14. Diagnostic models
• Hopstaken et al
•Dry cough, diarrhoea, temp > 38 C
•If all three present: 76% CAP, if none present: 6%
• Diehr et al
•Absence of rhinorrhoea and sore throat, presence of night sweats,
myalgia, sputum all day, resp rate > 25, fever
• Score 1: 9% CAP, score 4, 27%, score 6 100%
• Khalil et al
•Cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, temp>38, heart rate>100,
Not Of help
Resp rate>20, pulse oximetry<95%
•Pos pred value 30%, neg pred value 99%
• Gonzales Ortiz et al
• pathologic auscultation, neutrophilia, pleural pain, dyspnoea
• pos pred value 23%, neg pred value 88%
• Melbye et al
• Absence of coryza and sore throat, presence of dyspnoea, chest pain, crackles
•Pos pred value 17%, neg pred value 79%
15. Additional tests
Radiological investigations
Tests to detect bacterial pathogens
Gram stain, sputum c/s, blood c/s
Urine test for Streptococcus pneumoniae
sen>70%,specificity>95%,
Legionella antigen
Tests to detect viral pathogens
Test for influenza
Biomarkers
CRP
Procalcitonine/adrenomodulin
17. AD, 50 ys
Hello doctor, … I’ve got fever and dry cough since two
days
BP 120/70 HR 88r RR 18’ TEMP 39.0°C
Breath sound diminished on right base
HOSPITAL ADMISSION?
18. Hospital admission?
1. No, mild clinical syndrome
2. Yes, high fever
3. What about history?
Otherwise healthy man
19. Hospital admission?
1. No, mild clinical syndrome in otherwise healthy man
Pneumonia = 4 medium risk = 10%
20. DFE, 34
• Fever (38.5°C) 2days
• Dry cough 3days
• Physical examination:
Chest x-ray
• non-ill; BP 130/80 HR 96r RR 20’
• rales right lung base
You - his physician –
decide …
22. History is lacking:
the patient underwent splenectomy 2 years before
He is immunocompromised
at risk for development of severe fulminant sepsis
(especially by S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae)
23. FP, 81 ys
• Fever (37.7°C) started one day before
• non-productive cough
• Non-ill; BP 120/85 HR 90 RR 20’
• Co-morbids-DM, CHF;
What would you do?
24. FP, 81 ys
1. admit to hospital
2. treat him as outpatient
admit to hospital: patient at risk for adverse outcome
27. DA, 63 ys
•Fever (37.9°C) started two days before
• non-productive cough
You - his physician - decide that your patient
is a candidate for hospital admission
Why?
28. DA, 63 ys, otherwise healthy
• Fever (37.9°C) started two days before
• non-productive cough
The speech is interrupted by frequent breaths
Hello doctor I’ve got fever and dry cough since two days
breath breath breath breath breath
29. CRB-65 predicts death from community-acquired pneumonia
•Analysis performed on 1343 patients (208 out-patients and 1135 hospitalized)
with all data sets completed for the calculation of CURB, CRB and CRB-65
•Validated in 1967 patients (482 out-patients and 1485 hospitalized)
Bauer TT et al. J Intern Med. 2006; 260:93-101
30. CURB–65 score
Score one point for presence of each Clinical feature (0 –
5)
1. Confusion
2. Urea > 7 mmol/l
3. Respiratory rate 30/min
4. Blood pressure (SBP <90 or DBP 60mmHg)
5. Age 65yrs
(Albumin < 30 g/dl had an OR 4.7 [2.5-8.7] <0.001)
Lim et al Thorax 2003;58:377-382
32. RESULTS: Overall 30-day mortality was 4.3% (0.6% in out-patients and 5.5% in hospitalized patients,
p<0.0001). Overall, the CURB, CRB and CRB-65 scores provided comparable predictions for death from CAP
CONCLUSIONS: Both the CURB and CRB-65 scores can be used in the hospital and
out-patients setting to assess pneumonia severity and the risk of death
Given that the CRB-65 is easier to handle, we favor the use of CRB-65 where blood
urea nitrogen is unavailable
Bauer TT et al. J Intern Med. 2006; 260:93-101
33. SCAP score
Major Minor
RR >30 breaths/min — 9
points
PaO2/FIO2 <250 mmHg — 6
Arterial pH <7.30 — 13 points
points
Systolic blood pressure <90
BUN >30 mg/dL (10.7 mmol/L)
mmHg — 11 points
— 5 points
Altered mental status — 5
points
Age ≥80 years — 5 points
Multilobar/bilateral infiltrates
on x-ray — 5 points
>=10 severe CAP
34. EMPIRIC TREATMENT?
YES !!!
Based on knowledge….
…..You need to know
Epidemiology in YOUR area
Rate of antibiotic resistance in YOUR area
Please do not forget Microbiology work
up……
EVEN IF IT COSTS….
35. Factors in empirical antibiotic choice for CAP
GEOGRAPHY
Spectrum of causative pathogen
Acquired antibiotic resistance
THE PATIENT
Illness severity
Other characteristics (eg age, vomiting)
THE ANTIBIOTIC
Randomised controlled trial
Drug side effects
Cost
36. GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION IN
(32 prospective studies; n = 8211)
CAP %
0 10 20 30 40
S pneumoniae
H influenzae
Legionella
Staph aureus
GNEB
UK Europe AUS + NZ N America
37. GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION IN
(32 prospective studies; n = 8211)
CAP %
0 5 10 15 20
M pneumoniae
C pneumoniae
C psittaci
C burnetii
Viruses
UK Europe AUS + NZ N America
38. ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY
S pneumoniae
H influenzae B-lactam
Macrolide
Mycoplasma Tetracycline
Chlamydia Fluoroquinolone
Legionella
Gram-negative
bacteria Cephalosporin
39. ATS/IDSA
INPATIENT – NON-ICU
Fluoroquinolone (strong recommendation; level I evidence)
-lactam + macrolide
(strong recommendation; level I evidence)
Mandell et al Clin Infect Dis 2007;44(Suppl 2):S27-S72
40. ATS/IDSA GUIDELINES
INPATIENT – ICU
-lactam +
Either Azithromycin (level II evidence)
or Fluoroquinolone (strong recommendation; level I evidence)
For Pseudomonas
Anti-pseudomonal -lactam +
Either cipro or levo (level II evidence)
or above -lactam + gentamicin + azithromycin
or above -lactam + antipneumococcal fluoroquinolone
(weak recommendation; level III evidence)
Mandell et al Clin Infect Dis 2007;44(Suppl 2):S27-S72
46. Conclusion
Clinical assessment
Know your local epidemiology
Be aware of national and international
outbreaks
Never forget Mycobacterium tuberculosis