Power plant

Power Plant
A power station (also referred to as a generating station, power plant, or powerhouse) is an industrial
facility for the generation of electric power.
Power plant is also used to refer to the engine in ships, aircraft and other large vehicles. Some prefer to use
the term energy center because it more accurately describes what the plants do, which is the conversion of
other forms of energy, like chemical energy, gravitational potential energy or heat energy into electrical
energy. However, power plant is the most common term in the U.S, while elsewhere power station
and power plant are both widely used.
At the center of nearly all power stations is a generator, a rotating machine that converts mechanical energy
into electrical energy by creating relative motion between a magnetic field and a conductor. The energy
source harnessed to turn the generator varies widely. It depends chiefly on which fuels are easily available
and on the types of technology that the power company has access to.
Out of different types of Power Plants, major one are:
i) Thermal Power Plant: At present 53.4% or 92378.38 MW (Data Source CEA, as on
30/12/2010) of total electricity production in India is from Coal Based Thermal Power Station. A
coal based thermal power plant converts the chemical energy of the coal into electrical energy.
This is achieved by raising the steam in the boilers, expanding it through the turbine and coupling
the turbines to the generators which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy…
More…
ii)Hydro Power Plant: In hydroelectric power plants the potential energy of water due to its high
location is converted into electrical energy. The total power generation capacity of the hydroelectric power
plants depends on the head of water and volume of water flowing towards the water turbine.
It is the most widely used form of renewable energy. Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the
project produces no direct waste, and has a considerably lower output level of the greenhouse gas carbon
dioxide (CO2) than fossil fuel powered energy plants…
More…
iii) Nuclear Power Plant: Nuclear power is the fourth-largest source of electricity in India after
thermal, hydro and renewable sources of electricity. As of 2010, India has 19 nuclear power plants
in operation generating 4,560 MW while 4 other are under construction and are expected to
generate an additional 2,720 MW. India is also involved in the development of fusion reactors
through its participation in the ITER project…
More…
This is a list of States and Union Territories of India by installed capacity of power utilities
with generation mode break-up as of 31-05-10published by theMinistry of Power with figures in
millions of watts (megawatts).
Rank State/Union Territory
Total Installed
Capacity
Total
Thermo
Nuclear Hydro RES**
— India 159968.45 95151.74 4860.00 36877.76 13242.41
1 Maharashtra 21469.24 14071.28 852.06 3332.83 2159.21

2 Tamil Nadu 14638.28 6957.77 657.39 2093.95 4379.64
3 Gujarat 14325.47 8104.08 37.41 3572.93 668.66
4 Andhra Pradesh 13920.58 9498.39 825.00 3772.00 1397.50
5 Karnataka 10533.54 7034.47 203.72 1605.49 402.98
6 Uttar Pradesh 9,646.73 4057.09 190.90 3518.20 1880.54
7 Madhya Pradesh 6,780.01 3435.93 151.04 3031.57 161.47
8 West Bengal 8,113.27 4534.01 92.88 3223.67 262.71
9 Punjab 6,426.15 3774.03 469.00 1456.82 726.30
10 Rajasthan 8,471.69 6470.14 740.00 1162.00 99.55
11 Haryana 8,530.29 7054.03 76.16 1331.40 68.70
12 DVC 3386.00 3190.00 0.00 196.00 0.00
13 Delhi Territory 3,677.34 3045.20 47.08 585.06 0.00
15 Kerala 3514.05 1545.82 80.09 1769.10 119.04
12 Orissa 2072.46 0865.23 0.00 1174.93 32.30
19 Jharkhand 2,152.57 1972.52 0.00 176.00 4.05
21 Himachal Pradesh 1,896.47 156.43 14.08 1540.84 185.12
14 Chhattisgarh 3,607.05 3312.90 0.00 120.00 174.15
20 Bihar 1,969.99 1846.59 0.00 73.00 50.40
17 Uttarakhand 2,383.03 301.05 16.28 1955.73 109.97
18 Jammu and Kashmir 2,158.95 509.62 68.00 1469.50 111.83
22 Assam 980.30 522.19 0.00 431.00 27.11
23 Goa 357.23 327.18 0.00 0.00 30.05
24 Meghalaya 288.08 28.05 0.00 229.00 31.03
25 Pondicherry Territory 256.62 239.51 17.09 0.00 0.02
26 Tripura 243.36 165.35 0.00 62.00 16.01
28 Arunachal Pradesh 180.14 36.88 0.00 98.00 45.26
29 Manipur 158.86 71.41 0.00 81.00 5.45
30 Mizoram 119.33 67.86 0.00 34.00 17.47
27 Sikkim 193.09 76.98 0.00 75.00 41.11
31 Nagaland 102.67 21.00 0.00 53.00 28.67
32 NLC 100.17 100.17 0.00 0.00 0.00
33 Chandigarh Territory 93.46 41.58 4.84 47.04 0.00
36
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Territory
65.40 60.05 0.00 0.00 5.35
34
Dadra and Nagar Haveli
Territory
80.78 78.80 1.98 0.00 0.00
35 Daman and Diu Territory 71.10 69.12 1.98 0.00 0.00
37 Lakshadweep Territory 10.73 9.97 0.00 0.00 0.76
Renewable Energy Sources (RES) includes SHP, BG, BP, U&I, and Wind Energy.
Thermal Power Plant

At present 54.09% or 93918.38 MW (Data Source CEA, as on 31/03/2011) of total electricity production in
India is from Coal Based Thermal Power Station. A coal based thermal power plant converts the chemical
energy of the coal into electrical energy. This is achieved by raising the steam in the boilers, expanding it
through the turbine and coupling the turbines to the generators which converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy.
Coal Based Power Station
Introductory overview
In a coal based power plant coal is transported from coal mines to the power plant by railway in wagons or
in a merry-go-round system. Coal is unloaded from the wagons to a moving underground conveyor belt.
This coal from the mines is of no uniform size. So it is taken to the Crusher house and crushed to a size of
20mm. From the crusher house the coal is either stored in dead storage( generally 40 days coal supply)
which serves as coal supply in case of coal supply bottleneck or to the live storage(8 hours coal supply) in
the raw coal bunker in the boiler house. Raw coal from the raw coal bunker is supplied to the Coal Mills by
a Raw Coal Feeder. The Coal Mills or pulverizer pulverizes the coal to 200 mesh size. The powdered coal
from the coal mills is carried to the boiler in coal pipes by high pressure hot air. The pulverized coal air
mixture is burnt in the boiler in the combustion zone.
Generally in modern boilers tangential firing system is used i.e. the coal nozzles/ guns form tangent to a
circle. The temperature in fire ball is of the order of 1300 deg.C. The boiler is a water tube boiler hanging
from the top. Water is converted to steam in the boiler and steam is separated from water in the boiler Drum.
The saturated steam from the boiler drum is taken to the Low Temperature Superheater, Platen Superheater
and Final Superheater respectively for superheating. The superheated steam from the final superheater is
taken to the High Pressure Steam Turbine (HPT). In the HPT the steam pressure is utilized to rotate the
turbine and the resultant is rotational energy. From the HPT the out coming steam is taken to the Reheater in
the boiler to increase its temperature as the steam becomes wet at the HPT outlet. After reheating this steam
is taken to the Intermediate Pressure Turbine (IPT) and then to the Low Pressure Turbine (LPT). The outlet
of the LPT is sent to the condenser for condensing back to water by a cooling water system. This condensed

water is collected in the Hotwell and is again sent to the boiler in a closed cycle. The rotational energy
imparted to the turbine by high pressure steam is converted to electrical energy in the Generator.
Diagram of a typical coal-fired thermal power station
Coal Based Thermal Power Plant
Principal
Coal based thermal power plant works on the principal of Modified Rankine Cycle.

Modified rankine Cycle
Components of Coal Fired Thermal Power Station:
 Coal Preparation
i) Fuel preparation system: In coal-fired power stations, the raw feed coal from the coal storage area is
first crushed into small pieces and then conveyed to the coal feed hoppers at the boilers. The coal is next
pulverized into a very fine powder, so that coal will undergo complete combustion during combustion
process
.** pulverizer is a mechanical device for the grinding of many different types of materials. For example,
the are used to pulverize coal for combustion in the steam-generating furnaces of fossil fuel power
plants.Types of Pulverisers: Ball and Tube mills; Ring and Ball mills; MPS; Ball mill; Demolition
ii) Dryers: they are used in order to remove the excess moisture from coal mainly wetted during transport.
As the presence of moisture will result in fall in efficiency due to incomplete combustion and also result in
CO emission.
iii) Magnetic separators: coal which is brought may contain iron particles. These iron particles may result
in wear and tear. The iron particles may include bolts, nuts wire fish plates etc. so these are unwanted and so
are removed with the help of magnetic separators.
iv) The coal we finally get after these above process are transferred to the storage site.
Purpose of fuel storage is two –
 Fuel storage is insurance from failure of normal operating supplies to arrive.
 Storage permits some choice of the date of purchase, allowing the purchaser to take advantage of
seasonal market conditions. Storage of coal is primarily a matter of protection against the coal
strikes, failure of the transportation system & general coal shortages.

