Power & Urban Space

Vedalaxmi Naik | Asawari Shinde
I Urban Design

Semester II 2012-14

POWER AND URBAN SPACE
I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Asawari Shinde

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Power and Urban Space

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Case studies
Conclusion
Bibliography

Asawari Shinde

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Characteristic features of manifestations of power in urban space

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Aspects in which manifestations are reflected in urban spaces
Political
Religious
Social
Economic
Cultural

Semester II 2012-14

Definition of Power
Power and society
Power and the common man
Structure of power
Impact of power on urban space
Defining power and urban space
Historic references of manifestations of power

I Urban Design

Introduction :

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• a state or country, especially one viewed in terms of its international influence and military
strength

• a person or organization that is strong or influential within a particular context
• a supernatural being, deity, or force
• To enhance the status of a specified group
• physical strength and force exerted by something or someone

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

• authority that is given or delegated to a person or body

Semester II 2012-14

• political or social authority or control, especially that exercised by a government

I Urban Design

• the capacity or ability to direct or influence the behaviour of others or the course of events

Asawari Shinde

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• the a b i l i t y or c a p a c i t y to do something or act in a particular way


DEFINITION OF POWER
Povoir (french 1300’s)


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•Military strength
•Monetary superiority
•Knowledge

Ordinary

•Common people

SOURCE: Patel, P., City as an Imprint Of Power, Thesis, CEPT University, Ahmedabad.

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Dominant

Semester II 2012-14

Imbalanced Society
(INEGALITARIAN)

I Urban Design

Balanced Society
(EGALITARIAN)

Asawari Shinde

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UNDERSTANDING IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIETY .

I Urban Design

Semester II 2012-14

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Asawari Shinde

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COMMON MAN : Aam Aadmi And Power
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(No society can function without divisions of functions and
hierarchy)

HIERACHY
Power is constituted by subjugation and hierarchy entails subjugation.


I Vedalaxmi Naik,

DISTRIBUTION OF FUNCTIONS

Semester II 2012-14

(As structure further leads to implication of control)

I Urban Design

CONTROL IS POWER

Asawari Shinde

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Power is inseparable and integral part of social structure that is formed
within and of society itself.


POWER AND SOCIETY

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MULTIPLE POWER CENTRES IN
SOCIETY
Equity - Balanced power
distribution

Hierarchy

INCREASED INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES OF SYSTEMS
Sharing of nucleus


I Urban Design

BALANCE OF POWER IN SOCIETY
VARIES WITH TIME AND CULTURE

Semester II 2012-14

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

STRUCTURE OF POWER
Apex – Dominance

MULTIPLE POWER PYRAMIDS
Competition Unbalanced
power distribution

Asawari Shinde

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STRUCTURE OF POWER. :


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Building becomes an
instrument of power;
in its physical
making, it expresses
its strength, and
becomes a player in
the network of
power in the city.

focus and axis

form and scale

Semester II 2012-14

squares

I Urban Design

Built form is the
lasting creation of
mankind, it is an
instrument for
attaining
immortality.

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Asawari Shinde

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IMPACT OF POWER. ON URBAN SPACE

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IN

URBAN SPACE

IS

Physical manifestations of these happen with the motive of
- Influencing the behaviour of masses (social regulation)
- retention of authority
- asserting of the superiority or moral high-handedness.

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Power is the medium through which ideologies function, and how power is formed,
captured, owned, traded, and distorted is central to an understanding of the ideology

Semester II 2012-14

P o s s e s s i o n of control, a u t h o r i t y, or influence over others

I Urban Design

The imposition of order with the objective of control .

Asawari Shinde

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POWER


DEFINING POWER AND URBAN SPACE

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Form

Association

Control

Technology

SOURCE: Naik, M., An Understanding of the early Colonial City : Manifest power as a Determinant of Urban form: The Case of Diu, Thesis, CEPT University, Ahmedabad.

