2. Introduction
After folding, the 2ry yolk sac inside the embryo
.gives rise to : Fore gut -Mid gut – hind gut Oral
membrane
: The fore gut is divided into
Amniotic
cavity
Gut
Before folding
a. Cranial part : extends from oral
.
membrane to the laryngo-tracheal groove
: It gives rise to
Part of mouth cavity
Salivary glands
Pharyngeal apparatus
Respiratory system
Cloacal
membrane
Yolk sac
Amniotic cavity
Foregut
Midgut
Hindgut
Stomodeum
Vitello-intestinal
duct
Allantois Cloacal
membrane
Connecting stalk
After folding
.b. Caudal part : begins distal to the laryngotracheal groove
It gives rise to: esophagus-stomach- part of duodenumliver-biliary system –pancreas.
Prof. Mohamed A. Autifi
3. The pharyngeal arches
They are 6 curved cylindrical mesenchymal
thickening on each side of the primitive pharynx.
They develop in the head & neck similar in origin &
structure to gills of the fish.
Gill = Branchia
Each arch consists of :
1. Outer ectodermal covering
2. Inner endodermal lining
3. Mesodermal core
Prof. Mohamed A. Autifi
4.
Each pharyngeal arch consists, at first of
mesenchyme derived from the lateral plate
mesoderm.
Soon, neural crest cells migrate into the
pharyngeal arches and surround the central core
of mesenchymal cells.
Migration of neural crest cells into the arches
produce discrete swelling demarcating each of
the pharyngeal arch.
NB. Mesenchyme =connective tissue of embryo
The mesenchyme derived from neural crest cells
is called (ectomesenchyme) to differentiate it
from mesenchyme derived from mesoderm.
Prof. Mohamed A. Autifi
5. A typical pharyngeal arch
contains:
1- A cartilaginous rod that forms
the skeleton of the arch.
2- A muscular component that
differentiates into muscles in the
head and neck.
3- An aortic arch , an artery that
arises from the truncus arteriosus
of the primordial heart.
4- A nerve that supplies the
mucosa and muscles derived from
the arch.
Prof. Mohamed A. Autifi
6. Nerve supply of the pharyngeal arches
It is derived from the
hindbrain (pons and M.O)
Each arch receives
mixed nerve.
Its motor branch
supplies muscles derived
from the arch.
Its sensory branch
supplies skin and mucous
membrane of the arch.
Prof. Mohamed A. Autifi
7. Development of Pharyngeal arches
•By the end of the 4th week, 4 well defined pairs of pharyngeal arches
are visible externally.
•The 5th and 6th arches are small and cannot be seen on the surface of
the embryo.
Prof. Mohamed A. Autifi
9. Cartilages
Most of the cartilages that form within the pharyngeal
arches develop from the neural crest of the midbrain and
hindbrain regions, although the cartilages of arches 4 and
6 apparently develop from lateral plate mesoderm.
The first pharyngeal arch is remodeled to form a cranial
maxillary process (swelling) and a caudal mandibular
process (swelling).
Each process contains a central cartilaginous element
(the maxillary known as palato-pterygo-quadrate cartilage
and the mandibular known as Meckel's cartilage)
surrounded by a mesenchymatic tissue.
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13. Arch
Third arch
Skeletal
derivatives
1. Greater horn of Stylopharyngeus
hyoid bone
2. Lower part of
body of hyoid bone
Fourth arch Thyroid cartilage
Sixth arch
Muscular
derivatives
Cricothyroid
Rest of Cartilages 1. Other intrensic
of the larynx
muscles of larynx
except
epiglottis:
2. Constrector
-Cricoid,
muscles of pharynx
-Arytenoid,
except
-Corniculate
Stylopharyngeus
and
-Cuneiform.