There are two types of storage:
1. Live Storage (boiler room storage): storage from which coal may be withdrawn to supply
combustion equipment with little or no remanding is live storage. This storage consists of about 24 to
30 hrs. of coal requirements of the plant and is usually a covered storage in the plant near the boiler
furnace. The live storage can be provided with bunkers & coal bins. Bunkers are enough capacity to
store the requisite of coal. From bunkers coal is transferred to the boiler grates.
2. Dead storage- stored for future use. Mainly it is for longer period of time, and it is also mandatory to
keep a backup of fuel for specified amount of days depending on the reputation of the company and
its connectivity.There are many forms of storage some of which are –
1. Stacking the coal in heaps over available open ground areas.
2. As in (I). But placed under cover or alternatively in bunkers.
3. Allocating special areas & surrounding these with high reinforced concerted retaking walls.
 Boiler and auxiliaries
A Boiler or steam generator essentially is a container into which water can be fed and steam can be taken out
at desired pressure, temperature and flow. This calls for application of heat on the container. For that the
boiler should have a facility to burn a fuel and release the heat. The functions of a boiler thus can be stated
as:-
1. To convert chemical energy of the fuel into heat energy
2. To transfer this heat energy to water for evaporation as well to steam for superheating.
The basic components of Boiler are: -
1. Furnace and Burners
2. Steam and Superheating
a) Low temperature superheater
b) Platen superheater
c) Final superheater
 Economiser
It is located below the LPSH in the boiler and above pre heater. It is there to improve the efficiency of boiler
by extracting heat from flue gases to heat water and send it to boiler drum.
Advantages of Economiser include
1) Fuel economy: – used to save fuel and increase overall efficiency of boiler plant.
2) Reducing size of boiler: – as the feed water is preheated in the economiser and enter boiler tube at
elevated temperature. The heat transfer area required for evaporation reduced considerably.
 Air Preheater
The heat carried out with the flue gases coming out of economiser are further utilized for preheating the air
before supplying to the combustion chamber. It is a necessary equipment for supply of hot air for drying the
coal in pulverized fuel systems to facilitate grinding and satisfactory combustion of fuel in the furnace
 Reheater

Power plant furnaces may have a reheater section containing tubes heated by hot flue gases outside the
tubes. Exhaust steam from the high pressure turbine is rerouted to go inside the reheater tubes to pickup
more energy to go drive intermediate or lower pressure turbines.
 Steam turbines
Steam turbines have been used predominantly as prime mover in all thermal power stations. The steam
turbines are mainly divided into two groups: -
1. Impulse turbine
2. Impulse-reaction turbine
The turbine generator consists of a series of steam turbines interconnected to each other and a generator on a
common shaft. There is a high pressure turbine at one end, followed by an intermediate pressure turbine, two
low pressure turbines, and the generator. The steam at high temperature (536 ‘c to 540 ‘c) and pressure (140
to 170 kg/cm2) is expanded in the turbine.
 Condenser
The condenser condenses the steam from the exhaust of the turbine into liquid to allow it to be pumped. If
the condenser can be made cooler, the pressure of the exhaust steam is reduced and efficiency of
the cycle increases. The functions of a condenser are:-
1) To provide lowest economic heat rejection temperature for steam.
2) To convert exhaust steam to water for reserve thus saving on feed water requirement.
3) To introduce make up water.
We normally use surface condenser although there is one direct contact condenser as well. In direct contact
type exhaust steam is mixed with directly with D.M cooling water.
 Boiler feed pump
Boiler feed pump is a multi stage pump provided for pumping feed water to economiser. BFP is the biggest
auxiliary equipment after Boiler and Turbine. It consumes about 4 to 5 % of total electricity generation.
 Cooling tower
The cooling tower is a semi-enclosed device for evaporative cooling of water by contact with air. The hot
water coming out from the condenser is fed to the tower on the top and allowed to tickle in form of thin
sheets or drops. The air flows from bottom of the tower or perpendicular to the direction of water flow and
then exhausts to the atmosphere after effective cooling.
The cooling towers are of four types: -
1. Natural Draft cooling tower
2. Forced Draft cooling tower
3. Induced Draft cooling tower
4. Balanced Draft cooling tower
 Fan or draught system

In a boiler it is essential to supply a controlled amount of air to the furnace for effective combustion of fuel
and to evacuate hot gases formed in the furnace through the various heat transfer area of the boiler. This can
be done by using a chimney or mechanical device such as fans which acts as pump.
i) Natural draught
When the required flow of air and flue gas through a boiler can be obtained by the stack (chimney) alone,
the system is called natural draught. When the gas within the stack is hot, its specific weight will be less than
the cool air outside; therefore the unit pressure at the base of stack resulting from weight of the column of
hot gas within the stack will be less than the column of extreme cool air. The difference in the pressure will
cause a flow of gas through opening in base of stack. Also the chimney is form of nozzle, so the pressure at
top is very small and gases flow from high pressure to low pressure at the top.
ii) Mechanized draught
There are 3 types of mechanized draught systems
1) Forced draught system
2) Induced draught system
3) Balanced draught system
Forced draught: – In this system a fan called Forced draught fan is installed at the inlet of the boiler. This
fan forces the atmospheric air through the boiler furnace and pushes out the hot gases from the furnace
through superheater, reheater, economiser and air heater to stacks.
Induced draught: – Here a fan called ID fan is provided at the outlet of boiler, that is, just before the
chimney. This fan sucks hot gases from the furnace through the superheaters, economiser, reheater and
discharges gas into the chimney. This results in the furnace pressure lower than atmosphere and affects the
flow of air from outside to the furnace.
Balanced draught:-In this system both FD fan and ID fan are provided. The FD fan is utilized to draw
control quantity of air from atmosphere and force the same into furnace. The ID fan sucks the product of
combustion from furnace and discharges into chimney. The point where draught is zero is called balancing
point.
 Ash handling system
The disposal of ash from a large capacity power station is of same importance as ash is produced in large
quantities. Ash handling is a major problem.
i) Manual handling: While barrows are used for this. The ash is collected directly through the ash outlet
door from the boiler into the container from manually.
ii) Mechanical handling: Mechanical equipment is used for ash disposal, mainly bucket elevator, belt
conveyer. Ash generated is 20% in the form of bottom ash and next 80% through flue gases, so called Fly
ash and collected in ESP.
iii) Electrostatic precipitator: From air preheater this flue gases (mixed with ash) goes to ESP. The
precipitator has plate banks (A-F) which are insulated from each other between which the flue gases are
made to pass. The dust particles are ionized and attracted by charged electrodes. The electrodes are
maintained at 60KV. Hammering is done to the plates so that fly ash comes down and collect at the bottom.
The fly ash is dry form is used in cement manufacture.

 Generator
Generator or Alternator is the electrical end of a turbo-generator set. It is generally known as the piece of
equipment that converts the mechanical energy of turbine into electricity. The generation of electricity is
based on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
Advantages of coal based thermal Power Plant
 They can respond to rapidly changing loads without difficulty
 A portion of the steam generated can be used as a process steam in different industries
 Steam engines and turbines can work under 25 % of overload continuously
 Fuel used is cheaper
 Cheaper in production cost in comparison with that of diesel power stations
Disadvantages of coal based thermal Power Plant
 Maintenance and operating costs are high
 Long time required for erection and putting into action
 A large quantity of water is required
 Great difficulty experienced in coal handling
 Presence of troubles due to smoke and heat in the plant
 Unavailability of good quality coal
 Maximum of heat energy lost
 Problem of ash removing
Major Thermal Power Plants in India
Plant Name Operator Location District State
Secto
r
Units
Capacit
y
(MW)
Akrimota Thermal
Power Station
GMDC Chher Nani Kutch Gujarat State 2×125 250
Amarkantak
Thermal Power
Station
MPPGCL Chachai Anuppur
Madhya
Pradesh
State
2×120,
1×210
450
Amravati Thermal
Power Plant
INDIABULL
S
Nandgaonpet
h
Amravati
Maharashtr
a
Privat
e
10X270 2700
Anpara Thermal
Power Station
UPRVUNL Anpara Sonebhadra
Uttar
Pradesh
State
3×210,
2×500
1630
Badarpur Thermal
Power Station
NTPC Badarpur New Delhi NCT Delhi
Centra
l
3×95,
2×210
705
Bakreshwar
Thermal Power
Station
WBPDCL Suri Birbhum
West
Bengal
State 5×210 1050
Bandel Thermal
Power Station
WBPDCL Tribeni Hooghly
West
Bengal
State
4×60,
1×210
450
Barauni Thermal
Power Station
NTPC Barauni Begusarai Bihar State
2×50,
2×105
310
Barsingsar Lignite
Power Plant
NLC Barsingsar Bikaner Rajasthan
Centra
l
2×125 250
Bellary Thermal
Power Station
KPCL Kudatini Bellary Karnataka State 1×500 500

