Description of growth of political parties in the US.

1. Federalist Party
• Alexander Hamilton, US Treasurer wanted a strong national government with financial
credibility.
• Assumption of the state debts incurred during the American Revolution, creating
a national debt and the means to pay it off and
• Setting up a national bank, along with
• Creating tariffs. James Madison was Hamilton's ally in the fight to ratify the new Constitution, but
Madison and Thomas Jefferson opposed Hamilton's programs by 1791.
• Political parties had not been anticipated when the Constitution was drafted in 1787 and ratified in
1788, even though both Hamilton and Madison played major roles. Parties were considered to be
divisive and harmful to republicanism. No similar parties existed anywhere in the world
• By 1790, Hamilton started building a nationwide coalition.
• With like-minded nationalists he used his network of treasury agents to link together friends of the
government, especially merchants and bankers, in the new nation's dozen major cities.
• His attempts to manage politics created a political faction, the new Federalist party.“
• The majority of the Founding Fathers were originally Federalists. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison
and many others can all be considered Federalists. These Federalists felt that the Articles of
Confederation had been too weak to sustain a working government and had decided that a new form of
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2. Democratic-Republican Party - 1817-1825
• First three Democratic-Republican presidents—
• Jefferson (1801–09), James Madison (1809–17), and James Monroe
(1817–25)
• Wealthy, aristocratic Southern planters
• Jefferson narrowly defeated the Federalist John Adams in the election of 1800
showing that power could be transferred peacefully between parties under the
Constitution.
• The Democratic-Republicans attempted to scale back Federalist programs but did
not overturn initial institutions (Bank of the United States , tariffs)
• Jefferson made effort to make his administration appear more democratic and
egalitarian:
• Federal excises were repealed; national debt retired, and reduced armed forces
• Demands of foreign relations (such as the Louisiana Purchase in 1803) often forced
Jefferson and his successors into a nationalistic stance reminiscent of the
Federalists.
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3. Jacksonianism 1824-1840
Jacksonian Era (or Second Party System)
1828 election as president until slavery became the dominant issue in 1854 and the
American Civil War dramatically reshaped American politics.
Democratic-Republican Party factionalized around 1824.
Jackson's supporters formed the modern Democratic Party.
Era characterized by a democratic spirit, built upon Jackson's equal political policy, a
"monopoly" of government by elites.
Even before the Jacksonian era began, suffrage had been extended to a majority of
white male adult citizens.
Jacksonian democracy promoted the strength of the presidency and executive branch
at the expense of Congress, while also seeking to broaden the public's participation in
government.
The Jacksonians demanded elected (not appointed) judges and rewrote many state
constitutions to reflect the new values. In national terms, they favored geographical
expansion, justifying it in terms of manifest destiny. 3

4. Whig Party 1836-1845
• Emerged in the 1830s as the leading opponent of Jacksonians, pulling together
former members of the National Republican (successors of the Democratic-
Republican Party) and the Anti-Masonic Party with links to the upscale traditions of
the Federalist Party
• "Whig" name to echo the American Whigs (aka the Patriots) of the 18th century
• formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson (in office 1829–
1837) and his Democratic Party.
• Whigs - supremacy of the United States Congress over the presidency favored a
program of modernization, banking and economic protectionism to stimulate
manufacturing.
• Appealed to entrepreneurs, planters, reformers and the emerging urban middle
class,
• Many active Protestants and voiced a moralistic opposition to the Jacksonian Indian
removal
• Little appeal to farmers or unskilled workers. 4