I Urban Design

Orientation

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I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Scale

Asawari Shinde

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TANGIBLE MANIFESTATIONS

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SEGGREGATION
(community, caste,Landuse)

Asawari Shinde

AGGRANDIZATION
( exaggerating the power in which it is manifested)

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

BELIEFS
(Religious, social)

Semester II 2012-14

LAWS AND RULES
(authority deciding the rules)

I Urban Design

INTANGIBLE MANIFESTATIONS

Haussmann’s plan Paris, France - redefining identity

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Taj Mahal – Identity, iconic, scale

Asawari Shinde

Great wall of China – defining territory

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Pyramid of Giza, Egypt – Form, shape and scale

Semester II 2012-14

Citadel, Mohenjodaro and Ziggurats, palace and Hanging gardens of Babylon – physicality

I Urban Design

HISTORIC REFERENCES OF MANIFESTATIONS OF POWER IN DIFFERENT FORMS :

I Urban Design

Citadel, Mohenjodaro and
Ziggurats, palace and Hanging
gardens ofBabylon – physicality
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I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Asawari Shinde

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Asawari Shinde

I Vedalaxmi Naik,
Semester II 2012-14

I Urban Design

Pyramid of Giza, Egypt – Form, shape and scale

Citadel, Mohenjodaro and Ziggurats, palace and Hanging
gardens of Babylon – physicality

I Urban Design

Great wall of China – defining territory
Semester II 2012-14

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Asawari Shinde

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I Urban Design

Taj Mahal – Identity, iconic, scale
Semester II 2012-14

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Asawari Shinde

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I Urban Design

Haussmann - Paris France
Semester II 2012-14

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Asawari Shinde

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Economic
Cultural

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Social

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Religious

I Urban Design

Political

Asawari Shinde

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ASPECTS IN WHICH MANIFESTATIONS ARE REFLECTED IN URBAN SPACES :

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I Urban Design

Semester II 2012-14

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Asawari Shinde

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A) Iconic / Monument / Focal Point


Characteristic features :

NEHA MUNGEKAR |NIKHIL CHAUDHARY

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An axis may be
symmetrical. But
usually it is not.

I Vedalaxmi Naik,
Semester II 2012-14

Often objects adjacent to a
strong axis suffer in the
relationship

I Urban Design

Terminus as a
generator of axial
movement

Asawari Shinde

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B). Axis

SOURCE: Urban design 1992 Batch, Role of Axis in Making of a Space, Urban Form and Space, Term paper, CEPT University, Ahmedabad


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Grid is imposed on the existing format.
In nature we do not find right angles and straight roads. It is enforced to show the power.

I Urban Design

Ex : grid organisation

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I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Asawari Shinde

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C) Organisation

SOURCE: Dudhaiya,URBAN SPACE the Grid as organizational principles in architecture, Thesis, CEPT University Ahmedabad.
POWER AND V., Evaluation of

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Entry to the lower caste person’s house
through secondary/tertiary road

Institutions
Segregation amongst
various classes
•Control over height
•Placements of the buildings
•Plot Sizes

Temple

Haveli

HEIGHT CONTROL

SOURCE: URBAN City as
POWER ANDPatel, P., SPACE an Imprint Of Power, Thesis, CEPT University, Ahmedabad.

Lower caste
residential house

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Entry to the higher caste
person’s house through
primary road

I Urban Design

PLANNING

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Asawari Shinde

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D) Zoning and Spatial segregation




I Urban Design

POLITICAL POWER
Semester II 2012-14

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Asawari Shinde

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Power control the use of space.

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Political power has been primary force behind expansion of urban centers and urbanity.

Semester II 2012-14

Most manifestation of power are through physical structure. Earlier religious and now
economic powers are expressed through the political system.

