IoT Security Imperative: Stop your Fridge from Sending you Spam

Getting Hacked Via Your Fridge or,
the IoT Security Imperative
Amit Rohatgi, president prpl Foundation
CIE-SF / CINA September Seminar
9/4/2014

IoT & Security: presented Thursday, September 4th, 2014 by Amit Rohatgi at CIE-SF 2

More connected homes, more problems
• “Smart refrigerators and TVs
hacked to send out spam …”
– NBC news
• If hackers can exploit a
weakness in a single type of
Internet-connected home
appliance or system—such as
an Internet-connected door
lock—they may be able to
harm thousands of people at
once.

Incorrect Perception  Bad Planning
• Integration
• Device cost
• Data mining
• Footprint
Lower TCO
Added
revenue
• Security &
privacy
• Integrity
• Reliability
Higher
cost??
Waste of
time??

Target Breach: an anatomy
$200M cost,
CEO ousted
1 HVAC systems
Compromised
credentials from
HVAC vendor
monitor temp.
changes for see
how long
customers stay
2
Malware
programs
installed on
HVAC systems
3
Unified backend
systems at store
(and most
retailers)
4
PoS system
breached
5
Millions of credit
card numbers
start flowing out
6
Breach
detected! Manual
intervention was
needed
7

How Big Is this Problem?

Problem – Enterprise and Corporate Risk
• According to the MPAA and RIAA – studios
and artists lost over $10B due to piracy in
2010
• Technology companies, such as Qualcomm
and Cisco, lose hundreds of millions in
revenue, due to cloning
• Corporate Cloud usage is on the rise with
Mobile access
– A breach at the corporate level would be
very expensive

Problem – Personal Risk
• Mobile devices are “valuable” – due to their
transaction and content capabilities
– Privacy loss more than hardware loss
– Attackers want data, not devices
• Mobile cloud storage is UP !
– Need to “bind” device to cloud
• Devices are easily “rooted”
– Secure sandboxes for data and code
execution are required

IoT Market Challenges
• Scale
– Billions of devices (identity & authentication management, in-field updates, dynamic interactions, big data, real
time data mgmt.)
• Multiple technologies and standards
– Creation of technology silos
– Established / emerging / competing
– Standardization is a key enabler
• Solutions are highly fragmented
– Need for common/flexible platforms
– Applications environments with multiple PKIs or Roots of Trust
• Low power requirements
– Operate for 2 years on a coin battery
• Cost limitation
• Long life cycles
Security

IoT Security Chain (device-to-datacenter)
Sensors
Nodes
Aggregation Points
Routers /Gateways
STBs
Cloud
HW Root of Trust + Secure Boot => Secure Over The Air/Wired Field Updates
Secure sensor data for
sensitive applications (e.g.
medical, industrial, enterprise)
Enable in field device personalization (add/remove features)
Future proof designs with flexible programmable architecture
Private Data Disposal
Secure Server + Secure
Network => Secure
Services
Secure Remote Monitoring
Protect Intellectual Property against SW cloning (e.g. proprietary algorithms)
Intellectual Property Tampering Detection
Intrusion Detection and Secure Remote Monitoring

IoT Security Aspects
• System Security must be Embedded
• Know what is being protected
• Trust begins at home
– Secure boot, run time protection, process separation
(TEE)
• Trust between network elements
– Authentication and confidentiality
– Via registration protocols (trust all devices signed by
manufacturer’s signing key) or online protocols (pairing,
TLS, IKE)
IoT Security Questions
1. What is the connectivity
model?
2. Who owns the device?
3. What is running on it?
4. Where is it located?
5. How is it protected?
6. How are attacks detected?
7. What is the recovery
mechanism?