Bhawnendra Singh
Deo Power Plant
CSPGCL Korba East Korba
Chhattisgar
h
State
4×50,
2×120
440
Bhilai Expansion
Power Plant
NTPC-SAIL(
JV)
Bhilai Durg
Chhattisgar
h
Centra
l
2×250 500
Bhusawal Thermal
Power Station
MAHAGENC
O
Deepnagar Jalgaon
Maharashtr
a
State 2×210 420
Bokaro Thermal
Power Station B
DVC Bokaro Bokaro Jharkhand
Centra
l
3×210 630
Budge Budge
Thermal Power
Plant
CESC Achipur
South 24
Paraganas
West
Bengal
Privat
e
3×250 750
Captive Power
Plant
NALCO Angul Angul Orissa State 2×210 420
CESC Southern
Generating Station
CESC Metiabruz Metiabruz
West
Bengal
Privat
e
3×67.5 135
Chandrapur Super
Thermal Power
Station
MAHAGENC
O
Urjanagar Chandrapur
Maharashtr
a
State
4×210,
3×500
2340
Chandrapura
Thermal Power
Station
DVC Chandrapura Bokaro Jharkhand
Centra
l
3×130,
3×120,
2×250
1250
Chhabra Thermal
Power Plant
RVUNL Mothipura Baran Rajasthan State 2×250 500
Dahanu Thermal
Power Station
Reliance
Energy
Dahanu Thane
Maharashtr
a
Privat
e
2×250 500
Dhuvaran
Thermal Power
Station
GSECL Khambhat Anand Gujarat State 2×110 220
Dr Narla Tatarao
TPS
APGENCO
Ibrahimpatna
m
Krishna
Andhra
Pradesh
State
6×210,
1×500
1760
Dr Shyama Prasad
Mukharjee
Thermal Power
Plant
CSPGCL Korba Korba
Chhattisgar
h
State 2×250 500
Durgapur Steel
Thermal Power
Station
DVC Durgapur Bardhman
West
Bengal
Centra
l
2×500 1000
Durgapur
Thermal Power
Plant
DPL Durgapur Bardhaman
West
Bengal
State
2×30,
1×70,
2×75,
1×110,
1×300
690
Secto
r
Units
Capacit
y
(MW)
Durgapur
Thermal Power
Station
DVC Durgapur Bardhaman
West
Bengal
Centra
l
1×140,
1×210
350
Ennore Thermal
Power Station
TNEB Ennore Chennai
Tamil
Nadu
State
2×60,
3×110
450

Essar Power
Gujarat Ltd.
Essar Power Jamnagar Salaya Gujarat
Privat
e IPP
2X600 1200
Farakka Super
Thermal Power
Station
NTPC Nagarun Murshidabad
West
Bengal
Centra
l
3×200,
2×500,
1×500
2100
Faridabad
Thermal Power
Station
HPGCL Faridabad Faridabad Haryana State 1×55 55
Feroj Gandhi
Unchahar
Thermal Power
Plant
NTPC Unchahar Raebareli
Uttar
Pradesh
Centra
l
5×210 1050
Gandhinagar
Thermal Power
Station
GSECL Gandhinagar Gandhinagar Gujarat State
2×120,
3×210
870
Giral Lignite
Power Plant
RVUNL Thumbli Barmer Rajasthan State 2×125 250
Guru Gobind
Singh Super
Thermal Power
Plant
PSPCL Ghanauli Rupnagar Punjab State 6×210 1260
Guru Hargobind
TP
PSPCL
Lehra
Mohabbat
Bathinda Punjab State
2×210,
2×250
920
Guru Nanak dev
TP
PSPCL Bathinda Bathinda Punjab State 4×110 440
Harduaganj
Thermal Power
Station
UPRVUNL Harduaganj Aligarh
Uttar
Pradesh
State
1×55,
1×60,
1×105
220
Hirakud Power:
CPP
Hindalco
Industries
Hirakud Sambalpur Orissa
Privat
e CPP
1x 67.5,
3×100
367.5
IB Thermal Power
Plant
OPGCL Banharpali Jharsuguda Orissa State 8×120 960
Jharsuguda TPP Vedanta Jharsuguda Jharsuguda Orissa
Privat
e IPP
4×600 2400
Jindal Megha
Power Plant
Jindal Tamnar Raigarh
Chhattisgar
h
Privat
e
4×250 1000
Jojobera TPP Tata Jojobera Jamshedpur Jharkhand
Privat
e
3×120,
1×67.5
427.5
JSW EL-SBU-I
Power Plant
JSW Vijayanagar Bellary Karnataka
Privat
e
2×130 260
JSW EL-SBU-II
Power Plant
JSW Vijayanagar Bellary Karnataka
Privat
e
2×300 600
Kahalgaon Super
Thermal Power
Station
NTPC Kahalgaon Bhagalpur Bihar
Centra
l
4×210,
3×500
2340
Kakatiya Thermal
Power Station
APGENCO Chelpur Warangal
Andhra
Pradesh
State 1×500 500
Khaperkheda
Thermal Power
MAHAGENC
O
Kaparkheda Nagpur
Maharashtr
a
State
4×210,
1×500
1340

Station
Koderma Thermal
Power Station
DVC Koderma Koderma Jharkhand
Centra
l
2×500 1000
Kolaghat Thermal
Power Station
WBPDCL Mecheda
East
Midnapore
West
Bengal
State 6×210 1260
Koradi Thermal
Power Station
MAHAGENC
O
Koradi Nagpur
Maharashtr
a
State
1×200,
2×210
620
Secto
r
Units
Capacit
y
(MW)
Korba Super
Thermal Power
Plant
NTPC Jamani Palli Korba
Chhattisgar
h
Centra
l
3×200,
4×500
2600
Korba West
Hasdeo Thermal
Power Plant
CSPGCL Korba west Korba
Chhattisgar
h
State 4×210 840
Kota Super
Thermal Power
Plant
RVUNL Kota Kota Rajasthan State
2×110,
3×210,
2×195
1240
Kothagudem
Thermal Power
Station
APGENCO Paloncha Khammam
Andhra
Pradesh
State
4×60,
4×120
720
Kothagudem
Thermal Power
Station V Stage
APGENCO Paloncha Khammam
Andhra
Pradesh
State 2×250 500
Kutch Thermal
Power Station
GSECL Panandhro Kutch Gujarat State 2×70, 2×75 290
Lanco
Amarkantak
Power Plant
Lanco Pathadi Korba
Chhattisgar
h
Privat
e
2×300 600
Mejia Thermal
Power Station
DVC Durlavpur Bankura
West
Bengal
Centra
l
4×210,
2×250,
2×500
2340
Mettur Thermal
Power Station
TNEB Metturdam Salem
Tamil
Nadu
State 4×210 840
Mundra Thermal
Power Station
Adani Power Mundra Kutch Gujarat
Privat
e
4×330,
5X660
4620
Mundra Ultra
Mega Power
Project
Tata Power Mundra Kutch Gujarat
Privat
e
5X800 4000
Muzaffarpur
Thermal Power
Station
NTPC Kanti Muzaffarpur Bihar State 2×110 220
Nashik Thermal
Power Station
MAHAGENC
O
Nashik Nashik
Maharashtr
a
State 3×210 630
Neyveli Thermal
Power Station
NLC Neyveli Cuddalore
Tamil
Nadu
Centra
l
6×50,
3×100,
2×210
1020
Neyveli Thermal NLC Neyveli Cuddalore Tamil Centra 7×210 1470

Power Station Nadu l
Neyveli Zero Unit NLC Neyveli Cuddalore
Tamil
Nadu
Privat
e
1×250 250
North Chennai
Thermal Power
Station
TNEB Athipattu Thiruvallore
Tamil
Nadu
State 3×210 630
NTPC Dadri NTPC Vidyutnagar
Gautam Budh
Nagar
Uttar
Pradesh
Centra
l
4×210,
2×490
1820
NTPC
Ramagundam
NTPC Jyothi Nagar Karimnagar
Andhra
Pradesh
Centra
l
3×200,
4×500
2600
Obra Thermal
Power Station
UPRVUNL Obra Sonebhadra
Uttar
Pradesh
State
1×40,
3×94,
5×200
1,322
Panipat Thermal
Power Station I
HPGCL Assan Panipat Haryana State 4×110 440
Panipat Thermal
Power Station II
HPGCL Assan Panipat Haryana State
2×210,
2×250
920
Panki Thermal
Power Station
UPRVUNL Panki Kanpur
Uttar
Pradesh
State 2×105 210
Paras Thermal
Power Station
MAHAGENC
O
Vidyutnagar Akola
Maharashtr
a
State 2×250 500
Parichha Thermal
Power Station
UPRVUNL Parichha Jhansi
Uttar
Pradesh
State
2×110,
2×210
640
Parli Thermal
Power Station
MAHAGENC
O
Parli-
Vaijnath
Beed
Maharashtr
a
State
3×210,
2×250
1130
Secto
r
Units
Capacit
y
(MW)
Patratu Thermal
Power Station
JSEB Patratu Ramgarh Jharkhand State
4×40,
2×90,
2×105,
2×110
770
Raichur Thermal
Power Station
KPCL Raichur Raichur Karnataka State
7×210,
1×250
1720
Raj west Lignite
Power Plant
JSW Barmer Barmer Rajasthan
Privat
e
8×135 1080
Rajghat Power
Station
IPGCL Rajghat North Delhi Delhi State 2X67.5 135
Rajiv Gandhi
Thermal Power
Station
HPGCL Khedar Hisar Haryana State 1×600 600
Ramagundam B
Thermal Power
Station
APGENCO Ramagundam Karimnagar
Andhra
Pradesh
State 1×62.5 62.5
Rayalaseema
Thermal Power
Station
APGENCO Cuddapah YSR
Andhra
Pradesh
State 4×210 840
Rihand Thermal
Power Station
NTPC Rihand Nagar Sonebhadra
Uttar
Pradesh
Centra
l
4×500 2000