I Urban Design

Symbolic: Projection of an image to ensure loyalties and popular support.
Extractive: Appropriation of the states resources. (Egypt)
Distributive: dispense of material and non-material distributions. (Inca empire)
Regulative: Penetration of personal and social activity. (Inca empire)
Responsive: Outputs affected by demands from society.

Asawari Shinde

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Relation of political power and built form is through Capabilities:


Power is generally exerted through the political structure, thus it is of primary concern
while discussing the relation between power and city.

Examples:
- Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi, INDIA

Asawari Shinde

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Power of Colonialism
- Control by one power over a dependent area or people

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Power of communism
- Historical development of the productive forces (military, market, religion, democratic,
political)
Examples:
- Red Square, Moscow, RUSSIA
Power of Democratic Capitalist
- Dynamic complex of economic, political, moral-cultural, ideological and institutional forces
Examples:
- Capitol Complex, Washington DC, USA

Semester II 2012-14

Power of individual
- Singular ruler
- Religious ruler
Examples:
- Imperialism - Forbidden city, Beijing, CHINA
- Vatican City

I Urban Design

FORMS OF POWER - POLITICAL

Capital Complex, Chandigarh, INDIA

Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi, INDIA

Asawari Shinde

Capitol Complex, Washington DC, USA

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Capitalist

Semester II 2012-14

Unter Den Linden, Berlin, GERMANY

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Red square, Moscow, RUSSIA

Socialist

iii. Colonialism

Forbidden city, Beijing,CHINA

Fascism

ii. Democratic

Imperialism
Communism

i. Single Ruler

I Urban Design

EXAMPLES OF POWER - POLITICAL


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Bigger grains and
Low density


I Vedalaxmi Naik,
Semester II 2012-14

Moat Segregation

I Urban Design

Smaller grains , High
Density

Asawari Shinde

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SINGLE RULER – Imperialism - Forbidden city, Beijing,CHINA


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SINGLE RULER – Communism – Red Square, Moscow, RUSSIA

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Facing the river –
highly susceptible for
attack.

Asawari Shinde

Open space for firing

MARKET / RELIGIOUS

DEMOCRATIC

I Urban Design

MILITARY / POLITICAL

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I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Moat
Market



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I Urban Design

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Asawari Shinde

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SINGLE RULER – Communism – Red Square, Moscow, RUSSIA



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I Urban Design

Style taken from
Classic order. Hitler
interpreted class
architecture as
symbol of power
and implemented in
Berlin

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Asawari Shinde

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SINGLE RULER – Fascism – Unter Den Linden, Berlin, GERMANY


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I Urban Design

Semester II 2012-14

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Radial
planning
superimposed
on secondary
grid pattern.

Asawari Shinde

DEMOCRATIC– Capitalist – Capitol Complex, Washington DC, USA


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L'Enfant's plan was modelled in the Baroque style and incorporated avenues radiating out
from rectangles, providing room for open space and landscaping.[His design also envisioned
a garden-lined "grand avenue“.

Semester II 2012-14


I Urban Design

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Asawari Shinde

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60% of land in central Washington – streets. Anticipated advent of vehicles

I Urban Design

The entire skyline is low, because of the building height restriction. The skyline of the
surrounding building should not surpass beyond the height of White House. This makes the
entire skyline low height. The streets were wide compared to the height, which makes the
area green and airy.

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Asawari Shinde

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Chandigarh
I Urban Design

Semester II 2012-14

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Capital Complex
Asawari Shinde

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Source: The ConciseURBAN SPACE
POWER AND townscape – By Gordon Cullen

I Urban Design

Semester II 2012-14

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Asawari Shinde

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COLONIALISM– Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi, INDIA



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3

4

RASHTRAPATI BHAVAN
4

3

SECRETERIAT
INDIA GATE
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I Vedalaxmi Naik,

VIEW AT POSITION 3
The sequence at axis of The Rastrapati
Bhavan in New Delhi emphasizes the
role of levels and screening in serial
vision. For here what could simply have
been one picture reproduced four
times, enlarging the centre of the
previous view and bringing us near to
the terminal building, turns out to be
four separate and unique views. This
Bhavan acts as an enticer to the
observer as he is gradually lead further.

