Faculty of Engineering & Technology , Gurukula Kangri University , Haridwar

TACHOMETER
Submitted by:-

ASHWINI KUMAR
Branch:- Electrical
Class:-B.Tech
Roll no:- 11

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING& TECHNOLOGY,
GURUKULA KANGRI VISHWAVIDYALAYA
HARIDWAR
Friday, September 06, 2013

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my sincere gratitude to ……………………. ,
Pro. & Head, Department of, faculty of Engineering
& technology GuruKula kangri Vishwavidyalaya, for
his cooperation and encouragement.
I would also like to thank my seminar
guide …………….. , (lecture, Department of EE), for
their invaluable advice and wholehearted
cooperation without which this seminar would not
have seen the light of day.
Gracious gratitude to all the faculty of the
Department of EE & friend for their valuable advice
and encouragement.

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that ASHWINI KUMAR of B.Tech 2nd
year Electrical Engineering student delivered a
seminar report on Tachometer.
His Performance in this seminar was excellent / very
good/good.

Guided By
Mr. Kuldeep sir

CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Working principle
3. Types of tachometer
4. Comparison between analog and digital tachometer
5. Classification of tachometer
6 Digital tachometer
7. Specification of tachometer
8. Block diagram of tachometer
9. Analog tachometer
10. How to choose a tachometer
11. Calibration of tachometer

Tachometer, What’s That?
Tachometer is used for measuring the
rotational speed of machine
Can be used to measure speed of a
rotating shaft of machine
Can also be used to measure flow of liquid
by attaching a wheel with inclined vanes
Can also be used to measure the speed of
car or watch

Working Principle
Pules are fed to the tachometer at the
frequency to be measured. A scale factor is
applied to produce readings of desired
types (linear speed, flow rates etc.).
Tachometer works on two basic principles:a) Principle of the fixed time base tachometer
b) Principle of the reciprocal tachometer

Principle of the fixed time base
tachometer
The tachometer totals the no. of pules receive
during fixed period of time known as time base.
At the end of this period a value for frequency
measured is shown on the display.
The time base can be set at the time of
installation. It is calculated by:B = V txx60
N N
d

where:- B = time base
Nt = no. of revolution per minutes
Nd = no. of pules per revolution
V = value appear on display

Principle of the reciprocal
tachometer
This tachometer measure the interval between
n count pules and then perform the
calculation:1
f=

T

where:- f = frequency

T = no. of intervals

What Are the Different Types of
Tachometer?
Tachometers can be classified on the basis of
data acquisition – contact or non contact
types
They can also be classified on the basis of the
measurement technique – time based or
frequency based technique of measurement
They can also be classified as analog or digital
type

Comparison Between Analog and
Digital Tachometers
Analog tachometer

Has a needle and
dial type of interface
No provision for
storage of readings
Cannot compute
average, deviation,
etc

Digital tachometer

Has a LCD or LED
readout
Memory is provided
for storage
Can perform
statistical functions
like averaging, etc

Classification Based on Data
Acquisition Technique
Contact type – The wheel of the
tachometer needs to be brought into
contact with the rotating object
Non Contact type – The
measurement can be made without
having to attach the tachometer to
the rotating object

DIGITAL TACHOMETERS


Classification Based on Measurement
Technique
Time Measurement – The
tachometer calculates speed by
measuring the time interval between
the incoming pulses
Frequency Measurement – The
tachometer calculates speed by
measuring the frequency of the
incoming pulses

Comparison Between Time and
Frequency Based Measurement
Time based
The tachometer calculates
speed by measuring the time
interval between pulses
More accurate for low speed
measurement
Time to take a reading is
dependent on the speed and
increases with decrease in
speed
The resolution of the
tachometer is independent of
the speed of the measurement

Frequency based
The tachometer calculates
speed by measuring the
frequency of pulses
More accurate for high speed
measurement
Time to take a reading is
independent of speed of
rotation
The resolution of the
tachometer depends on the
speed of the rotating shaft