3. Muscles of
NB. The epiglottis palate except
develops from tensor palati
mesenchyme in
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hypobrancheal
Vascular
Element
Nereve
1. I.C.A
2. C.C.A
Glossopharyngeal
nerve (IX)
1. Arch of aorta
on left side
2. Subclavian A
on right side
Superior
laryngeal nerve
(X)
1. Pulmonary A
on each sides
2. Ductus
arteriosus
on left side
Recurrent
laryngeal nerve
(X)
14. More details about cartilages
Derivatives of Cartilages of First Pharyngeal Arch
The ventral part of
the first arch
cartilage ( Meckel
cartilage ) form
primordium of the
mandible
The middle part of
cartilage forms
anterior ligament of
malleus and
sphenomandibular
ligament
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The dorsal end of
first arch cartilage
ossifies to form
malleus and incus
15. Derivatives of Cartilage of second Pharyngeal Arch
The ventral end of second
arch cartilage (Reichert
cartilage) ossifies to form
the lesser cornu and upper
part of the body of the
hyoid bone
Prof. Mohamed A. Autifi
The dorsal end of second
arch cartilage (Reichert
cartilage) ossifies to form
the stapes, styloid process
and stylohyoid ligament
16. Derivatives of Third Pharyngeal Arch Cartilage
The third arch cartilage
ossifies to form the greater
cornu and the lower part of
the body of the hyoid bone
Prof. Mohamed A. Autifi
17. Derivatives of The fourth and sixth Pharyngeal
Arch Cartilages
• The
fourth and sixth
arch cartilages fuse to
form the laryngeal
cartilages except
epiglottis which develops
from hypobrancheal
eminence
• The fifth pharyngeal
arch is rudimentary and
disappear later and has
no derivatives
Prof. Mohamed A. Autifi
21. Pharyngeal pouches
The pharyngeal pouches are balloon-like diverticula that
formed on the endodermal side between the pharyngeal
arches
The pairs of pouches develop in a craniocaudal sequence
between the arches.
The first pair of pouches lies between the first and
second pharyngeal arches.
There are four well defined pairs of pharyngeal pouches
The fifth pair is absent or rudimentary
•
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22. First pouch
It gives rise to
tubotympanic recess
which forms:
1.Tympanic cavity
2.Auditory tube.
(pharyngotympanic
tube or Eustachian
tube)
Prof. Mohamed A. Autifi
23. Second pouch
Gives rise to palatine tonsils
-Early in 3rd month, its lining
epithelium proliferates ➪ solid
tonsillar buds which grow into
underlying mesoderm.
-Their central cells
degenerate➪ hollow tonsillar
crypts.
-Crypts & surrounding
mesoderm ➪ palatine tonsils.
-Lymphatic tissue infiltrates its
mesoderm during 3-5 Month
-Tonsillar capsule formed by
condensed mesoderm.
-Remnants of pouch ➪
intratonsillar cleft
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24. Third pouch
Gives rise to:
-inferior parathyroid glands.
-thymus gland.
At 6th week, they lose connection to
pharyngeal wall.
-Thymus gland migrates caudally &
medially, pulling the parathyroid. The two
thymic rudiments descend into
thorax. Gland is large at time of birth, ➚
up to 2nd year, little ➚ until 7th year,
rapid growth to 11th year,
then ➘ to adult weight (12-15 gm)
-Inferior parathyroid glands descends
to lower pole of thyroid gland
Prof. Mohamed A. Autifi
25. Fourth pouch
It gives rise to:
1.Superior parathyroid
glands.
It migrates with the thyroid
gland.
2. Ultimo-branchial
body.
It incorporates into the
thyroid gland.
It gives parafollicular or C
cells of thyroid gland
Prof. Mohamed A. Autifi
26. PHARYNGEAL GROOVES
(CLEFTS):
In the 5th week: 4 clefts seen.
The first cleft gives:
external auditory meatus.
The epithelium of the bottom
forms outer layer of eardrum
NB. Active growth of 2nd arch
mesoderm overlaps 3rd & 4th
arches.
Temporarily, clefts ➪ectodermal
cavity, cervical sinus, which
disappears later.
Prof. Mohamed A. Autifi
31. Congenital anomalies
1. Branchial Cyst: Sinus persists as cyst along ant border
of sternomastoid muscle.
If ruptures ➪ branchial sinus
2. Branchial Sinus:
a) External: Cyst opens outside, usually anterior to
sternomastoid.
b) Internal: Cyst opens
into pharynx,usually
in the tonsillar region.
3. Cervical Fistula:
Sinus opens externally
& internally, connects
pharynx with outside.
Prof. Mohamed A. Autifi
32. Congenital anomalies
4. 1st Arch Syndrome (Mandibulofacial dystosis)
Maldevelopment of components of 1st pharyngeal arch
results in various congenital malformations of eyes, ears,
mandible and palate. This is due to failures of Proper
neural crest migration into the 1st branchial arches.