Rosa Thermal
Power Plant
Reliance Rosa Shahjahanpur
Uttar
Pradesh
Privat
e
4×300 1200
Sabarmati
Thermal Power
Station
Torrent Power Sabarmati Ahmedabad Gujarat
Privat
e
1×60,
1×120,
2×110
400
Sagardigi Thermal
Power Station
WBPDCL Monigram Murshidabad
West
Bengal
State 2×300 600
Sanjay Gandhi
Thermal Power
Station
MPPGCL Birsinghpur Umaria
Madhya
Pradesh
State
4×210,
1×500
1340
Santaldih Thermal
Power Station
WBPDCL Santaldih Purulia
West
Bengal
State
4×120,
1×250
730
Satpura Thermal
Power Station
MPPGCL Sarni Betul
Madhya
Pradesh
State
5×37.5,
1×200,
3×210
1017.5
Sikka Thermal
Power Station
GSECL Jamnagar Jamnagar Gujarat State 2×120 240
Simhadri Super
Thermal Power
Plant
NTPC Simhadri
Visakhapatna
m
Andhra
Pradesh
Centra
l
4×500 2000
Singrauli Super
Thermal Power
Station
NTPC Shaktinagar Sonebhadra
Uttar
Pradesh
Centra
l
5×200,
2×500
2000
Sipat Thermal
Power Plant
NTPC Sipat Bilaspur
Chhattisgar
h
Centra
l
2×500,
2×660
2320
Surat Thermal
Power Station
GIPCL Nani Naroli Surat Gujarat State 4×125 500
Suratgarh Super
Thermal Power
Plant
RVUNL Suratgarh
Sri
Ganganagar
Rajasthan State 6×250 1500
Talcher Super
Thermal Power
Station
NTPC Kaniha Angul Orissa
Centra
l
6×500 3000
Talcher Thermal
Power Station
NTPC Talcher Angul Orissa
Centra
l
4×60,
2×110
460
Tanda Thermal
Power Plant
NTPC Vidyutnagar
Ambedkar
Nagar
Uttar
Pradesh
Centra
l
4×110 440
Tenughat Thermal
Power Station
TVNL Bermo Bokaro Jharkhand State 2×210 420
Secto
r
Units
Capacit
y
(MW)
Titagarh Thermal
Power Station
CESC Titagarh
North 24
Paraganas
West
Bengal
Privat
e
4×60 240
Trombay Thermal
Power Station
Tata Trombay Mumbai
Maharashtr
a
Privat
e
1×150,
2×500,
1×250
1400
Tuticorin Thermal
Power Station
TNEB Tuticorin Tuticorin
Tamil
Nadu
State 5×210 1050

Udupi Thermal
Power Plant
Lanco Nandikoor Udupi Karnataka
Privat
e
1×600 600
Ukai Thermal
Power Station
GSECL Ukai dam Tapi Gujarat State
2×120,
2×200,
1×210
850
Vedanta
Aluminum CPP
Vedanta Jharsuguda Jharsuguda Orissa
Privat
e CPP
9×135 1215
Vindhyachal
Super Thermal
Power Station
NTPC
Vindhya
Nagar
Singrauli
Madhya
Pradesh
Centra
l
6×210,
4×500,
1×500
3760
VS Lignite Power
Plant
KSK Gurha Bikaner Rajasthan
Privat
e
1×125 125
Wanakbori
Thermal Power
Station
GSECL Wanakbori Kheda Gujarat State 7×210 1470
Wardha Warora
Power Station
KSK Warora Chandrapur
Maharashtr
a
Privat
e
1×135 135
Hydro Power Plant
Overview
In hydroelectric power plants the potential energy of water due to its high location is converted into
electrical energy. The total power generation capacity of the hydroelectric power plants depends
on the head of water and volume of water flowing towards the water turbine.
It is the most widely used form of renewable energy. Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed,
the project produces no direct waste, and has a considerably lower output level of the greenhouse
gas carbon dioxide (CO2) than fossil fuel powered energy plants.
India was one of the pioneering countries in establishing hydro-electric power plants. The power
plant at Darjeeling and Shimsha (Shivanasamudra) was established in 1898 and 1902 respectively
and is one of the first in Asia. The installed capacity as on 31st March ’2011 was
approximately 37567.40MW i.e 21.64%(source CEA). Out of total hydro generation the state
sector contribute the highest 27257.00MW, followed by PSU’s with capacity of 8885.40MW while
the private sector accounts for only 1425.00MW (source CEA as on 31st march 2011).
The hydroelectric power plant, also called as dam or hydropower plant, is used for generation
of electricity from water on large scale basis. The dam is built across the large river that has
sufficient quantity of water throughout the river. In certain cases where the river is very large, more
than one dam can built across the river at different locations.
Working Principle of Hydroelectric Power Plant
The water flowing in the river possesses two type of energy: the kinetic energy due to flow of water
and potential energy due to the height of water. In hydroelectric power plants or dams potential
energy of water is utilized to generate electricity.
The formula for total power that can be generated from water in hydroelectric power plant due to
its height is given by
P = rhg

Where: P is the total power that can be produced in watts
r- is the flow rate of water measured in cubic meters per second.
h- is called height of water measured in meters. It is also head of water. It is difference in height
between the source of water (from where water is taken) and the water’s outflow (where the water
is used to generate electricity, it is the place near the turbines).
g- is the gravity constant 9.81 m/second square
The formula clearly shows that the total power that can be generated from the hydroelectric power
plants depends on two major factors: the flow rate of water or volume of flow of water and height
or head of water. More the volume of water and more the head of water more is the power
produced in the hydroelectric power plant.
To obtain the high head of water the reservoir of water should as high as possible and power
generation unit should be as low as possible. The maximum height of reservoir of water is fixed by
natural factors like the height of river bed, the amount of water and other environmental factors.
The location of the power generation unit can be adjusted as per the total amount of power that is
to be generated. Usually the power generation unit is constructed at levels lower than ground level
so as to get the maximum head of water.
The total flow rate of water can be adjusted through the penstock as per the requirements. If more
power is to be generated more water can be allowed to flow through it.
Generating methods
Cross section of a conventional hydroelectric dam.

A typical turbine and generator
Conventional
Most hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy of dammed water driving a water
turbine and generator. The power extracted from the water depends on the volume and on the
difference in height between the source and the water’s outflow. This height difference is called
the head. The amount of potential energy in water is proportional to the head. To deliver water to a
turbine while maintaining pressure arising from the head, a large pipe called a penstock may be
used.
Pumped-storage
This method produces electricity to supply high peak demands by moving water between
reservoirs at different elevations. At times of low electrical demand, excess generation capacity is
used to pump water into the higher reservoir. When there is higher demand, water is released
back into the lower reservoir through a turbine. Pumped-storage schemes currently provide the
most commercially important means of large-scale grid energy storage and improve the daily
capacity factor of the generation system.
Run-of-the-river
Run-of-the-river hydroelectric stations are those with comparably smaller reservoir capacities, thus
making it impossible to store water.
Tide
A tidal power plant makes use of the daily rise and fall of water due to tides; such sources are
highly predictable, and if conditions permit construction of reservoirs, can also be dispatchable to

generate power during high demand periods. Less common types of hydro schemes use water’s
kinetic energy or undammed sources such as undershot waterwheels.
Layout of Hydroelectric Power Plants
Hydroelectric power plants convert the hydraulic potential energy from water into electrical energy.
Such plants are suitable were water with suitable headare available. The layout covered in this
article is just a simple one and only cover the important parts of hydroelectric plant.The different
parts of a hydroelectric power plant are
(1) Dam
Dams are structures built over rivers to stop the water flow and form a reservoir.The reservoir
stores the water flowing down the river. This water is diverted to turbines in power stations. The
dams collect water during the rainy season and stores it, thus allowing for a steady flow through
the turbines throughout the year. Dams are also used for controlling floods and irrigation. The
dams should be water-tight and should be able to withstand the pressure exerted by the water on
it. There are different types of dams such as arch dams, gravity dams and buttress dams. The
height of water in the dam is called head race.
(2) Spillway
A spillway as the name suggests could be called as a way for spilling of water from dams. It is
used to provide for the release of flood water from a dam. It is used to prevent over toping of the
dams which could result in damage or failure of dams. Spillways could be controlled type or
uncontrolled type. The uncontrolled types start releasing water upon water rising above a
particular level. But in case of the controlled type, regulation of flow is possible.
(3) Penstock and Tunnel
Penstocks are pipes which carry water from the reservoir to the turbines inside power station. They are
usually made of steel and are equipped with gate systems. Water under high pressure flows through the
penstock. A tunnel serves the same purpose as a penstock. It is used when an obstruction is present between
the dam and power station such as a mountain.
 Pressure Shaft/penstock is enclosed pipe/channel used to deliver/feed water to hydraulic
turbines in respect of hydro power plant.
 Pressure tunnels must be kept far below the lowest possible hydraulic gradient to avoid, the creation
of vacuum and the consequent risks of unstable flow, cavitation and collapse of lining.
 Total friction losses in the tunnel must not be great enough to impair the output and the
regulation of machines.