5. Free Soil Party – 1848-52
• A single-issue party to oppose the expansion of slavery into the
Western territories, arguing that free men on free soil
constituted a morally and economically superior system to
slavery.
• To remove existing laws that discriminated against freed African
Americans
• Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams
• campaign banner
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6. Democratic Republicans – 1824-1844
• AKA Anti-Jacksonian Party or Adams Party
• Evolved from a faction of the Democratic-Republican Party that supported John John
Quincy Adams beat Andrew Jackson in the 1824
presidential election.
• When Andrew Jackson became president, following his victory over Adams in the 1828
election, became the opposition, organized as "Anti-Jackson". The use of the term
"National Republican" dates from 1830.
• Henry Clay served as the party's nominee in the 1832 election but defeated by Jackson.
The party supported:
• Clay's ‘American System’
• Nationally financed internal improvements
• Protective tariffs
• After the 1832 election, opponents of Jackson (National Republicans, Anti-Masons and
others joined the new party )coalesced into the Whig Party.
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7. Populism
• Rural populism refers to a range of approaches which
emphasize the role of "the people" and often juxtapose this
group against "the elite".
• Greenback Party 1894
• Cross of Gold Speech – 1896
• Ideology that presents "the people" as a morally good force
against "the elite perceived as corrupt and self-serving.
• Populists differ in how "the people" are defined, but it can be
based along class, ethnic, or national lines. Populists typically
present "the elite" as comprising the political, economic,
cultural, and media establishment, all of which are depicted as
a homogenous entity and accused of placing the interests of
other groups—such as foreign countries or immigrants—above
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8. Goals
• The main goals of the populist party were to represent the common folk
against the large corporate personalities, such as railroads, politicians
and bankers including corporations themselves. The populist party was
organized in St. Louis in 1892.
•
• The Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC-1887) created
a regulatory agency to regulate Interstate Commerce.
• Original purpose was to regulate railroads (later, trucking) to ensure fair
rates, to eliminate rate discrimination, and to regulate other aspects
of common carriers, including interstate bus
lines and telephone companies.
• Congress expanded ICC authority to regulate other modes of commerce
beginning in 1906. Anti-trust law 1881
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9. Progressivism 1891-1921
• Interlocking concepts:
• Consolidation
• Efficiency
• Cooperation
• Altruism
• Evolution.
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10. Progressivism
• Depression 1891
• Laissez-faire capitalism was replaced by corporate capitalism
• To offset business's elitist, undemocratic power,
• Eliminate Special, minority,-and corrupt influence in government—
national, state, and city—be removed."
•
• Replace inefficient Political machines with good of government
•
•
•
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11. Progressive Tendencies: POSITIVE OUTLLOK
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Efficiency/waste
Altruism/corruption
Cooperation/competition
Consolidation/fragmentation
Evolution/stagnation.

12. Progressive Accomplishments
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The 'Wisconsin Experiment', led by Robert LaFollette (1855 – 1925, governor of Wisconsin in
1901. His state reform initiatives helped to destroy the political machine, take control away from
lumber & railroad corporations and trusts, and establish a progressive
government. The Wisconsin Experiment and the determination of Robert LaFollette led to the
following progressive state reforms:
● Public Utilities Commissions created legislation for the safety of workers and the regulation
of railroads and public utilities
● Spoils System replaced by with a state civil service
● Initiative: The Initiative allowed voters to petition state legislatures to consider new bills
initiated by citizens
● Referendum: procedure in which voters cast ballots for, or against, proposed laws
● Recall: gave citizens the right to remove elected officials from office
● The Direct election of Senators by the voters, replacing voting by state legislatures
countering political corruption and trust control
● Wisconsin also became the first state to adopted a state income tax
● Australian Ballot (secret ballot). introduced to reduce bribery

13. Progressive Federal Reforms
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Federal Reforms in relation to conservation, economic regulations, health and safety
measures, consumer protection and to reduce the power held by Big Business and
corporations.
Muckrakers made Americans aware of the serious failings in society and built public
support for change. Exposés such as Lincoln Steffens' The Shame of the Cities
(1904), an attack on municipal corruption, and Ida Tarbell's History of the Standard
Oil Company (1904), which chronicled John D. Rockefeller's ruthless business
practices, often first appeared in the new mass circulation magazines, such as
McClure's and Cosmopolitan, and were later published as books.
The muckrakers' impact could be powerful, as in the case of Upton Sinclair's The
Jungle (1906), a book whose vivid descriptions of working and sanitary conditions in
Chicago's meatpacking plants led directly to federal laws regulating the industry.
Making government more responsive and efficient.
Two important objectives of Progressivism were giving the public the opportunity to
participate more directly in the political process and limiting the power of big city
bosses.