5. DiGeorge Syndrome. Improper migration of neural
crest cells into the 3rd and 4th branchial arches.
It is characterized by:
1.Minor deformations of the lower face.
2.Thymic and parathyroid aplasia (i.e., no thymus and no
parathyroids). The absence of a thymus has a very deleterious
effect on the development of the immune system. The absence of
parathyroids leads to hypocalcemia.
3.Problems with aorticopulmonary septation.
Prof. Mohamed A. Autifi
33. Congenital anomalies
6. Ectopic Thymic Tissue:
Thymus gland lies in the neck.
7. Ectopic Parathyroid:
Inferior parathyroid may present at bifurcation of
Common carotid artery.
Prof. Mohamed A. Autifi
36. The pharyngeal floor is
formed by fusion of
ventral parts of the
arches & pouches: It
gives rise to:
A. Thyroid gland.
B. Tongue.
C. Lower respiratory
system.
Prof. Mohamed A. Autifi
37. Development of the thyroid gland
Thyroid primordium appears as a
median endodermal proliferation in
the floor of the pharynx between
tuberculum impar and hypobranchial
emenence (the site is indicated by
foramen caecum in adult)
This thickening is invaginated to
form a bilobed divertaculum which
descend ventral to the developing
hyoid bone then ventral to the
developing larynx.
It remains connected to the dorsum
of the tongue by the thyroglossal
duct
Prof. Mohamed A. Autifi
39. Development of the thyroid gland
The thyroid gland reaches its final position
by the 7th week and begins to function at the
end of the 3rd month .
The endodermal cells of the thyroglossal duct
form the thyroid follicles which secrete
thyroxine and triiodothyronine hormones.
The ultimobranchial body forms parafollicular
C cells which secrete calcitonin.
The mesoderm forms the true capsule and
connective tissue septa.
Prof. Mohamed A. Autifi
40.
Fate of the thyroglossal duct:
The part of the duct between hyoid bone and isthmus of
the gland gives rise to pyramidal lobe and levator
glandulae thyroidae
Above the hyoid bone the duct degenerate completely.
Prof. Mohamed A. Autifi
41. Congenital Anomalies:
1. Agenesis: congenital
hypothyroidism
2. Ectopic (aberrant)
thyroid: Lingual,
sublingual, or thoracic
3. Thyroglossal cyst: In
midline of neck,
common at
lingual,
supra-, retro- or
infra-hyoid sites
4. Thyroglossal sinus:
Due to rupture of
thyroglossal cyst
Prof. Mohamed A. Autifi
44. Development of Tongue
A. The mucous membrane
Anterior 23:
arises from 3 swelling derived from the ventral
parts of both 1st pharyngeal arches as follows:
•2
•1
lateral lingual swellings and
median swelling “tuberculum impar”
Posteror 13:
developed from the upper half of
hypobranchial eminince”
The post.13 fuses with the ant.23 along
a v-shaped sulcus terminalis.
Prof. Mohamed A. Autifi
45. Development of Tongue
B. The muscles of the tongue
Derived from the occipital myotomes that
migrate to the developing tongue taking with
it their nerve supply (hypoglossal nerve)
Some of the tongue muscles are
differentiated in situ.
NB. At first the tongue is fused with the
floor of the pharyngeal gut. Later on linguogingival groove appears on either side and
frees the tongue from the floor of the mouth
Prof. Mohamed A. Autifi
46. Lingual papillae & taste buds:
Vallate & foliate papillae appear first in
relation to branches of IX n
Fungiform & filiform papillae appear later near
fibers of chorda tympani.
-All papillae soon develop taste buds
Lymphoid follicles aggregate under mucosa of
post 1/3 of tongue ➪ lingual tonsil
Prof. Mohamed A. Autifi
47. Congenital Anomalies:
1. Ankyloglossia (tongue-tie): Frenulum of tongue extends
to its tip. Prevents movements & hinders proper speech
2. Macroglossia: Large tongue, due to lymphangioma or
muscular hypertrophy
3. Microglossia
4. Cleft tongue: Incomplete fusion of lingual swellings ➪
median groove/cleft, does not extend to tongue tip
5. Bifid tongue: Cleft extends to tip
6. Congenital cysts & fistulae: Remnants of thyroglossal
duct
Prof. Mohamed A. Autifi