(4) Power house
Power house is a station for generation of electricity. It houses equipment and personnel working in a power
generating station.
Essential components of the power house are:
a) Machine hall.
b) Unloading and erection bay.
c) Annexes or Extensions
d) Passages or ducts for cables, bus-bars and pipes
e) Control room
f) Workshop
g) Storage space
h) Office and administrative accommodation.
(5) HYDRO TURBINES
Classified into two categories:
Impulse Turbine
a) Uses the velocity of water to move the runner & discharges to atmospheric pressure.
b) The water stream hits each bucket on the runner.
c) There is no suction on the down side of the turbine.
d) Water flows out the bottom of the turbine housing after hitting the runner.
e) Generally suitable for high head, low flow applications
Reaction Turbine
a) Develops power from the combined action of pressure and moving water
b) Runner is placed directly in the water stream flowing over the blades rather than striking each
individually
c) Used for sites with lower head and higher flows
Advantages
 Renewable, non-radioactive & non-polluting source of Energy
 Reliable, clean and efficient Energy Source.
 Low cost of generation
 Low operation & maintenance charges
 Inherent ability for quick starting, stopping & instantaneous load acceptance/ rejection

 Meet peak load requirement.
 Avoided Green House Gas (GHG) emissions from equivalent thermal and other fuel based power
projects
 Increase in Agriculture Productivity through development of irrigation and multipurpose schemes
 Flood Mitigation through large storage dams
Disadvantages
 Ecosystem damage and loss of land
 Siltation
 Flow shortage
 Methane emissions (from reservoirs)
 Relocation
 Failure hazard
List of Major Hydro Power Stations in India
Plant Name No of Units x Size
Total
Capacity
Group Company State
Bhakra Dam 5*108 540 BBMB Punjab
Bhakra Dam 5*157 785 BBMB Punjab
GANGUWAL 1*29.25+2*24.2 77.65 BBMB Himachal Pradesh
KOTLA 1*29.25+2*24.2 77.65 BBMB Himachal Pradesh
Dehar (Pandoh) 6*165 990 BBMB Himachal Pradesh
Pong 6*66 396 BBMB Himachal Pradesh
BAIRA SIUL 3*66 198 NHPC (NR) Himachal Pradesh
SALAL-I 3*115 345 NHPC (NR) Jammu & Kashmir
SALAL- II 3*115 345 NHPC (NR) Jammu & Kashmir
TANAKPUR 3*31.4 94.2 NHPC (NR) Himachal Pradesh
CHAMERA-I 3*180 540 NHPC (NR) Himachal Pradesh
URI 4*120 480 NHPC (NR) Jammu & Kashmir
DHAULIGANGA 4*70 280 NHPC (NR) Uttarakhand
DULHASTI 3*130 390 NHPC (NR) Jammu & Kashmir
SEWA-II 3*40 120 NHPC (NR) Jammu & Kashmir
TEESTA LOW DAM III 2*33 66 NHPC (NR) West Bengal
CHUTAK 4*11 44 NHPC (NR) Jammu & Kashmir
NATHPA JHAKRI 6*250 1500 SJVNL (NR) Himachal Pradesh
TEHRI 4*250 1000 THDC (NR) Uttarakhand
KOTESHWAR 4*100 400 THDC (NR) Uttarakhand
GIRI BATA 2*30 60 HPSEBL Himachal Pradesh
BASSI 4*15 60 HPSEBL Himachal Pradesh
SANJAY BHABHA 3*40 120 HPSEBL Himachal Pradesh
LARJI 3*42 126 HPSEBL Himachal Pradesh
MALANA 2*43 86 MALANA Himachal Pradesh

POWER
COMPANY
LIMITED (PVT)
MALANA-II 2*50 100
EVEREST
POWER
PRIVATE
LIMITED (PVT)
Himachal Pradesh
Baspa-II 3*100 300 JHPL Himachal Pradesh
ALLAIN DUHANGAN 2*96 192
ALLAIN
DUHANGAN
HYDRO POWER
LTD. (PVT.)
Himachal Pradesh
KARCHAMWANGTOO 4*250 1000
JAYPEE
KARCHAM
HYDRO POWER
LTD.
Himachal Pradesh
BUDHIL 2*35 70
LANCO GREEN
POWER PVT.
LIMITED
(LGPPL)
Himachal Pradesh
LOWER JHELUM 3*35 105 J&KSPDC Jammu & Kashmir
UPPER SINDH – II 3*35 105 J&KSPDC Jammu & Kashmir
BAGLIHAR 3*150 450 J&KSPDC Jammu & Kashmir
SHANAN 4*15+1*50 110 PSPCL Punjab
MUKERIAN ST-I PH-I 3*15 45 PSPCL Punjab
MUKERIAN ST-I PH-II 3*15 45 PSPCL Punjab
MUKERIAN ST-I PH-III 3*19.5 58.5 PSPCL Punjab
MUKERIAN ST-I PH-IV 3*19.5 58.5 PSPCL Punjab
A.P.SAHIB ST.I 2*33.5 67 PSPCL Punjab
A.P.SAHIB ST.II 2*33.5 67 PSPCL Punjab
RANJIT SAGAR DAM 4*150 600 PSPCL Punjab
R.P.SAGAR 4*43 172 RRJVUNL RAJASTHAN
J.SAGAR 3*33 99 RRJVUNL RAJASTHAN
MAHIBAJAJ – I 2*25 50 RRJVUNL RAJASTHAN
MAHIBAJAJ – II 2*45 90 RRJVUNL RAJASTHAN
RIHAND 6*50 300 UPJVNL UTTAR PRADESH
OBRA 3*33 99 UPJVNL UTTAR PRADESH
MATATILLA 3*10.2 30.6 UPJVNL UTTAR PRADESH
KHARA 3*24 72 UPJVNL UTTAR PRADESH
DHAKRANI 3*11.25 33.75 UJVNL UTTARAKHAND
DHALIPUR 3*17 51 UJVNL UTTARAKHAND
KULHAL 3*10 30 UJVNL UTTARAKHAND
CHIBRO 4*60 240 UJVNL UTTARAKHAND
KHODRI 4*30 120 UJVNL UTTARAKHAND
RAMGANGA 3*66 198 UJVNL UTTARAKHAND
CHILLA 4*36 144 UJVNL UTTARAKHAND

MANERIBHALI
(THILOT) ST.-I
3*30 90 UJVNL UTTARAKHAND
MANERIBHALI
STAGE-II
4*76 304 UJVNL UTTARAKHAND
KHATIMA 3*13.8 41.4 UJVNL UTTARAKHAND
VISHNUPRAYAG 4*100 400
JAIPRAKASH
POWER
VENTURE LTD.
(PVT.)
UTTARAKHAND
UKAI 4*75 300 GSECL GUJARAT
KADANA (PSS) 4*60 240 GSECL GUJARAT
SARDAR SAROVAR-CHPH
5*50 250 SSNNL GUJARAT
SARDAR SAROVAR-RBPH
6*200 1200 SSNNL GUJARAT
INDIRA SAGAR 8*125 1000 NHDC MADHYA PRADESH
OMKARESHWAR 8*65 520 NHDC MADHYA PRADESH
GANDHI SAGAR 5*23 115 MPGPCL MADHYA PRADESH
RANI AWANTI BAI
2*45 90 MPGPCL MADHYA PRADESH
SAGAR
PENCH 2*80 160 MPGPCL MADHYA PRADESH
BAN SAGAR TONS – I 3*105 315 MPGPCL MADHYA PRADESH
BANSAGAR TONS-II 2*15 30 MPGPCL MADHYA PRADESH
BANSAGAR TONS-III 3*20 60 MPGPCL MADHYA PRADESH
RAJGHAT 3*15 45 MPGPCL MADHYA PRADESH
MADHIKHERA 3*20 60 MPGPCL MADHYA PRADESH
HANSDEO BANGO 3*40 120 CSPGC CHHATISGARH
KOYNA I&II 4*70+4*80 600 MAHANGENCO MAHARASHTRA
KOYNA III 4*80 320 MAHANGENCO MAHARASHTRA
KOYNA IV 4*250 1000 MAHANGENCO MAHARASHTRA
KOYNA DPH 2*18 36 MAHANGENCO MAHARASHTRA
VAITARNA 1*60 60 MAHANGENCO MAHARASHTRA
BIRA TAIL RACE 2*40 80 MAHANGENCO MAHARASHTRA
TILLARI 1*60 60 MAHANGENCO MAHARASHTRA
GHATGHAR PSS 2*125 250 MAHANGENCO MAHARASHTRA
BHIRA 6*25 150
TATA POWER
COMPANY
(PVT.)
MAHARASHTRA
BHIVPURI 3*24+2*1.5 75
TATA POWER
COMPANY
(PVT.)
MAHARASHTRA
KHOPOLI 3*24 72
TATA POWER
COMPANY
(PVT.)
MAHARASHTRA
BHIRA PSS 1*150 150
TATA POWER
COMPANY
MAHARASHTRA