Semester II 2012-14

VIEW AT POSITION 1

2

I Urban Design

1

Asawari Shinde

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COLONIALISM– Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi, INDIA

Source: The Concise townscape – By Gordon Cullen

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Source: .Google earth

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Asawari Shinde

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

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Semester II 2012-14

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The Tian'anmen square was
designed and built in 1651, and has
since enlarged four times its
original size in the 1950s.
Near the centre of today's square,
stood the "Great Ming Gate", the
southern gate to the Imperial City,
renamed "Great Qing Gate" during
the Qing Dynasty, and "Gate of
China" during the Republic of China
era.
In the early 1950s, the Gate of
China was demolished, allowing for
the enlargement of the square.
Used as a massive meeting place
since its creation, its flatness is
contrasted by the 38-meter (125 ft)
high Monument to the People's
Heroes, and the Mausoleum of Mao
Zedong
It is heavily monitored by uniformed
and plain clothes policemen.

I Urban Design

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TIANANMEN SQUARE

`
Tiananmen Square

View of Tiananmen square and Forbidden
city, Beijing, CHINA
Source: .Google earth

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Shift in political power increase in shear length
of place
Democratic political set up changed the
meaning

I Urban Design

`

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I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Asawari Shinde

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Forbidden City


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TIANANMEN SQUARE

Monument to the
People's Heroes
Chairman Mao
memorial hall

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The third biggest square in the world (440,000 m² - 880m by 500m)
The ceremonial center of the People's Republic of China.
In Chinese history, several important events performed in square

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

National Museum
of China

Semester II 2012-14

Great Hall of
the people

I Urban Design

Tiananmen gate

Asawari Shinde

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TIANANMEN SQUARE

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Asawari Shinde

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TIANANMEN SQUARE

View of Tiananmen square from Forbidden city, Beijing, CHINA

Public gathering in Tiananmen square

1st October parade at Tiananmen square

Built form at Tiananmen square

I Urban Design

Semester II 2012-14

Source: www.flickr.com

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CAPITOL COMPLEX, WASHINGTON DC

View of Washington monument

Plan of Capitol Complex, Washington DC
In 1901,formulated the McMillan Plan, an architectural plan for the redevelopment of the National
Mall.
The commission was inspired by L'Enfant 1791 plan for the city, which had not been fully realized. The
members of the commission also sought to emulate the grandeur of European capitals such as Paris,
London, and Rome. They were also strongly influenced by the City Beautiful movement, a Progressive
ideology that intended to build civic virtue in the poor through important, monumental architecture.
The National Mall is a unique National Park, filled with an intense concentration of monuments,
memorials, museums, and monumental government buildings instantly recognizable to people all over
the world.

View of Capitol building

White house

Semester II 2012-14

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Capitol building

I Urban Design

Washington monument

Asawari Shinde

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White house

60% of land in central Washington – streets. Anticipated advent of vehicles

I

I Urban Design

The entire skyline is low, because of the building height restriction. The skyline of the surrounding building
should not surpass beyond the height of White House. This makes the entire skyline low height. The streets
were wide compared to the height, which makes the area green and airy.

Semester II 2012-14

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Asawari Shinde

I


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Inauguration by Barack Obama on January 20, 2009 facing
west from the Capitol

I Urban Design

Semester II 2012-14

The 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and
Freedom on the National Mall facing east from the
Lincoln Memorial

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Asawari Shinde

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I Urban Design

Parliament of India, Delhi
Semester II 2012-14

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Asawari Shinde

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I Urban Design

Ambedkar Park, Lucknow
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I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Asawari Shinde

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I Urban Design

RELIGIOUS POWER
Semester II 2012-14

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St. Peter’s Square, Vatican City
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Asawari Shinde