Typical Specifications of a Non Contact
Type Tachometer
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Display 5 digits large LCD
Range: 2.5 - 99,999 RPM
Distance: 50 to 1,000 mm; 12 to 40 inches.
Resolution: 0.1 RPM<1000 RPM (2.5
to 9,999 RPM)
1.0RPM >1000 RPM
Measurement angle: at less than 120
degrees.
Range selection: Auto
Laser Output Power: <1mW class II
Sampling Time: 1.0 seconds (over 60 RPM)
Memory: Last value, Max Value, Min. Value
Time base: Quartz crystal
Circuit: Exclusive one-chip LSI circuit
Battery: 4 X 1.5V AA
Weight: 300g/0.65lb
Size: 190 X 72 X 37 mm

Typical Specifications of a Contact Type
Tachometer
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Display 5-digit LCD Display
Range selection Automatic range selection
Time Base 4MHz Quartz Crystal
Sampling Time 1 second (>60 rpm); >1
second (10 to 60 rpm)
Accuracy ± (0.1% of reading + 2 digits)
Photo Tachometer Distance 2 to 12” (5 to
30cm)
Operating Temperature 32 to 122oF (0 to
50oC)
Operating Humidity 80% RH Max.
Power supply 9V Battery
Battery Life 40 hours (approx.)
Applicable standards EN 50081-1/1992 (EN
55022) EN 50082-1/1997 (EN 55024)
Dimensions 461700: 4.9 x 2.0 x 1.3” (124 x
51 x 33mm)
Weight 461700: 4.0 oz. (114g)


Block Diagram of a Digital
Tachometer
Display

Optical /
magnetic sensor

Signal
conditioning

Microcontroller

External
port (to
controller)

Memory

Block Diagram


Optical Sensing
It is used to generate pulses proportional to the
speed of the rotating shaft
Can be achieved by the following ways:
– Attaching a disk, which has an alternate black
and white pattern, to the shaft and reading
the pulses by a IR module pointed towards it
– Using a slotted disk and a U shaped IR emitter
detector pair to generate waveforms

Magnetic Sensing
• Hall effect sensors – These make use
of the Hall effect to generate pulses
proportional to the speed of the
shaft
• Passive magnetic sensors – These
make use of variable reluctance to
generate pulses

Signal Conditioning
• The output of the sensors may be
noisy
• The output may have to be amplified
• It has to be digitized. This is done by
Schmitt triggering so as to bring
voltage to TTL levels

Microcontroller
• Not essential, but is generally the norm to
have a microcontroller
• Compute the speed
• Can store the readings
• Can output values to a display unit
• Give out warning signal when speed reduces /
increases beyond set margins
• Transfer data to external controller

Display Unit
• Used to output the values to the
operator
• Can be used to view the stored
values


ANALOG TACHOMETER


Analog Tachometers
• These are generally the ones that
display the speed of your car
• The interface is needle and dial
arrangement


Analog Measurement
Techniques
• Generally speed is converted to voltage
through the use of an external frequency to
voltage converter
• The tachometer can also act as a generator
and produce a voltage that is proportional to
the speed of the shaft
• This voltage is then displayed by an analog
voltmeter


How To Choose a
Tachometer?
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Accuracy
Precision
Range
Acquisition Time
Contact type / Non Contact type
Portable / Fixed
Digital / Analog
Cost

Calibration
• Why calibrate?
– Wrong calibration = Wrong readings
– Calibration compensates for ageing, wear and tear
and other degrading effects
• How to calibrate?
– Calibration is done by comparing the reading from
tachometer to a standard speed
– Necessary changes are made so that the actual
reading matches the desired reading

THANK YOU☺
ASHWINI KUMAR
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
2ND YEAR
2011

Faculty of Engineering & Technology , Gurukula Kangri University , Haridwar

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