Secure Platform Principles
Secure Boot
Secure
Storage
Secure
Execution
Hardware
Root
of Trust
Secure
Asset Store
Secure
Communication

Platform Security
• Secure boot process starts out in
ROM
• After bootloader, the root of
trust (hypervisor) is verified and
loaded
• Iteratively verifies next stage of
boot until HLOS (optionally
inclusive)
• Secure partition(s) able to access
full memory map. Non-secure
can access only its partition
Non-Secure
App
Non-Secure
App
Non-Secure
App
Non-secure HLOS (e.g.
Android)
Secure App 1
Secure App 2
Secure
OS 1
Secure App 3
Secure & Protected Hypervisor
Virtualized N-core MIPS i6400 CPU
Virtualized I/O and Memory thru entire SoC Complex
Secure
OS 2

Exploring Virtualization
Multiple Secure Domains More Reliable & Predictable
Secure Hypervisor
CPU 1 CPU 2 CPU 3 CPU 4 CPU 1
Secure Monitor
CPU 2 CPU 3 CPU 4
Secure Hypervisor
CPU 1 CPU 2 CPU 3 CPU 4
CPU 2 CPU 3 CPU 4
More Powerful & Efficient Safer!
CPU 1
• Global Platform considering
certifiable containers
Secure Monitor
• Secure services can only affect their
container, not the overall system
CPU 1
Secure Hypervisor
CPU 2 CPU 3 CPU 4 CPU 1
Secure Monitor
CPU 2 CPU 3 CPU 4

IoT in our daily lives
• Sleep is precious
• Alarm defaults to 8am
– +45m (meeting delay)
– -5m (gas)
– -15m (accident)
– -20m (late train)
= EXTRA 5 mins!!

Portability, Virtualization, and Compute
WHAT IS prpl?

What is prpl?
• A Foundation created to accelerate a robust
ecosystem via collaboration
– Open-source community supporting the MIPS
architecture, and open to all
– Provide access to free, unencumbered toolchains,
associated libraries
– Common platform, debuggers, probes and software
easily accessible
• Community Benefits
– Large ROI benefit – up to 4x gain
– Time-to-Market & lower TCO
– Strengthen MIPS ecosystem
– Accelerate MIPS64 to mainstream
– Faster innovation through focus on core competency

Why Open-Source?
• Enabling the Big Data
revolution needs collaborative
minds
• Fragmentation will slow down
innovation
• More eyeballs = more secure

Synergies Drive Innovation
• IoT will enable big data
• big data needs analytics
• analytics will improve
processes for more IoT
devices

KBMBGBPTEBZBYBnon-linear!
BIG DATA

Big Data: The Internet of Cow
1.5B cows
200MB/yr/cow
=
300,000 GB
(0.3 petabytes)
per year

Big Data: Turbines
12,000 turbines
500GB/day each
=
6 million GB
(6 petabytes)
per day

Little Data  Big Data  Huge Data
• Each successive node in the IoT chain adds
– Data and Storage requirements
– Processing Requirements
– Multi-tenant Requirements (ie security)
Bytes
Megabytes
Terabytes
Petabytes
Exabytes
ZETTABYTES
(1000^7)

lots of hardware
DIVERSITY IN IoT

Key Enablers for IoT
• Processing power
• Networking infrastructure and connectivity
• Low cost, secure devices
• Storage
• Loads and loads of secure, portable software
• A way to make money

Standardization Challenge
IoT Architecture For Heterogeneous
Fleets of Things
1
3
© 2013 Gartner, Inc. and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
12
2
• Fragmentation!
– Connectivity Standards
– Operating Systems
– Topologies
– Security
• Expect diverse solutions, so
– Software abstraction (APIs) needed
at each node
– Multi-tenant environment needed
for security

prpl foundation
PORTABILITY AND VIRTUALIZATION

Mission
‘prpl’ is an open-source, community-driven, collaborative, non-profit
consortium focusing on the MIPS architecture and ecosystem, and open to all -
with a focus on enabling next-generation datacenter-to-device portable
software and virtualized architectures

Scalable Processor Architecture Needed, e.g. MIPS
1GHz+ CPU Solution
mobile and home
entertainment
32-bit microcontrollers
for embedded storage,
automotive and IoT
64-bit multicore
advanced networking,
datacenter and
infrastructure
Efficient solutions for
a broad range of
networking & storage
applications

Key Domains
Embedded&
IoT
Buildroot, RTOS
Networking
openWrt, yocto
Montavista
Datacenter
RHEL, Fedora,
Ubuntu, CentOS
Digital Home
& Mobile
openWrt, Linux,
Android

