bladder stone

1. BLADDER STONES
ASTRI DWI HARTARI
1310211202
FK UPN VETERAN JAKARTA

2. DEFINISI
• Batu yang tidak normal di dalam saluran kemih yang
mengandung komponen kristal dan matriks organik
tepatnya pada vesika urinari atau kandung kemih.
• Batu vesika urinaria terutama mengandung kalsium atau
magnesium dalam kombinasinya dengan fosfat, oksalat,
dan zat-zat lainnya.

5. SYMPTOMS
• Some people with bladder stones have no problems —
even when their stones are large
• But if a stone irritates the bladder wall or blocks the flow
of urine, signs and symptoms can develop.

6. • These include :
Lower abdominal pain
In men, pain or discomfort in the penis
Painful urination
Frequent urination
Difficulty urinating or interruption of urine flow
Blood in your urine
Cloudy or abnormally dark-colored urine

7. CAUSES
• Bladder stones generally begin when your bladder doesn't
empty completely
• The urine that's left in your bladder can form crystals that
eventually become bladder stones

8. • The most common conditions that cause bladder stones
include
BPH : can cause bladder stones in men. As the prostate
enlarges, it can compress the urethra and interrupt urine
flow, causing urine to remain in your bladder.
neurogenic bladder : Normally, nerves carry messages
from your brain to your bladder muscles, directing your
bladder muscles to tighten or release. If these nerves are
damaged — from a stroke, spinal cord injury or other
health problem — your bladder may not empty
completely.

9. • Other conditions that can cause bladder stones include:
Inflammation. Bladder stones can develop if your
bladder becomes inflamed. Urinary tract infections and
radiation therapy to your pelvic area can both cause
bladder inflammation
Medical devices. Occasionally, bladder catheters —
slender tubes inserted through the urethra to help urine
drain from your bladder — can cause bladder stones. So
can objects that accidentally migrate to your bladder, such
as a contraceptive device or stent. Mineral crystals, which
later become stones, tend to form on the surface of these
devices.

10. Kidney stones. Stones that form in your kidneys are not
the same as bladder stones. They develop in different
ways and often for different reasons. But small kidney
stones occasionally travel down the ureters into your
bladder and, if not expelled, can grow into bladder stones

11. RISK FACTORS
• bladder stones are common in children — often because
of dehydration
• infection and a low-protein diet
• bladder stones occur primarily in adults, especially in men
age 30 and older

12. COMPLICATIONS
• Bladder stones that aren't removed — even those that
don't cause symptoms — can lead to complications, such
as :
Chronic bladder dysfunction
Urinary tract infections

13. TESTS AND DIAGNOSIS
• A physical exam
 lower abdomen(bladder) is enlarged
DRE to see prostate is enlarged
• Analysis of your urine (urinalysis)
for microscopic amounts of blood, bacteria and crystallized
minerals
A urinalysis also helps determine whether you have a urinary
tract infection, which can cause or be the result of bladder
stones
• Spiral computerized tomography (CT) scan
Spiral CTs can detect even very small stones and are
considered one of the most sensitive tests for identifying all
types of bladder stones

14. • Ultrasound
an ultrasound, which bounces sound waves off organs
and structures in your body to create pictures

15. TREATMENTS AND DRUGS
• Generally, bladder stones should be removed. If the stone
is small, your doctor may recommend that you drink a lot
of water each day to help the stone pass

16. Breaking stones apart
• Bladder stones are often removed during a procedure
called a cystolitholapaxy
• A small tube with a camera at the end (cystoscope) is
inserted through your urethra and into your bladder to
view the stone
• then uses a laser, ultrasound or mechanical device to
break the stone into small pieces and flushes the pieces
from your bladder

17. Surgical Removal
• Occasionally, bladder stones that are large or too hard to
break up are removed through open surgery. In these
cases, your doctor makes an incision in your bladder and
directly removes the stones. Any underlying condition
causing the stones, such as an enlarged prostate, may be
corrected at the same time

18. THANK YOU