Presentation from the Hawai'i International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-51) in Waikoloa Village, Big Island on January 06th, 2018

1. 10,000 Steps a Day for Health?
User-based Evaluation of Wearable Activity Trackers
Aylin Ilhan and Maria Henkel
Department of Information Science
Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
HICSS-51, 03. – 06. January 2018, Hilton Waikoloa Village

3. 3

4. 3

5. 3

6. 3

7. 3

8. 3

9. 3
0
1
0
0
0
0
1 0 0 0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
1 0
0
0
1
0
0
0 1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1 1 0
0 0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1 1
0 0
1
1
0 0
0 1
1

10. 4
Self-Quantification Improving FitnessImproving Health
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
0
0
11
1

11. 5
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
0
0
11
1

13. 7
Expand and Adoption of Input
Previous Research
Theoretical Framework

14. 7
New Research Model
Expand and Adoption of Input
Previous Research
Theoretical Framework

15. 7
New Research Model 3 Research Questions
Expand and Adoption of Input
Previous Research
Theoretical Framework

16. 7
Survey (24 items)New Research Model 3 Research Questions
Expand and Adoption of Input
Previous Research
Theoretical Framework

17. 8
D2:
User
Ease of Use
Usefulness
Trust
Fun
Gamification
D1:
Perceived Service Quality
D3:
Service Acceptance
Opting-Out
Medical Health Funds Reduce Medical Costs
Use
Impact
Dissemination
Contagion
Group Pressure
Enforcement

18. 9
D2:
User
D1:
Perceived Service Quality
D3:
Service Acceptance
RQ1a: What strengths and weaknesses are recognized by the participants (D1 & D3)?
Ease of Use
Usefulness
Trust
Fun
Gamification
Opting-Out
Medical Health Funds Reduce Medical Costs
Use
Impact
Dissemination
Contagion
Group Pressure
Enforcement

19. 10
D2:
User
D1:
Perceived Service Quality
D3:
Service Acceptance
RQ1b: How do perceived service quality and acceptance of activity trackers
influence each other (D1 & D3)?
Ease of Use
Usefulness
Trust
Fun
Gamification
Opting-Out
Medical Health Funds Reduce Medical Costs
Use
Impact
Dissemination
Contagion
Group Pressure
Enforcement

20. 11
D2:
User
D1:
Perceived Service Quality
D3:
Service Acceptance
RQ2: Country-specific differences based on perceived service quality and acceptance,
regarding activity trackers (D1& D3)?
Ease of Use
Usefulness
Trust
Fun
Gamification
Opting-Out
Medical Health Funds Reduce Medical Costs
Use
Impact
Dissemination
Contagion
Group Pressure
Enforcement

21. 12
D2:
User
D1:
Perceived Service Quality
D3:
Service Acceptance
RQ3: Country-specific differences based on medical health funds and reducing medical
costs, regarding sharing activity data?
Ease of Use
Usefulness
Trust
Fun
Gamification
Use Opting-Out
Impact
Dissemination
Contagion
Group Pressure
Enforcement
Medical Health Funds Reduce Medical Costs

22. 13
Survey
(24 items)

23. 13
Survey
(24 items)
N = 803

24. 13
Survey
(24 items)
N = 803
March 25 to June 08, 2017

25. 13
Survey
(24 items)
N = 803
March 25 to June 08, 2017

26. Survey
(24 items)
14

27. Survey
(24 items)
Survey
(18 items)
14

28. Survey
(24 items)
Survey
(18 items)
15 items
7-point Likert scale
1 item
Open question
2 items
Nominal scaled
14

29. SPSS
Median
Mann-Whitney U Test
Spearman Rho
15

31. RQ1a: What strengths and weaknesses are recognized by the participants
(D1 & D3)?

32. 18
Strongly Agree (Median: 7)
Ease of Use
1 – Strongly Disagree
2 – Disagree
3 – Somewhat Disagree
4 – Neither Agree or Disagree
5 – Somewhat Agree
6 – Agree
7 – Strongly Agree

33. 18
Strongly Agree (Median: 7)
Ease of Use
Fun
1 – Strongly Disagree
2 – Disagree
3 – Somewhat Disagree
4 – Neither Agree or Disagree
5 – Somewhat Agree
6 – Agree
7 – Strongly Agree

34. 19
Agree (Median: 6)
Usefulness
1 – Strongly Disagree
2 – Disagree
3 – Somewhat Disagree
4 – Neither Agree or Disagree
5 – Somewhat Agree
6 – Agree
7 – Strongly Agree

