?
A. Spider and mosquito
B. Frog and crocodile
C. Man and monkey
D. Ants and aphids

91. 44. Which of the following is responsible for
formation of blood
cell?
A. Cartilage
B. Bone marrow
C. Joints
D. Tendons

92. 45. What is most likely happen when a species
cannot adapt to the changes in the
environment?
A. It will be transform to another form
B. It will become extinct
C. It will be isolated
D. It will grow old

93. 46. What term is used to describe the released
of matured egg cell from the
ovary?
A. Fertilization
B. Copulation
C. Ovulation
D. Germination

94. 48. Which of the following blood cells is
responsible for blood
clotting?
A. Erythrocytes
B. Leukocytes
C. Thrombocytes
D. Neutrophils

95. 49. What theory of evolution accounts for
snake’s disappearance of legs and
development of giraffe’s long
neck?
A. Theory of use and disuse
B. Theory of natural selection
C. Theory of chromosomal change
D. Theory of action and interaction

96. 50. Which of the following is not an accessory
organ of
digestion?
A. Liver
B. Pancreas
C. Salivary gland
D. Adrenal gland

97. 51. What hormone stimulates the development of
male secondary sex
characteristics?
A. Estrogen
B. Prolactin
C. Testosterone
D. Progesteron