Work-flow
Upstream projects:
gnu.org, kernel.org, llvm.org
prpl:
Domains and
Engineering
Groups
regardless of architecture
➢ license free versions
supported kernels
and projects
projects pulled
from upstream
❖ Optimized Linux Kernels
❖ SDKs and Tools
❖ launchpad to upstream
❖ advanced future work
➢ SDN
➢ heterogeneous
compute
➢ LLVM
➢ vision

prpl Engineering Groups (PEGs)
▪ VZ Ecosystem
▪ Hypervisors (eg KVM, Fiasco.oc)
▪ OS
▪ Data Center – Redhat, Ubuntu, Debian, CentOS
▪ Networking –Montavista, OpenWrt
▪ Embedded/IoT & Mobile - Android, Chromium,
Tizen, WebOS, RTOSs, Yocto
▪ Kernel (device tree, power mgmt, multi-threading)
▪ Portability
▪ JITs (V8, openJDK, etc)
▪ Emulation (QEMU)
▪ Tools (SDK, IDE)
▪ Platform
▪ UEFI and boot loaders
▪ Optimization
▪ Intrinsics (eg SIMD) and libraries (eg memcpy) –
■ Multimedia - video, audio, speech
■ Networking
■ Security
■ Networking (multi-core friendly and aynchronous)
■ e.g. BGP, OVS, snort, routing protocols, DPI

Low Cost Hardware
❖ MIPS CI20
➢ dual core MIPS32 CPU @1.2GHz, PowerVR SGX540 GPU, HDMI, 1GB RAM, 8GB Flash, 2
usb, audio, WiFi, BT
➢ Linux and Android 4.4 - community supported, rasbpi header
➢ Available now - http://elinux.org/MIPS_Creator_CI20
➢ Price: $40
❖ prpl stamp #2
➢ dual core MIPS32 interAptiv @600MHz, PowerVR SGX520, HDMI, 512MB RAM, 4 GB
Flash, usb, audio, WiFi, BT, aggressive power savings modes enabling 30-day battery life
➢ Android Wear (smartwatch and IoT platform)
➢ ETA: Dec 2014
➢ Price: $35 (est.)
❖ Interface Masters MIPS64 Niagara3218
➢ MIPS64 network system
❖ Interface Masters MIPS64 Niagara804-BP
➢ MIPS64 network adapter

Summary: what will prpl do?
• Focus on the software “glue” necessary to carry secure
structured and unstructured data from the device to the
datacenter
• Example:
– Secure hypervisors for multiple tenants
– Portable software, such as JITs
– SaaS, PaaS, IaaS OTA secure
– Programming models to enable big data processing (eg hadoop) over
heterogenous processors
Embedded
nodes
OpenWrt
hub
Networking
backbone
Datacenter

E.g. Develop Software Enabling
Security and Multiple Contexts
• Multiple contexts are required
– Shared resource
– Protected resource
– Energy conservation
• Heterogenous programming models
are required
– Close working relationship with leading
VMn VM3 VM2 VM1
Guest
User
--------
Guest
Kernel
Guest
User
--------
Guest
Kernel
Guest
User
--------
Guest
Kernel
vGPU
1
vGPU
S/W 2
Secure Hypervisor (R/G MMU)
CPU
Cluster
Coherent Fabric
SoC
Network layers
Offloads (Crypto, IP, etc)
I/O
H/W
Guest
User
--------
Guest
Kernel
industry consortia, leading semiconductor
companies, OEMs and ISVs Memory Memory
GPU
Cluster
Increase
Privilege
TPM
-------
Boot
ROM
X X
Secure Domains
Protected Partitions

IoT & Security: presented Thursday, September 4th, 2014 by Amit Rohatgi at CIE-SF 41 41

Resources
• http://prplfoundation.org
• http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac79/docs/in
nov/IoE_Economy.pdf
• http://theinstitute.ieee.org/benefits/standards/s
etting-the-stage-for-the-internet-of-things
• FTC Workshop on IoT and Security (Nov ‘13)
• amit (at) prplfoundation (dot) org
(thanks!)

How to Get Involved in prpl
Mailing list
lists.prplfoundation.org
Wiki
wiki.prplfoundation.org
Forums
forum.prplfoundation.org
Code
github.com/prplfoundation

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