(PVT.)
BANDHARDHARA – II 1*34 34
DODSON-LINDBLOM
HYDRO POWER
PVT. LTD.
(DLHP)
MAHARASHTRA
MACHKUND 3*17+3*21.25 114.75 APGENCO ANDHRA PRADESH
UPPER SILERU ST-I 2*60 120 APGENCO ANDHRA PRADESH
UPPER SILERU ST-II 2*60 120 APGENCO ANDHRA PRADESH
LOWER SILERU 4*115 460 APGENCO ANDHRA PRADESH
T.B.DAM 4*9 36 APGENCO ANDHRA PRADESH
HAMPI 4*9 36 APGENCO ANDHRA PRADESH
N.J.SAGAR 1*110+7*100.8 815.6 APGENCO ANDHRA PRADESH
SRISAILAM 7*110 770 APGENCO ANDHRA PRADESH
N.J.SAGAR RBC 2*30 60 APGENCO ANDHRA PRADESH
N.J.SAGAR RBC EXT. 1*30 30 APGENCO ANDHRA PRADESH
N.J.SAGAR LBC 2*30 60 APGENCO ANDHRA PRADESH
POCHAMPAD 3*9 27 APGENCO ANDHRA PRADESH
SRISAILAM LBPH 6*150 900 APGENCO ANDHRA PRADESH
PRIYDARSHNI
6*39 234 APGENCO ANDHRA PRADESH
JURALA
SHARAVATHY 10*103.5 1035 KPCL KARNATAKA
LINGNAMAKKI 2*27.5 55 KPCL KARNATAKA
BADHRA 1*2+2*12+1*7.20+1* 39.2 KPCL KARNATAKA
KALINADI 3*135+3*150 855 KPCL KARNATAKA
SUPA DPH 2*50 100 KPCL KARNATAKA
VARAHI 4*115 460 KPCL KARNATAKA
GHATPRABHA 2*16 32 KPCL KARNATAKA
KADRA 3*50 150 KPCL KARNATAKA
KODASALI 3*40 120 KPCL KARNATAKA
SHARAVATHY TAIL
4*60 240 KPCL KARNATAKA
RACE
ALMATTI DAM 1*15+5*55 290 KPCL KARNATAKA
JOG 4*13.2+4*21.6 139.2 KPCL KARNATAKA
SIVASAMUDRAM 6*3+4*6 42 KPCL KARNATAKA
MUNIRABAD 2*9+1*10 28 KPCL KARNATAKA
IDUKKI 6*130 780 KSEB KERALA
SABARIGIRI 6*50 300 KSEB KERALA
KUTTIYADI & K.
3*25+1*50 125 KSEB KERALA
EXTN.
KUTTIYADI ADDN.
EXTN.
2*50 100 KSEB KERALA
SHOLAYAR 3*18 54 KSEB KERALA
SENGULAM 4*12 48 KSEB KERALA

NARIAMANGLAM 3*15+1*25 70 KSEB KERALA
PALLIVASAL 3*5+3*7.5 37.5 KSEB KERALA
PORINGALKUTTU 4*8 32 KSEB KERALA
PANNIAR 2*15 30 KSEB KERALA
IDAMALAYAR 2*37.5 75 KSEB KERALA
LOWER PERIYAR 3*60 180 KSEB KERALA
KAKKAD 2*25 50 KSEB KERALA
KUNDAH- I 3*20 60 TNEB Tamilnadu
KUNDAH- II 5*35 175 TNEB Tamilnadu
KUNDAH- III 3*60 180 TNEB Tamilnadu
KUNDAH- IV 2*50 100 TNEB Tamilnadu
KUNDAH-V 2*20 40 TNEB Tamilnadu
PARSON’S VALLEY (
1*30 30 TNEB Tamilnadu
K.- VI )
METTUR DAM 4*12.5 50 TNEB Tamilnadu
METTUR TUNNEL 4*50 200 TNEB Tamilnadu
PERIYAR 4*35 140 TNEB Tamilnadu
KODAYAR- I 1*60 60 TNEB Tamilnadu
KODAYAR- II 1*40 40 TNEB Tamilnadu
SHOLAYAR 2*35+1*25 95 TNEB Tamilnadu
PYKARA 3*7+1*11+2*13.6 59.2 TNEB Tamilnadu
ALIYAR 1*60 60 TNEB Tamilnadu
SARKARPATHY 1*30 30 TNEB Tamilnadu
PAPANASAM 4*8 32 TNEB Tamilnadu
MOYAR 3*12 36 TNEB Tamilnadu
SURULIYAR 1*35 35 TNEB Tamilnadu
L.MET.PH-1 2*15 30 TNEB Tamilnadu
KADAMPARAI 4*100 400 TNEB Tamilnadu
PYKARA ULTIMATE 3*50 150 TNEB Tamilnadu
BHAWANI BARRAGE –
I
BHAWANI BARRAGE –
III
SUBERNREKHA – I 1*65 65 JSEB JHARKHAND
SUBERNREKHA – II 1*65 65 JSEB JHARKHAND
MAITHON 2*20+1*23.2 63.2 D.V.C. JHARKHAND
PANCHET & EXTN. 2*40 80 D.V.C. JHARKHAND
HIRAKUD – I (BURLA) 2*49.5+2*32+3*37.5 275.5 OHPC ORISSA
HIRAKUD – II
3*24 72 OHPC ORISSA
(CHIPLIMA)
BALIMELA 6*60+2*75 510 OHPC ORISSA

RENGALI 5*50 250 OHPC ORISSA
UPPER KOLAB 4*80 320 OHPC ORISSA
UPPER INDRAVATI 4*150 600 OHPC ORISSA
JALDHAKA – I 3*9 27 WBSEDCL WEST BENGAL
RAMMAM-II 4*12.5 50 WBSEDCL WEST BENGAL
PURULIA PSS 4*225 900 WBSEDCL WEST BENGAL
RANGIT-III 3*20 60 NHPC (ER) SIKKIM
TEESTA 3*170 510 NHPC (ER) SIKKIM
KARBI LANGPI 2*50 100 APGCL ASSAM
KYRDEMKULAI 2*30 60 MeSEB MEGHALAYA
UMIAM ST-I 4*9 36 MeSEB MEGHALAYA
UMIAM ST- IV 2*30 60 MeSEB MEGHALAYA
MYNTDU ST.- I 2*42 84 MeSEB MEGHALAYA
KHANDONG 3*25 75 NEEPCO MEGHALAYA
KOPILI 4*50 200 NEEPCO MEGHALAYA
DOYANG 3*25 75 NEEPCO MEGHALAYA
RANGANADI 3*135 405 NEEPCO MEGHALAYA
LOKTAK 3*35 105 NHPC (NER) MANIPUR
Nuclear Power Plant
Nuclear power is the fourth-largest source of electricity in India after thermal, hydro and
renewable sources of electricity. As of 2010, India has 19 nuclear power plants in operation
generating 4,560 MW while 4 other are under construction and are expected to generate an
additional 2,720 MW. India is also involved in the development of fusion reactors through its
participation in the ITER project.
Since early 1990s, Russia has been a major source of nuclear fuel to India. Due to dwindling
domestic uranium reserves, electricity generation from nuclear power in India declined by 12.83%
from 2006 to 2008. Following a waiver from the Nuclear Suppliers Group in September 2008
which allowed it to commence international nuclear trade, India has signed nuclear deals with
several other countries including France, United States,United Kingdom, Canada, Namibia,
Mongolia, Argentina, Kazakhstan In February 2009, India also signed a $700 million deal with
Russia for the supply of 2000 tons nuclear fuel
India now envisages to increase the contribution of nuclear power to overall electricity generation
capacity from 4.2% to 9% within 25 years. In 2010, India’s installed nuclear power generation
capacity will increase to 6,000 MW. As of 2009, India stands 9th in the world in terms of number of
operational nuclear power reactors and is constructing 9 more, including two EPRs being
constructed by France’s Areva. Indigenous atomic reactors include TAPS-3, and -4, both of which
are 540 MW reactors.India’s $717 million fast breeder reactor project is expected to be operational
by 2010.
Nuclear Power Growth in India
Growth
India, being a non-signatory of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, has been subjected to a
defacto nuclear embargo from members of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) cartel. This has

prevented India from obtaining commercial nuclear fuel, nuclear power plant components and
services from the international market, thereby forcing India to develop its own fuel, components
and services for nuclear power generation. The NSG embargo has had both negative and positive
consequences for India’s Nuclear Industry. On one hand, the NSG regime has constrained India
from freely importing nuclear fuel at the volume and cost levels it would like to support the
country’s goals of expanding its nuclear power generation capacity to at least 20,000 MW by 2020.
Also, by precluding India from taking advantage of the economies of scale and safety innovations
of the global nuclear industry, the NSG regime has driven up the capital and operating costs and
damaged the achievable safety potential of Indian nuclear power plants. On the other hand, the
NSG embargo has forced the Indian government and bureaucracy to support and actively fund the
development of Indian nuclear technologies and industrial capacities in all key areas required to
create and maintain a domestic nuclear industry. This has resulted in the creation of a large pool
of nuclear scientists, engineers and technicians that have developed new and unique innovations
in the areas of Fast Breeder Reactors, Thermal Breeder Reactors, the Thorium fuel cycle, nuclear
fuel reprocessing and Tritium extraction & production. Ironically, had the NSG sanctions not been
in place, it would have been far more cost effective for India to import foreign nuclear power plants
and nuclear fuels than to fund the development of Indian nuclear power generation technology,
building of India’s own nuclear reactors, and the development of domestic uranium mining, milling
and refining capacity.
The Indian nuclear power industry is expected to undergo a significant expansion in the coming
years thanks in part to the passing of The Indo-US nuclear deal. This agreement will allow India to
carry out trade of nuclear fuel and technologies with other countries and significantly enhance its
power generation capacity. when the agreement goes through, India is expected to generate an
additional 25,000 MW of nuclear power by 2020, bringing total estimated nuclear power
generation to 45,000 MW.
India has already been using imported enriched uranium and are currently under International
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards, but it has developed various aspects of the nuclear fuel
cycle to support its reactors. Development of select technologies has been strongly affected by
limited imports. Use of heavy water reactors has been particularly attractive for the nation because
it allows Uranium to be burnt with little to no enrichment capabilities. India has also done a great
amount of work in the development of a Thorium centered fuel cycle. While Uranium deposits in
the nation are limited there are much greater reserves of Thorium and it could provide hundreds of
times the energy with the same mass of fuel. The fact that Thorium can theoretically be utilized in
heavy water reactors has tied the development of the two. A prototype reactor that would burn
Uranium-Plutonium fuel while irradiating a Thorium blanket is under construction at the
Madras/Kalpakkam Atomic Power Station.
Nuclear Technology
Below is the link to show these processes by Graphics:
 Nuclear Science
Fission
Fusion
Radiation
Radiation Dose