14. Progressive Accomplishments
The Erdman Act of 1898 - arbitration for disputes between the interstate railroads and their workers
organized into unions
1890 Sherman Antitrust Act - Mediation of railway labor disputes
Theodore Roosevelt - First full Presidential term (1904-1908).
Conservation was a cornerstone of his domestic policy
Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902 encouraged conservation using money from the sale of public
lands to build dams and irrigations systems.
The 1902 Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902. President Roosevelt, as leader of the federal government,
act as a mediator.
In 1902 President Roosevelt takes action against J.P. Morgan’s Northern Securities Company for
violating the Sherman Antitrust Act in his “trust-busting” efforts to break up monopolies.
The Department of Commerce and Labor is established in 1903 to conciliate between management
and labor.
The 1903 Elkins Act banned the use of rebates by railroad companies.
President Roosevelt announces his Square Deal Policy in 1904 and his support of progressive and 14

15. Progressive Reforms (CONTINUED)
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• Theodore Roosevelt Second Presidential term (1905-1909)
• 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act was passed requiring companies to accurately label the
ingredients contained in processed food and medicines and ensure the contents were safe and
hygienic.
• The 1906 Meat Inspection Act (Upton Sinclair’s, The Jungle). Required inspection of meat
processing plants to protect the public’s health and welfare.
• The Hepburn Act of 1906 challenged economic power of the railroad industry. Expanded
jurisdiction of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
• The National Child Labor Committee (NCLC) of 1907
• William Taft Presidency (1909-1913)
• Taft's Dollar Diplomacy - foreign policy in Latin America and East Asia buying influence by
guaranteeing loans to foreign countries.
• 1910 Mann-Elkins Act passed to strengthen the Hepburn Act and gave the Interstate Commerce
Commission authority to regulate telephone, telegraph, radio and cable companies