35. 20
Somewhat Agree (Median: 5)
Gamification
1 – Strongly Disagree
2 – Disagree
3 – Somewhat Disagree
4 – Neither Agree or Disagree
5 – Somewhat Agree
6 – Agree
7 – Strongly Agree

36. 21
Strongly Disagree (Median: 1)
Enforcement
1 – Strongly Disagree
2 – Disagree
3 – Somewhat Disagree
4 – Neither Agree or Disagree
5 – Somewhat Agree
6 – Agree
7 – Strongly Agree

37. 22
Somewhat Disagree (Median: 3)
Contagion
1 – Strongly Disagree
2 – Disagree
3 – Somewhat Disagree
4 – Neither Agree or Disagree
5 – Somewhat Agree
6 – Agree
7 – Strongly Agree

38. RQ1b: How do perceived service quality and acceptance of activity trackers
influence each other (D1 & D3)?

39. +.673 ***
24
D1: Usefulnes D3: Impact

40. +.673 ***
+.629 ***
24
D1: Usefulnes D3: Impact
D3: Dissemination D3: Impact

41. +.475 ***
+.673 ***
+.629 ***
24
D1: Usefulnes D3: Impact
D3: Dissemination D3: Impact
D1: Gamification D3: Usefulness

42. RQ2: Country-specific differences based on perceived service quality and
acceptance, regarding activity trackers (D1 & D3)?

43. 26
Fun ***
Strongly Agree Agree
Mann-Whitney U test
p<.05 *; p<.01 **; p<.001 ***

44. 27
Trust ***
Mann-Whitney U test
p<.05 *; p<.01 **; p<.001 ***
Somewhat Agree Agree

45. 28
Enforcement ***
Mann-Whitney U test
p<.05 *; p<.01 **; p<.001 ***
Strongly Disagree Somewhat Disagree

46. RQ3: Country-specific differences based on medical health funds and
reducing medical costs, regarding sharing activity data?

47. 30
Reduce Medical Fees ***
Mann-Whitney U test
p<.05 *; p<.01 **; p<.001 ***
Somewhat Agree Agree

48. 31
Support of Health Insurance Funds *
Mann-Whitney U test
p<.05 *; p<.01 **; p<.001 ***
Somewhat Agree Agree

50. 33
What can we take home?

51. Next steps
34
• Understanding of country-specific differences related to medical
health insurances requires more American and international participants
• Deeper analysis of different medical health insurance funds
• Qualitative interviews
• Analysis of different generations (Generation X, Generation Y, Generation Z,
Baby boomers)

52. Best Listener
35
Congratulation to your following achievement:

53. Do you have any question before you start to collect steps?
36

54. Thank you for your attention!
Aylin Ilhan (aylin.ilhan@hhu.de)
Maria Henkel (maria.henkel@hhu.de)

55. Picture References:
38
Slide 1:
https://pixabay.com/de/tempo-fu%C3%9Fabdruck-fu%C3%9F-651817/
Slide 2:
https://pixabay.com/de/tempo-fu%C3%9Fabdruck-fu%C3%9F-651817/
Slide 3:
https://pixabay.com/de/tempo-fu%C3%9Fabdruck-fu%C3%9F-651817/
https://pixabay.com/de/hand-menschen-geste-menschliche-312073/
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/512540/affection_heart_love_passion_icon#size=256
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/1886508/burn_burning_danger_fire_flame_hot_icon#size=256
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/1378852/bed_double_furniture_house_interior_icon#size=256
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/2203547/count_stop_time_watch_icon#size=256
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/512534/exercise_fitness_gym_gymnasium_icon#size=256
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/2203530/connect_direction_path_way_icon#size=256

56. Picture References:
39
Slide 4:
https://pixabay.com/de/tempo-fu%C3%9Fabdruck-fu%C3%9F-651817/
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/512540/affection_heart_love_passion_icon#size=256
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/1886508/burn_burning_danger_fire_flame_hot_icon#size=256
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/1378852/bed_double_furniture_house_interior_icon#size=256
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/2203547/count_stop_time_watch_icon#size=256
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/512534/exercise_fitness_gym_gymnasium_icon#size=256
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/2203530/connect_direction_path_way_icon#size=256
https://pixabay.com/de/avatar-kunden-kundschaft-ikonen-2191932/