 Nuclear Reactor: Two types:
1. Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)
2. Presserised Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR) :
-Reactor
-Reactor Building
-Flow Diagram of PHWR
-PHWR
-CANDU pressurised heavy water reactor (PHWR)
-VVER
Just as many conventional thermal power stations generate electricity by harnessing the thermal
energy released from burning fossil fuels, nuclear power plants convert the energy released from
the nucleus of an atom, typically via nuclear fission.
When a relatively large fissile atomic nucleus (usually uranium-235 or plutonium-239) absorbs a
neutron, a fission of the atom often results. Fission splits the atom into two or more smaller nuclei
with kinetic energy (known as fission products) and also releases gamma radiation and free
neutrons. A portion of these neutrons may later be absorbed by other fissile atoms and create
more fissions, which release more neutrons, and so on.
This nuclear chain reaction can be controlled by using neutron poisons and neutron moderators to
change the portion of neutrons that will go on to cause more fissions. Nuclear reactors generally
have automatic and manual systems to shut the fission reaction down if unsafe conditions are
detected.
A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and transports it to another area of the plant,
where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work.
Typically the hot coolant will be used as a heat source for a boiler, and the pressurized steam from
that boiler will power one or more steam turbine driven electrical generators.
There are many different reactor designs, utilizing different fuels and coolants and incorporating
different control schemes. Some of these designs have been engineered to meet a specific need.
Reactors for nuclear submarines and large naval ships, for example, commonly use highly
enriched uranium as a fuel. This fuel choice increases the reactor’s power density and extends the
usable life of the nuclear fuel load, but is more expensive and a greater risk to nuclear proliferation
than some of the other nuclear fuels.
A number of new designs for nuclear power generation, collectively known as the Generation IV
reactors, are the subject of active research and may be used for practical power generation in the
future. Many of these new designs specifically attempt to make fission reactors cleaner, safer

and/or less of a risk to the proliferation of nuclear weapons. Passively safe plants (such as the
ESBWR) are available to be built and other designs that are believed to be nearly fool-proof are
being pursued. Fusion reactors, which may be viable in the future, diminish or eliminate many of
the risks associated with nuclear fission.
Flexibility of nuclear power plants
It is often claimed that nuclear stations are inflexible in their output, implying that other forms of
energy would be required to meet peak demand. While that is true for certain reactors, this is no
longer true of at least some modern designs.
Nuclear plants are routinely used in load following mode on a large scale in France.
Boiling water reactors normally have load-following capability, implemented by varying the
recirculation water flow.
Life cycle
The nuclear fuel cycle begins when uranium is mined, enriched, and manufactured into nuclear
fuel, (1) which is delivered to a nuclear power plant. After usage in the power plant, the spent fuel
is delivered to a reprocessing plant (2) or to a final repository (3) for geological disposition. In
reprocessing 95% of spent fuel can be recycled to be returned to usage in a power plant (4).
A nuclear reactor is only part of the life-cycle for nuclear power. The process starts with mining .
Uranium mines are underground, open-pit, or in-situ leach mines. In any case, the uranium ore is
extracted, usually converted into a stable and compact form such as yellowcake, and then
transported to a processing facility. Here, the yellowcake is converted to uranium hexafluoride,
which is then enriched using various techniques. At this point, the enriched uranium, containing
more than the natural 0.7% U-235, is used to make rods of the proper composition and geometry
for the particular reactor that the fuel is destined for. The fuel rods will spend about 3 operational
cycles (typically 6 years total now) inside the reactor, generally until about 3% of their uranium has
been fissioned, then they will be moved to a spent fuel pool where the short lived isotopes
generated by fission can decay away. After about 5 years in a cooling pond, the spent fuel is
radioactively and thermally cool enough to handle, and it can be moved to dry storage casks or
reprocessed.
Conventional fuel resources
Uranium is a fairly common element in the Earth’s crust. Uranium is approximately as common as
tin or germanium in Earth’s crust, and is about 35 times more common than silver. Uranium is a
constituent of most rocks, dirt, and of the oceans. The fact that uranium is so spread out is a
problem because mining uranium is only economically feasible where there is a large
concentration. Still, the world’s present measured resources of uranium, economically recoverable
at a price of 130 USD/kg, are enough to last for “at least a century” at current consumption

rates. This represents a higher level of assured resources than is normal for most minerals. On the
basis of analogies with other metallic minerals, a doubling of price from present levels could be
expected to create about a tenfold increase in measured resources, over time. However, the cost
of nuclear power lies for the most part in the construction of the power station. Therefore the fuel’s
contribution to the overall cost of the electricity produced is relatively small, so even a large fuel
price escalation will have relatively little effect on final price. For instance, typically a doubling of
the uranium market price would increase the fuel cost for a light water reactor by 26% and the
electricity cost about 7%, whereas doubling the price of natural gas would typically add 70% to the
price of electricity from that source. At high enough prices, eventually extraction from sources such
as granite and seawater become economically feasible.
Current light water reactors make relatively inefficient use of nuclear fuel, fissioning only the very
rare uranium-235 isotope. Nuclear reprocessing can make this waste reusable and more efficient
reactor designs allow better use of the available resources.
Breeding
As opposed to current light water reactors which use uranium-235 (0.7% of all natural uranium),
fast breeder reactors use uranium-238 (99.3% of all natural uranium). It has been estimated that
there is up to five billion years’ worth of uranium-238 for use in these power plants.
Breeder technology has been used in several reactors, but the high cost of reprocessing fuel
safely requires uranium prices of more than 200 USD/kg before becoming justified economically.
As of December 2005, the only breeder reactor producing power is BN-600 in Beloyarsk, Russia.
The electricity output of BN-600 is 600 MW — Russia has planned to build another unit, BN-800,
at Beloyarsk nuclear power plant. Also, Japan’s Monju reactor is planned for restart (having been
shut down since 1995), and both China and India intend to build breeder reactors.
Another alternative would be to use uranium-233 bred from thorium as fission fuel in the thorium
fuel cycle. Thorium is about 3.5 times as common as uranium in the Earth’s crust, and has
different geographic characteristics. This would extend the total practical fissionable resource base
by 450%. Unlike the breeding of U-238 into plutonium, fast breeder reactors are not necessary —
it can be performed satisfactorily in more conventional plants. India has looked into this
technology, as it has abundant thorium reserves but little uranium.
Fusion
Fusion power advocates commonly propose the use of deuterium, or tritium, both isotopes of
hydrogen, as fuel and in many current designs also lithium and boron. Assuming a fusion energy
output equal to the current global output and that this does not increase in the future, then the
known current lithium reserves would last 3000 years, lithium from sea water would last 60 million
years, and a more complicated fusion process using only deuterium from sea water would have
fuel for 150 billion years. Although this process has yet to be realized, many experts and civilians
alike believe fusion to be a promising future energy source due to the short lived radioactivity of
the produced waste, its low carbon emissions, and its prospective power output.
Solid waste
The most important waste stream from nuclear power plants is spent nuclear fuel. It is primarily
composed of unconverted uranium as well as significant quantities of transuranic actinides
(plutonium and curium, mostly). In addition, about 3% of it is fission products from nuclear
reactions. The actinides (uranium, plutonium, and curium) are responsible for the bulk of the long-term
radioactivity, whereas the fission products are responsible for the bulk of the short-term
radioactivity.