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INCREASED INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES OF
SYSTEMS

Means of power
•Aggrandization
•Buildings used as instruments for religious
aggrandization.
•Visual domination
•Allocation of activities – seggregation
•Centrality

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Holy city as a center : a sacred city was generally part of a network, also connected with other
places of religious importance on a pilgrimage route. Not only the city contains a network of
holy places within it, but also at the apex of the network, all with varying importance form a
pilgrimage route.
Hindu imagination – it is constructed universe in religion.
Islamic cities – organized around mosque. All the mosques facing the city of Mecca. Thus
creating a centre within a network spread over the land. Large area of influence.

Asawari Shinde

Religion as a focus of all social activities. The impact of other powers is negligible or non-existent.

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

The religion responsible or influential on urban space can be discussed as,
•Religion as the basis of social consciousness, social order, reflected in city – structural influence
•Religion as supreme power in the city / region – Local influence

Semester II 2012-14

As an Ideology, religion seeks centers around which the metaphysical world is ordered. All
religions have a similar philosophy: religion sees the world as an ordered whole with a centre.

I Urban Design

RELIGIOUS POWER

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Mecca, Saudi Arabia

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iii. Space around
Islamic religious
Institution

Asawari Shinde

Srirangam, Tamil Nadu, INDIA

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

ii. Temple

Semester II 2012-14

St. Peter’s Square, Vatican City

I Urban Design

i. Church


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•
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Pope – main dominant of power
Strong cardinal axis
Hierarchical segregation of spaces and
approach towards the destination
Large public gathering space
Strong difference between built Vs Human scale
Visual coherence

140 M

Associated rules for defining Power

190 M

Plan of St. Peter’s Basilica

Semester II 2012-14

Image of Vatican city
www.saintpetersbasilica.org

I Urban Design

Location map of Vatican city
www.saintpetersbasilica.org

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Asawari Shinde

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ST. PETER’S SQUARE, VATICAN CITY (1656-67)

I Urban Design

Semester II 2012-14

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Asawari Shinde

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Pantheon
www.romeitaly.ca

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Shrirangam
www.divineindia.blog.co.in

Asawari Shinde

St Peter's Basilica,
Vatican city
www.saintpetersbasilica.
org

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Tool to read power of religion in urban form
and space:
- Geographical location
- Ritual procession
- Hierarchical approach towards the
center
- Symmetry of elements
- Axis
- Monumentality
- Visual coherence
- Relation between Earth and Sky
Example:
- St. Peter square, Vatican city
- Mecca
- Madurai Temple
- Banganga Tank, Mumbai.

Dome of the Rock,
Jerusalem,
www.atlastours.net

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Power of religion:
- Myth and belief
- cosmic ideology

I Urban Design

POWER OF RELIGION AS GENERATOR OF URBAN FORM AND SPACE

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JERUSALEM, ISRAEL

I Urban Design

Segregation of space

Semester II 2012-14

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Asawari Shinde

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Jerusalem is a holy city to the three major religions — Judaism, Christianity and Islam.


Religious / Social

I

I Vedalaxmi Naik,
Semester II 2012-14

I Urban Design

Dome of rock

Asawari Shinde

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The Muslim Quarter is the largest and most
densely populated quarter of the Old City.
The quarter has changed hands many times
from the 12th through 15th centuries,
resulting in decay since the 16th century. It is
one of the most fascinating and least
explored parts of Jerusalem.

According to Islamic tradition, the rock is the spot from which Muhammad ascended to Heaven accompanied by the
angel Gabriel. Further, Muhammad was taken here by Gabriel to pray with Abraham, Moses, and Jesus. After Muhammad's
return, he called all who would believe him to join with him and be Muslim.

