Fish By-products by UMAIYA FAROOQ

1. Presented by :
Umaiya Farooq
M.Sc (Final)
15ZYM20
Fish By-products
Section of Fishery Sciences
Department of Zoology
A.M.U., Aligarh

2. introduction
• Fish is one of the protein rich foods of humans since ancient
times.
• Also known as poor man’s diet.
• Fish is also the world’s best source of omega-3 fatty acids,
which are incredibly important for our body and brain.
• About 1/3rd of world catch of fish is not used for direct human
consumption but for production of fish byproducts.

3. Fish byproducts
• A byproduct is a secondary product derived from a
manufacturing process or chemical reaction .
• Due to unavailability of ready market and non nearness of
market, fish is preserved as food yet other utilizations of fish
in which protein , fat and other useful contents are processed
into a number of valuable byproducts.

4. Fish by-products include:
 Fish Oil
 Fish Meal
 Fish Silage
 Fish Glue
 Fish Fertilizer
 Tatami Iwashi
 Isin Glass
 Fish Skin
Fish oil
Fish meal

5.  Fish oil is derived from the tissues of oily fish or from the fat
of cold water fish such as Anchovies, Mackerel and
Sardine.
 Fish oil approximately has 25% saturated and
75%unsaturated fatty acids.
 Omega 3 essential fatty acids (EFAs) are key ingredients of
fish oil. These EFAs are:
docosahexaenoicacid (DHA) and
eicosapentaenoicacid (EPA)
Fish oil

6. Fish Liver Oil
 Liver is chopped into small pieces and is boiled into sufficient
water.
 The oil is skimmed off from the surface of water.
Composition :
Fat 55- 75%
Protein 5-10%
Water 20-36%
Vitamin A and D
 It has high levels of the omega 3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic
acid(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
 Sources of liver oil are Cod, Haddock and Shark.

7. Benefits of Fish Liver Oil
 Cod liver oil can cure both ‘rickets’ and ‘exophthalmia’.
 The fish oil is helpful in the growth of teeth and bones.
 DHA is the most vital component in the development of the
fat in the brain of the fetus.
 DHA also benefits the nervous system and the eyes.
 EPA strengthens the cardiovascular system, reduces the risk
of heart disease and strokes, and lowers triglycerides.
 EPA work to ease the pain and discomfort of arthritis.

8. Fish Body Oil
• Oil is extracted from either whole fish or fish
fat
• It varies in colour i.e. pale yellow to light
brown to brown.
Composition :
Polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly
omega-3-PUFA .
• Sources :
Sardine, Pilchard, Herring

9. Benefits of fish Body Oil
• It is used in the manufacture of soaps and candles.
• It is used in oiling the bottom of the boats to protect them
against sea-rot.
• It is used in manufacture of paints and varnishes that are more
resistant to heat.
• A good quality oil is clear pale yellow to brown in color ,
while dark colored oil is of inferior quality.

10. • Fish Meal is a dry powder prepared from whole fish or from
fish filleting wastes which are unacceptable for human
consumption.
• It is used as a high-protein supplement in aquaculture feed.
Composition:
• High-quality fishmeal normally contains between 60% and
72% crude protein by weight.
Fish meal

11. Benefits of fish meal
• Increases feed efficiency through better food palatability, and
enhances nutrient uptake, digestion, and absorption.
• The balanced amino acid composition of fishmeal promote fast
growth and reduce feeding costs.
• The nutrients aid in disease resistance by boosting and helping to
maintain a healthy functional immune system.
• Helps to reduce pollution from the wastewater effluent by providing
greater nutrient digestibility.
• Mukene fish powder contain high levels of Ca, Zn, Fe, P and Se
(FAO).

12. FAO Report 2015
 Globally 795 million people are malnourished.
 1.2 billion people are iron deficient .
 WHO estimate that every second pregnant women & 40%
infants are anemic.
 10 gms of Mukene powder provide 10 % of daily needs of
iron intake among children.
 10 gms of Tuna backbone powder provides 3.6 mg of iron or
40% recommended daily iron needs.

13. Fish Silage
• It is a liquid product made from whole fish or parts of fish
that are liquefied by the action of enzymes in the presence of
an added acid.
• It can be made from spoiled fish, sub-utilized species and
commercial fish waste.
• The proteins present in the fish silage can also be hydrolyzed
to free amino acids, making the silage the most available
source of amino acids for protein biosynthesis.

14. • Fish glue is made by boiling the skin, bones and swim
bladders of fish.
Applications:
• Used to repair animal-based sheets called parchments,
which are used for writing.
• Used in painting materials by some artists in China..
• Act as a binder, glazing agent, or protective coating
for paintings.
• Used for building and repairing wooden antiques, as
well as building new products.
Fish glue

15. Fish Fertilizer
• It is an awesome product for promoting
plant growth.
• The waste obtained during the preparation
of fish meal is widely used as manure for
coffee, tea & tobacco plantation.

16. Types of fish fertilizer
• Dry Fish Manure:
It is obtained from destroyed fishes.
Whole fish is dried in sunlight and used as manure.
It contains 5-7 % N, 4-6% P and 4-6% Ca.
• Pit Manure:
It is obtained by burning the fish wastes into the pits prepared in the soil & left
for 35-60 days & allowed to dry in sunlight after fermentation.
It contains 3-5% N, 3-6% P & 1-5%Ca.
• Fish Guano:
The refuse of cooked fish body obtained after proper pressing during the
extraction of oil is fish guano.
It contains Nitrogen 8-10%, Phosphoric acid & disintegrates easily in the soil.

17. Tatami iwashi
• It is a Japanese processed food product made from
baby Sardines laid out and dried while entwined in a single
layer to form a large mat-like sheet.
• It can then be cut to various sizes and used in different ways.
• Common serving styles include use as an ingredient in soup
or cut into small pieces for use as a snack or accompaniment
to sake or beer drinking.

18. Isin Glass
• It is a substance obtained from the swim bladders of fish sturgeon.
Uses:
• Used in confectionery and desserts such as fruit jelly .
• Isinglass finings are widely used for clarification, of beer
particularly in the production of cask-conditioned beers, known
as real ale.
• Isinglass was used as a preservative for fresh eggs which were
submerged in it.
• Isinglass is also used to help repair parchment.
• Act as an emulsifier.

19. Fish Skin
Uses:
 Gelatin
Food ingredient
Feed binding agent
 Collagen
 Leathers
 Peizoelectric harvester

20. Fish Protein hydrolysates
• It is produced by the use of enzymes to break down fish
proteins into amino acids (proteolysis).
• The resultant product is highly functional, contributing
whipping, gelling and texturing properties when used as an
ingredient in food products.

21. Fish protein hydrolysates (FPH) present
• Excellent amino acid balance
• Good digestibility.
• Rapid uptake.
Biological activities of FPH
• Antioxidant activity
• Anti cancerous activity
• Antimicrobial activity