57. Picture References:
40
Slide 5:
https://pixabay.com/de/tempo-fu%C3%9Fabdruck-fu%C3%9F-651817/
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/512540/affection_heart_love_passion_icon#size=256
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/1886508/burn_burning_danger_fire_flame_hot_icon#size=256
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/1378852/bed_double_furniture_house_interior_icon#size=256
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/2203547/count_stop_time_watch_icon#size=256
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/512534/exercise_fitness_gym_gymnasium_icon#size=256
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/2203530/connect_direction_path_way_icon#size=256
https://pixabay.com/de/medizin-pharma-pille-flasche-2801025/
https://pixabay.com/de/arzt-gesundheit-icon-button-2411135/
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/1679639/bow_box_gift_package_present_ribbon_icon#size=256
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/206469/analytics_chart_keynote_money_icon#size=256
https://pixabay.com/de/sparschwein-schwein-bank-472297/

58. Picture References:
41
Slide 6:
https://pixabay.com/de/tempo-fu%C3%9Fabdruck-fu%C3%9F-651817/
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/473629/configure_options_preferences_repair_settings_system_tools_icon#size=256
Slide 7:
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/379550/analytics_icon#size=256
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/379340/map_mind_paper_icon#size=256
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/667353/brain_mind_process_think_icon#size=256
https://pixabay.com/de/app-anwendung-pfeil-zur%C3%BCck-button-1646212/
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/811462/information_mark_question_sign_icon#size=256
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/1790662/checklist_clipboard_document_form_survey_tracklist_icon#size=256

59. Picture References:
42
Slide 8-12:
https://pixabay.com/de/tempo-fu%C3%9Fabdruck-fu%C3%9F-651817/
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/1679639/bow_box_gift_package_present_ribbon_icon#size=256
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/206469/analytics_chart_keynote_money_icon#size=256
https://pixabay.com/de/sparschwein-schwein-bank-472297/
https://pixabay.com/de/medizin-pharma-pille-flasche-2801025/
https://pixabay.com/de/avatar-kunden-kundschaft-ikonen-2191932/
https://pixabay.com/de/vereinigte-staaten-flagge-2887014/
https://pixabay.com/de/deutschland-flagge-2888541/
https://pixabay.com/de/app-anwendung-pfeil-zur%C3%BCck-button-1646212/

60. Picture References:
43
Slide 13:
https://pixabay.com/de/tempo-fu%C3%9Fabdruck-fu%C3%9F-651817/
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/1790662/checklist_clipboard_document_form_survey_tracklist_icon#size=256
https://pixabay.com/de/app-anwendung-pfeil-zur%C3%BCck-button-1646212/
https://pixabay.com/de/avatar-kunden-kundschaft-ikonen-2191932/
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/728924/clock_hour_schedule_stopwatch_time_timer_wait_icon#size=256
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/986954/reddit_icon#size=512
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/287520/whatsapp_icon#size=512
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/107170/circle_color_twitter_icon#size=512
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/287559/mail_icon#size=512
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/107175/circle_color_facebook_icon#size=256

61. Picture References:
44
Slide 14:
https://pixabay.com/de/tempo-fu%C3%9Fabdruck-fu%C3%9F-651817/
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/1790662/checklist_clipboard_document_form_survey_tracklist_icon#size=256
https://pixabay.com/de/app-anwendung-pfeil-zur%C3%BCck-button-1646212/
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/512540/affection_heart_love_passion_icon#size=256
Slide 15:
https://pixabay.com/de/tempo-fu%C3%9Fabdruck-fu%C3%9F-651817/
https://pixabay.com/de/computer-monitor-bildschirm-2653375/
https://pixabay.com/de/farbskala-himmlisch-abstufung-1829902/

62. Picture References:
45
Slide 16:
https://pixabay.com/de/tempo-fu%C3%9Fabdruck-fu%C3%9F-651817/
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/473629/configure_options_preferences_repair_settings_system_tools_icon#size=256
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/728965/analysis_chart_graph_pie_piechart_report_stats_icon#size=256
Slide 17:
https://pixabay.com/de/batterie-volle-ladung-1688883/
Slide 18-22:
https://pixabay.com/de/tempo-fu%C3%9Fabdruck-fu%C3%9F-651817/
https://pixabay.com/de/avatar-kunden-kundschaft-ikonen-2191932/
Slide 24:
https://pixabay.com/de/tempo-fu%C3%9Fabdruck-fu%C3%9F-651817/

63. Picture References:
46
Slide 25:
https://pixabay.com/de/tempo-fu%C3%9Fabdruck-fu%C3%9F-651817/
https://pixabay.com/de/avatar-kunden-kundschaft-ikonen-2191932/
https://pixabay.com/de/vereinigte-staaten-flagge-2887014/
https://pixabay.com/de/deutschland-flagge-2888541/
Slide 26:
https://pixabay.com/de/tempo-fu%C3%9Fabdruck-fu%C3%9F-651817/
https://pixabay.com/de/vereinigte-staaten-flagge-2887014/
https://pixabay.com/de/deutschland-flagge-2888541/
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/1325173/emoji_emoticon_happy_joy_laugh_reaction_smile_icon#size=256