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Asawari Shinde

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Cosmic alignment and the orientation of the mosque – as a centre of the universe


DOME OF THE ROCK 689 – 691 CE

I Urban Design

Mecca

Semester II 2012-14

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Jerusalem

I
Asawari Shinde

Focal point

The Dome is not a mosque, but a shrine which protects beneath its high ceiling, a large
piece of Rock sacred to Muslims, Jews and Christians.

Monumentality and form

I Urban Design

Built over the Herodian mount after destroying the Herodian temple – dominance over
other religion – proving supremacy of the Islam.

Semester II 2012-14

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Axis

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Grandness of space

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Religious / Social

I Vedalaxmi Naik,
Semester II 2012-14

I Urban Design

Until the mid-nineteenth century, non-Muslims were not
permitted in the area. Since 1967, non-Muslims have been
permitted limited access, however non-Muslims are not
permitted to pray on the Temple Mount.

Asawari Shinde

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Scale and Location

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Asawari Shinde

I Vedalaxmi Naik,
Semester II 2012-14

Associated rules for defining Power
• Kaaba – main dominant of power
• Notion of centre and cosmic universe
• Sacredness of place
• Circumambulation around the Kaaba

I Urban Design

Arial view of Mecca, Saudi Arabia

SOCIAL
I Urban Design

POWER
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Priests and
Acharyas
I Vedalaxmi Naik,

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Traders


Shudras

Srirangam Temple, India
I Urban Design

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SOCIAL POWER – Caste based

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Women
restricted into
garba griha

Shabiramala temple, India

I Urban Design

Men allowed
into garba
griha

Semester II 2012-14

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Asawari Shinde

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SOCIAL POWER – gender based

ECONOMIC
I Urban Design

POWER
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Asawari Shinde

Times Square, New York, USA

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Post-Liberalisation

Semester II 2012-14

Manek Chowk, Ahmedabad, INDIA
San Marco, Venice, ITALY

I Urban Design

Pre-Industrial
(Trade)

I Urban Design

Times square, New York, USA
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I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Asawari Shinde

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I Urban Design

Dubai
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I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Asawari Shinde

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I Urban Design

La Defense, Paris
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I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Asawari Shinde

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I Urban Design

San Marco, Venice
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I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Asawari Shinde

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I Urban Design

Manek Chowk, Ahmedabad
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I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Asawari Shinde

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CULTURAL
I Urban Design

POWER
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I Vedalaxmi Naik,

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I Urban Design

Kumbhmela, Allahabad
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I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Asawari Shinde

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I Urban Design

Janmashtmi, Mumbai
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I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Asawari Shinde

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Ganpati Visarjan, Mumbai
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I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Asawari Shinde

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World Disney, US
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I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Asawari Shinde

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How can we incorporate such changes in design process and policies ?

I Vedalaxmi Naik,

Shouldn’t people themselves have the power in the making process of urban spaces?

Semester II 2012-14

Do PUBLIC PLACES really need to be governed by hierarchies and segragations and
economic differences, etc ?

I Urban Design

Shouldnt an urban space be more of a democratic character and hold the essence
of its “publicness” ?

Asawari Shinde

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Should power really define an urban space ?


CONCLUSION

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Asawari Shinde

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I Vedalaxmi Naik,

•
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Francis D.K.Ching; Form, space and order; second edition
Barnow, F., City of the Divine king, (2001)Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, School of
Architecture
Lynch, K., Good City Form, (1981), MIT Press, (Chapter 4, Three Normative Theories)
Bacon, E. – Design Of cities (Revised edition), (May 1976), Penguin Group (USA)
Patel, P., City as an Imprint Of Power, Thesis, CEPT University, Ahmedabad
Urban design 1992 Batch, Role of Axis in Making of a Space, Urban Form and Space, Term
paper, CEPT University, Ahmedabad.
Naik, M., An Understanding of the early Colonial City : Manifest power as a Determinant of
Urban form: The Case of Diu, Thesis, CEPT University, Ahmedabad.

Semester II 2012-14

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I Urban Design

Bibliography :

Power & Urban Space

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