16. Progressive Reforms (CONTINUED)
• Woodrow Wilson Presidency (1913-1917) & (1917-1921) New Freedom polices
attacking the Triple Wall of Privilege
• The 17th amendment to the Constitution was ratified in 1913 to counter Senate
corruption by the direct election of senators
• The 1913 Federal Reserve Act created 12 district Federal Reserve Banks, each able to
issue new currency and loan member banks funds at the prime interest rate
• The 1913 Underwood Tariff reduced the average tariff on imported goods
• The 1914 Federal Trade Commission Act established the Federal Trade Commission
was established to regulate fair competition among Big business and industry and
regulated product labeling
• The 1914 Clayton Antitrust Act revised the 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act and banned
monopolistic practices by business and Firms the right to go on strike.
• 1916 Keating-Owen Child Labor Act limited how many hours children are allowed to
work
• The Federal Farm Loan Act provide small farmers with long-term loans at low interest
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17. DEMOCRATIC PARTY PRIOR TO NEW DEAL
The Democratic Party has changed significantly during its more than
two centuries of existence. During the 19th century the party
supported or tolerated slavery, and it opposed civil rights reforms after
the American Civil War in order to retain the support of Southern
voters. By the mid-20th century it had undergone a dramatic
ideological realignment and reinvented itself as a party
supporting organized labor, the civil rights of minorities, and
progressive reform.
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18. LIBERALISM
• Political philosophy centered the unalienable rights of the
individual.
• The fundamental liberal ideals
• Freedom of speech,
• Freedom of the press,
• Freedom of religion for all belief systems
• Separation of church and state
• Right to due process
• Equality under the law
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19. New Deal Legislation
•
• The Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) - relief to farmers by paying them
to curtail production, reducing surpluses, and raising prices for agricultural products.
• The Public Works Administration (PWA) reduced unemployment by hiring the
unemployed to build new public buildings, roads, bridges, and subways.
• The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) employed hundreds of thousands of young
men in reforestation and flood-control work.
• The National Recovery Administration (NRA) established codes to eliminate unfair
practices, establish minimum wages and maximum hours, and guarantee the right of
collective bargaining.
• The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) brought cheap electricity to people in 7 states.
• The Home Owners’ Refinancing Act provided mortgage relief to the unemployed.
• The Securities Act of 1933 provided government oversight of stock trading.
• The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) protected depositors’ bank
accounts.
• Later programs included the Social Security Act,
the Works Progress Administration(WPA), and the
National Labor Relations Act.
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20. United States Republican Party 1854
• The Republican Party, GOP (abbreviation for Grand Old Party)
• Economic conservatism, classical conservatism (modern day American conservatism) and corporate
liberty right
• Emerged in 1854 to combat the Kansas–Nebraska Act, an act that dissolved the terms of the
Missouri Compromise and allowed slave or free status to be decided in the territories by popular
sovereignty.
• By 1858 it had enlisted former Whigs and former Free-Soil Democrats to form majorities in nearly
every Northern state.
• Had almost no presence in the Southern United States,
• (1861–1865)
• Abraham Lincoln in 1860
• Guided Union to victory in the American Civil War
• Abolished slavery
• African-American and White Northern Protestants, businessmen, small business owners,
professionals, factory workers, and farmers. It was pro-business, supporting banks, the gold
standard, railroads and high tariffs to protect factory workers and grow industry faster.
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21. Republican (2)
• Dominated the national political scene until 1932.
• Under William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt, emphasized
expansive foreign policy.
• New Deal coalition collapsed in the mid-1960s (white Southern Democrats' disaffection with
passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964).
• Republicans won five of the six presidential elections from 1968 to 1988, with Ronald Reagan
as the party's iconic conservative hero. From 1992 to 2016, the Republican candidate has
been elected to the White House in three of the seven presidential elections.
• Anomaly, two of these (the 2000 and 2016 elections) saw George W. Bush and Donald Trump
losing popular vote but winning the Electoral College. The opposite in 1876 and 1888
elections.
• Expanded in South after 1968 due to its strength among socially conservative white
evangelical Protestants and traditionalist Roman Catholics.
• Democrats in the South lost once American courts declared the Democratic white primary
elections unconstitutional
• 1980 Reagan, whose conservative policies called for reduced government spending and
regulation, lower taxes and a strong anti-Soviet Union foreign policy.
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22. Democratic Party
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23. Neoconservatism
• Neoconservatism (neocon) born in United States during the 1960s among liberal war
hawks disenchanted with pacifist foreign policy of the Democratic Party, and the
growing New Left and counterculture ( the Vietnam protests).
• The term "neoconservative" was popularized in the United States during 1973 by the
socialist leader Michael Harrington, who used the term to define Daniel Bell, Daniel
Patrick Moynihan and Irving Kristol
• Questioned their liberal beliefs regarding domestic issues.
• Became politically famous during the Republican presidential administrations of the
1970s, 1980s, 1990s and 2000s
• Peaked in influence during the administration of George W. Bush, when they played a
major role in promoting and planning the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
• Prominent neoconservatives in the George W. Bush administration included Paul
Wolfowitz (U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense), Elliott Abrams (served in foreign policy
positions for Presidents Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush), Richard Perle ( Assistant
Secretary of Defense for Global Strategic Affairs under President Ronald Reagan) and
Paul Bremer (Provisional Coalition Administrator of Iraq
• While not identifying as neoconservatives, senior officials Vice President Dick Cheney
and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld)
• Democrat Senator Henry "Scoop" Jackson on the Senate Armed Services Committee
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