64. Picture References:
47
Slide 27:
https://pixabay.com/de/tempo-fu%C3%9Fabdruck-fu%C3%9F-651817/
https://pixabay.com/de/vereinigte-staaten-flagge-2887014/
https://pixabay.com/de/deutschland-flagge-2888541/
https://pixabay.com/de/internet-sicherheit-sicherheit-1915626/

65. Picture References:
48
Slide 28:
https://pixabay.com/de/tempo-fu%C3%9Fabdruck-fu%C3%9F-651817/
https://pixabay.com/de/vereinigte-staaten-flagge-2887014/
https://pixabay.com/de/deutschland-flagge-2888541/
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/2754576/avatar_business_face_people_icon#size=512
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/2754583/avatar_business_face_people_icon#size=512
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/2754575/avatar_business_face_people_icon#size=512
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/2754580/avatar_business_face_people_icon#size=512

66. Picture References:
49
Slide 29:
https://pixabay.com/de/tempo-fu%C3%9Fabdruck-fu%C3%9F-651817/
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/1679639/bow_box_gift_package_present_ribbon_icon#size=256
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/206469/analytics_chart_keynote_money_icon#size=256
https://pixabay.com/de/sparschwein-schwein-bank-472297/
https://pixabay.com/de/medizin-pharma-pille-flasche-2801025/
https://pixabay.com/de/avatar-kunden-kundschaft-ikonen-2191932/
https://pixabay.com/de/vereinigte-staaten-flagge-2887014/
https://pixabay.com/de/deutschland-flagge-2888541/
https://pixabay.com/de/arzt-gesundheit-icon-button-2411135/

67. Picture References:
50
Slide 30:
https://pixabay.com/de/tempo-fu%C3%9Fabdruck-fu%C3%9F-651817/
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/206469/analytics_chart_keynote_money_icon#size=256
https://pixabay.com/de/sparschwein-schwein-bank-472297/
https://pixabay.com/de/medizin-pharma-pille-flasche-2801025/
https://pixabay.com/de/vereinigte-staaten-flagge-2887014/
https://pixabay.com/de/deutschland-flagge-2888541/

68. Picture References:
51
Slide 31:
https://pixabay.com/de/tempo-fu%C3%9Fabdruck-fu%C3%9F-651817/
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/1679639/bow_box_gift_package_present_ribbon_icon#size=256
https://pixabay.com/de/vereinigte-staaten-flagge-2887014/
https://pixabay.com/de/deutschland-flagge-2888541/
Slide 32:
https://pixabay.com/de/tempo-fu%C3%9Fabdruck-fu%C3%9F-651817/
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/473629/configure_options_preferences_repair_settings_system_tools_icon#size=256
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/728965/analysis_chart_graph_pie_piechart_report_stats_icon#size=256
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/1871433/discussion_online_shop_shopping_icon#size=512

69. Picture References:
52
Slide 33:
https://pixabay.com/de/tempo-fu%C3%9Fabdruck-fu%C3%9F-651817/
https://pixabay.com/de/schreibtisch-tablette-notizen-2037545/
https://pixabay.com/de/vereinigte-staaten-flagge-2887014/
https://pixabay.com/de/deutschland-flagge-2888541/
Slide 34:
https://pixabay.com/de/tempo-fu%C3%9Fabdruck-fu%C3%9F-651817/
https://pixabay.com/de/hand-menschen-geste-menschliche-312073/
Slide 35:
https://pixabay.com/de/tempo-fu%C3%9Fabdruck-fu%C3%9F-651817/
https://pixabay.com/de/ohr-symbol-ohr-anh%C3%B6rung-2797533/
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/290108/achievement_award_badge_medal_prize_winner_icon#size=512

70. Picture References:
53
Slide 36:
https://pixabay.com/de/tempo-fu%C3%9Fabdruck-fu%C3%9F-651817/
https://pixabay.com/de/hand-menschen-geste-menschliche-312073/
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/811462/information_mark_question_sign_icon#size=256
Slide 37:
https://pixabay.com/de/tempo-fu%C3%9Fabdruck-fu%C3%9F-651817/
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/512540/affection_heart_love_passion_icon#size=256
Slide 38-53:
https://pixabay.com/de/tempo-fu%C3%9Fabdruck-fu%C3%9F-651817/