Macromolecules Lecture

CHAPTER 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules ,[object Object]

What does it mean to be a MACROmolecule? ,[object Object],[object Object],“ little” molecule Macromolecule

I. Most macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object]

A. Making and Breaking Polymers ,[object Object],[object Object]

How can polymers break down when monomers are needed? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

II. Classes of Organic Molecules: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

1. Structure of Monosaccharides ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

2. Structure of Disaccharides ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

3. Polysaccharides ,[object Object],[object Object]

Why is Cellulose so strong? ,[object Object],[object Object]

B. LIPIDS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

1. Structure of Fats (Triglycerides) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Saturated and Unsaturated Fats ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],(a) Saturated fat and fatty acid Stearic acid (b) Unsaturated fat and fatty acid cis double bond causes bending Oleic acid

Saturated fatty acid Unsaturated fatty acid Why are Unsaturated Fats better for you than Saturated Fats?

3. Phospholipids ,[object Object],[object Object]

4. Waxes ,[object Object],[object Object]

5. Steroids ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

C. Proteins ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Examples of Protein Functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Amino Acids ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

20 different amino acids exist The sequence of amino acids and the interactions of the different amino acids determine a proteins shape

Proteins are very complex! Their specific structure determines their function. HEMOGLOBIN: Transport of gases and iron in blood ACTIN: Filament involved in muscle contraction

Four Levels of Protein Structure ,[object Object],[object Object],Figure 5.20 – Amino acid subunits + H 3 N Amino end o Carboxyl end o c Gly Pro Thr Gly Thr Gly Glu Seu Lys Cys Pro Leu Met Val Lys Val Leu Asp Ala Val Arg Gly Ser Pro Ala Gly lle Ser Pro Phe His Glu His Ala Glu Val Val Phe Thr Ala Asn Asp Ser Gly Pro Arg Arg Tyr Thr lle Ala Ala Leu Leu Ser Pro Tyr Ser Tyr Ser Thr Thr Ala Val Val Thr Asn Pro Lys Glu Thr Lys Ser Tyr Trp Lys Ala Leu Glu Lle Asp

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],O C α helix β pleated sheet Amino acid subunits N C H C O C N H C O H R C N H C O H C R N H H R C O R C H N H C O H N C O R C H N H H C R C O C O C N H H R C C O N H H C R C O N H R C H C O N H H C R C O N H R C H C O N H H C R C O N H H C R N H O O C N C R C H O C H R N H O C R C H N H O C H C R N H C C N R H O C H C R N H O C R C H H C R N H C O C N H R C H C O N H C H H Figure 5.20

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],CH 2 CH O H O C HO CH 2 CH 2 NH 3 + C - O CH 2 O CH 2 S S CH 2 CH CH 3 CH 3 H 3 C H 3 C Hydrophobic interactions and van der Waals interactions Polypeptide backbone Hydrogen bond Ionic bond CH 2 Disulfide bridge

[object Object],[object Object],Hollow cylinder Cap Chaperonin (fully assembled) Steps of Chaperonin Action: An unfolded polypeptide enters the cylinder from one end. The cap attaches, causing the cylinder to change shape in such a way that it creates a hydrophilic environment for the folding of the polypeptide. The cap comes off, and the properly folded protein is released. Correctly folded protein Polypeptide 2 1 3 Figure 5.23

Sickle Cell Disease: A simple change in Primary Structure

Environmental Factors That Determine Protein Conformation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

D. Nucleic Acids : The stuff of Genes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Two Kinds of Nucleic Acids ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

1. Nucleotide Monomer Structure ,[object Object],[object Object],Deoxyribose in DNA Ribose in RNA

2. Building the Polymer ,[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Summary of the Organic Molecules:

Macromolecules Lecture

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