High-level radioactive waste
After about 5 percent of a nuclear fuel rod has reacted inside a nuclear reactor that rod is no
longer able to be used as fuel (due to the build-up of fission products). Today, scientists are
experimenting on how to recycle these rods so as to reduce waste and use the remaining
actinides as fuel (large-scale reprocessing is being used in a number of countries).
A typical 1000-MWe nuclear reactor produces approximately 20 cubic meters (about 27 tonnes) of
spent nuclear fuel each year (but only 3 cubic meters of vitrified volume if reprocessed). All the
spent fuel produced to date by all commercial nuclear power plants in the US would cover a
football field to the depth of about one meter.
Spent nuclear fuel is initially very highly radioactive and so must be handled with great care and
forethought. However, it becomes significantly less radioactive over the course of thousands of
years of time. After 40 years, the radiation flux is 99.9% lower than it was the moment the spent
fuel was removed from operation, although the spent fuel is still dangerously radioactive at that
time.[51] After 10,000 years of radioactive decay, according to United States Envi ronmental
Protection Agency standards, the spent nuclear fuel will no longer pose a threat to public health
and safety.
When first extracted, spent fuel rods are stored in shielded basins of water (spent fuel pools),
usually located on-site. The water provides both cooling for the still-decaying fission products, and
shielding from the continuing radioactivity. After a period of time (generally five years for US
plants), the now cooler, less radioactive fuel is typically moved to a dry-storage facility or dry cask
storage, where the fuel is stored in steel and concrete containers. Most U.S. waste is currently
stored at the nuclear site where it is generated, while suitable permanent disposal methods are
discussed.
As of 2007, the United States had accumulated more than 50,000 metric tons of spent nuclear fuel
from nuclear reactors. Permanent storage underground in U.S. had been proposed at the Yucca
Mountain nuclear waste repository, but that project has now been effectively cancelled – the
permanent disposal of the U.S.’s high-level waste is an as-yet unresolved political problem.
The amount of high-level waste can be reduced in several ways, particularly nuclear reprocessing.
Even so, the remaining waste will be substantially radioactive for at least 300 years even if the
actinides are removed, and for up to thousands of years if the actinides are left in. Even with
separation of all actinides, and using fast breeder reactors to destroy by transmutation some of the
longer-lived non-actinides as well, the waste must be segregated from the environment for one to
a few hundred years, and therefore this is properly categorized as a long-term problem. Subcritical
reactors or fusion reactors could also reduce the time the waste has to be stored. It has been
argued[who?] that the best solution for the nuclear waste is above ground temporary storage since
technology is rapidly changing. Some people believe that current waste might become a valuable
resource in the future.
According to a 2007 story broadcast on 60 Minutes, nuclear power gives France the cleanest air of
any industrialized country, and the cheapest electricity in all of Europe. France reprocesses its
nuclear waste to reduce its mass and make more energy. However, the article continues, “Today
we stock containers of waste because currently scientists don’t know how to reduce or eliminate
the toxicity, but maybe in 100 years perhaps scientists will… Nuclear waste is an enormously
difficult political problem which to date no country has solved. It is, in a sense, the Achilles heel of
the nuclear industry… If France is unable to solve this issue, says Mandil, then ‘I do not see how
we can continue our nuclear program. Further, reprocessing itself has its critics, such as the Union
of Concerned Scientists.
Low-level radioactive waste

The nuclear industry also produces a huge volume of low-level radioactive waste in the form of
contaminated items like clothing, hand tools, water purifier resins, and (upon decommissioning)
the materials of which the reactor itself is built. In the United States, the Nuclear Regulatory
Commission has repeatedly attempted to allow low-level materials to be handled as normal waste:
landfilled, recycled into consumer items, et cetera. Most low-level waste releases very low levels
of radioactivity and is only considered radioactive waste because of its history.
Comparing radioactive waste to industrial toxic waste
In countries with nuclear power, radioactive wastes comprise less than 1% of total industrial toxic
wastes, much of which remains hazardous indefinitely. Overall, nuclear power produces far less
waste material by volume than fossil-fuel based power plants. Coal-burning plants are particularly
noted for producing large amounts of toxic and mildly radioactive ash due to concentrating
naturally occurring metals and mildly radioactive material from the coal. A recent report from Oak
Ridge National Laboratory concludes that coal power actually results in more radioactivity being
released into the environment than nuclear power operation, and that the population effective dose
equivalent from radiation from coal plants is 100 times as much as from ideal operation of nuclear
plants. Indeed, coal ash is much less radioactive than nuclear waste, but ash is released directly
into the environment, whereas nuclear plants use shielding to protect the environment from the
irradiated reactor vessel, fuel rods, and any radioactive waste on site.
Reprocessing
Reprocessing can potentially recover up to 95% of the remaining uranium and plutonium in spent
nuclear fuel, putting it into new mixed oxide fuel. This produces a reduction in long term
radioactivity within the remaining waste, since this is largely short-lived fission products, and
reduces its volume by over 90%. Reprocessing of civilian fuel from power reactors is currently
done on large scale in Britain, France and (formerly) Russia, soon will be done in China and
perhaps India, and is being done on an expanding scale in Japan. The full potential of
reprocessing has not been achieved because it requires breeder reactors, which are not yet
commercially available. France is generally cited as the most successful reprocessor, but it
presently only recycles 28% (by mass) of the yearly fuel use, 7% within France and another 21%
in Russia.
Unlike other countries, the US stopped civilian reprocessing from 1976 to 1981 as one part of US
non-proliferation policy, since reprocessed material such as plutonium could be used in nuclear
weapons: however, reprocessing is not allowed in the U.S.In the U.S., spent nuclear fuel is
currently all treated as waste.
In February, 2006, a new U.S. initiative, the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership was announced. It
is an international effort aimed to reprocess fuel in a manner making nuclear proliferation
unfeasible, while making nuclear power available to developing countries.
Depleted uranium
Uranium enrichment produces many tons of depleted uranium (DU) which consists of U-238 with
most of the easily fissile U-235 isotope removed. U-238 is a tough metal with several commercial
uses—for example, aircraft production, radiation shielding, and armor—as it has a higher density
than lead. Depleted uranium is also controversially used in munitions; DU penetrators (bullets or
APFSDS tips) “self sharpen”, due to uranium’s tendency to fracture along shear bands.
Nuclear power plants
Currently, nineteen nuclear power reactors produce 4,560.00 MW (2.9% of total installed base).

Power station Operator State Type Units Total capacity (MW)
Kaiga NPCIL Karnataka PHWR 220 x 3 660
Kakrapar NPCIL Gujarat PHWR 220 x 2 440
Kalpakkam NPCIL Tamil Nadu PHWR 220 x 2 440
Narora NPCIL Uttar Pradesh PHWR 220 x 2 440
Rawatbhata NPCIL Rajasthan PHWR
100 x 1
200 x 1
220 x 4
1180
Tarapur NPCIL Maharashtra BWR (PHWR)
160 x 2
540 x 2
1400
Total 19 4560
The projects under construction are:
Kaiga NPCIL Karnataka PHWR 220 x 1 220
Kudankulam NPCIL Tamil Nadu VVER-1000 1000 x 2 2000
Kalpakkam NPCIL Tamil Nadu PFBR 500 x 1 500
Total 4 2720
The planned projects are:
Kakrapar NPCIL Gujarat PHWR 640 x 2 1280
Rawatbhata NPCIL Rajasthan PHWR 640 x 2 1280
Jaitapur NPCIL Maharashtra EPR 1600 x 4 6400
Kaiga NPCIL Karnataka PWR 1000 x 1, 1500 x 1 2500
Bhavini
PFBR 470 x 4 1880
NPCIL
AHWR 300 300
NTPC
PWR 1000 x 2 2000
NPCIL
PHWR 640 x 4 2560
Total 10 20600
The following projects are firmly proposed.
Power
station
Operator State Type Units
Total capacity
(MW)
Kudankulam NPCIL Tamil Nadu
VVER-
1200
1200 x
2
2400
Jaitapur NPCIL Maharastra EPR
1600 x
2
3200
Pati Sonapur
Orissa PWR
6000
Kumaharia
Haryana PWR
2800
Saurashtra
Gujarat PWR
Pulivendula
NPCIL 51%, AP Genco
49%
Andhra
Pradesh
PWR
2000 x
1
2000
Kovvada
Andhra
Pradesh
PWR
Haripur
West Bengal PWR

Total 15
The following projects are proposed and to be confirmed soon.
Total 2 2400
Accidents
Several nuclear accidents have occurred in India:
Nuclear power plant accidents in India
Date Location Description
Cost
(in
millions
2006
US$)
4 May 1987 Kalpakkam, India
Fast Breeder Test Reactor at Kalpakkam refuelling
accident that ruptures the reactor core, resulting in a
two-year shutdown
300
10
September
1989
Tarapur,
Maharashtra,
India
Operators at the Tarapur Atomic Power Station find that
the reactor had been leaking radioactive iodine at more
than 700 times normal levels. Repairs to the reactor
take more than a year
78
13 May 1992
Tarapur,
Maharashtra,
India
A malfunctioning tube causes the Tarapur Atomic
Power Station to release 12 curies of radioactivity
2
31 March
1993
Bulandshahr,
Uttar Pradesh,
India
The Narora Atomic Power Station suffers a fire at two of
its steam turbine blades, damaging the heavy water
reactor and almost leading to a meltdown
220
2 February
1995
Kota, Rajasthan,
India
The Rajasthan Atomic Power Station leaks radioactive
helium and heavy water into the Rana Pratap Sagar
River, necessitating a two-year shutdown for repairs
280
22 October
2002
Kalpakkam, India
Almost 100 kg radioactive sodium at a fast breeder
reactor leaks into a purification cabin, ruining a number
of valves and operating systems
30
It is estimated that before the accident at Tarapur, lack of proper maintenance exposed more than
3000 Indian personnel to “very high” and “hazardous” radiation levels. Researchers at the
American University calculated at least 124 “hazardous incidents” at nuclear plants in India
between 1993 and 1995.

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