Sispeng 2019 1D4

Measurement and Instrumentation
(SISTEM PENGUKURAN)
1D4, 2 SKS (T), 2 Jam Teori, 1 SKS (P)
3 Jam Praktek
Teori: Muhammad Arman
Praktek: EER, NKH, PTK

QUOTE
You cannot control what you cannot
measure
“When you can measure what you are speaking about, and
express it in numbers, you know something about it. When
you cannot measure it, when you cannot express it in
numbers, your knowledge is of a meagre and unsatisfactory
kind.”
- Lord Kelvin
2

• َ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ۡ‫و‬ُ‫ن‬ ۡ‫و‬ُ‫ك‬َ‫ت‬ َ‫َل‬ َ‫و‬ َ‫ل‬ۡ‫ي‬َ‫ك‬‫ـ‬ۡ‫ال‬ ‫وا‬ُ‫ف‬ ۡ‫و‬َ‫ا‬َۚ‫ن‬ۡ‫ي‬ ِ‫ر‬ِ‫س‬ ۡ‫خ‬ُ‫م‬ۡ‫ال‬﴿۱۸۱﴾
• QS 26: 181. Sempurnakanlah takaran dan
janganlah kamu termasuk orang-orang yang
merugikan;

• ِ‫اس‬َ‫ط‬ۡ‫س‬ِ‫ق‬ۡ‫ال‬ِ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ۡ‫و‬ُ‫ن‬ ِ‫ز‬ َ‫و‬ۡ‫ي‬ِ‫ق‬َ‫ت‬ۡ‫س‬ُ‫م‬ۡ‫ال‬ِۚ‫م‬
• QS 26: 182. dan timbanglah dengan
timbangan yang lurus.

Aturan Main
• Masuk tepat waktu : Dosen maksimal telat 15 menit tanpa kabar,
di WO, mahasiswa maksimal telat 5 menit setelah dosen, 
push up = telat x 3
• Pakain bebas, kecuali di lab, pakai sepatu, jas lab
• No smoking class, no eat , drink is ok ( di kelas)
• Boleh incoming sms, LINE, WA, BA , silent, tapi tidak reply,
incoming call jika silent ok jika penting di luar kelas
• Official Mobile phone number : 08156223200, sms/LINE/WA
time : 05.30 – 21.30, sms dl jika ingin menelpon.
• Hadir Jiwa Raga
• Aktif Bertanya
• Jangan Menyontek, Menyontek = E

Penilaian
• Komponen Penilaian
– UTS
– UAS
– Tugas dan atau Presentasi
– Quiz
– Project Akhir (Kelompok)
• Telat mengumpulkan tugas dianggap tidak
mengumpulkan tugas
• Nilai Akhir A sd E
• (Tidak) Ada HER atau Reevaluasi, hanya yang D dan E,
akan lebih sulit, dan tidak ada jaminan akan naik,
kalaupun Naik, hanya 1 tingkat

Etika Komunikasi
• Salam
• Memperkenalkan diri
• Jika diperlukan pergunakan kata “maaf”
• Menjelaskan maksud
• Tidak mendikte, ingat posisi mahasiswa
• Tutup dengan “terima kasih”

Garis Besar Materi : Teori
• Istilah Pengukuran
• Besaran dan Satuan
• Pengukuran : Instrumen Pengukuran, pengukuran besaran pokok
dan turunan, pengolahan data, pengukuran berulang.
• Karakteristik Statik dan Dinamik
• Metode Pengukuran : fundamental,langsung dan tidak langsung,
perbandingan, substitusi, differensial, nol
• Alat Ukur
• Op Amps : symbol dan karakteristik, inverting dan non inverting
• Kalibrasi
• Pengukuran Aliran Fluida
• Pengukuran Tekanan
• Pengukuran Temperatur

Garis Besar Materi : Praktek
• Pengggunaan AVO meter, Thermometer,
Pengukuran sebaran titik/grid
• Statistika pengukuran
• Arduino

Project
• Alat Ukur (Temperatur) Berbasis Arduino
– Integrasi dengan MK Praktek Instrumentasi
– Integrasi dengan MK Aplikasi Pemrograman
– Untuk digunakan pada pengambilan data Instalasi
SISREF
– Include data logging system
– Sifat hanya mengintegrasikan
– Be smart User

Definition
• Instrumentation is defined as the art and
science of measurement and control of
process variables within a production, or
manufacturing area. it is also defined as
instrumentation is a device or group of device
that is measure the process variable and
control them as per the requirement for the
process.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentation

Definition
• The Oxford English Dictionary says (as its last definition of
Instrumentation), "The design, construction, and provision
of instruments for measurement, control, etc; the state of
being equipped with or controlled by such instruments
collectively." It notes that this use of the word originated in
the U.S.A. in the early 20th century. More traditional uses
of the word were associated with musical or surgical
instruments. While the word is traditionally a noun, it is
also used as an adjective (as instrumentation engineer,
instrumentation amplifier and instrumentation system).
Other dictionaries note that the word is most common in
describing aeronautical, scientific or industrial instruments.

The Use
• Measurement instruments have three
traditional classes of use:[7]
– Monitoring of processes and operations
– Control of processes and operations
– Experimental engineering analysis

Why Important
Measure Analysis Decision

Measurement System Block Diagram
Sensor
Transducer
Input/
Measurand
Stage 1
Signal
Conditioning
Transduced
Electrical
Signal
Stage 2
Indicator
Computer
Recorder
Processor
Controller
Readout/
Applications
Stage 3
Medium

Beberapa istilah
• Accuracy = akurat
• Precision = presisi
• Range = range
• Subdivision
• Error = kesalahan, galat
• Hysteresis
• Stability
• Repeatability
• Sensitivity
• Resolution

• Thermocouple
• RTD
• Pressure Transmitter
• Data logging
• ADC and DAC

Automation Technology
Instrumentation plays an important role in almost every aspect of
Automation Technology.
• Industrial Automation
• Manufacturing Automation
• Process Automation
• Building Automation
Everyone needs to measure and/or control something – and that’s
what instrumentation is all about.

20
Process Control & Instrumentation –
EEE4093F
R. Verrinder (2008)
Simple Instrumentation
Chemical Electrical
PROCESS
SENSORS
ACTUATORS
CONTROLLER
Mechanical
Interface
InterfaceInterface
Primary
Measurand

21Process Control & Instrumentation –
EEE4093F
R. Verrinder (2008)
Primary Measurands
• Examples of some primary measurands are:
• Position
• Velocity
• Acceleration
• Force
• Sound Amplitude
• Sound Frequency
• Electrical Potential
• Electrical Current Flow
• Electrical Charge
• Electrical Frequency
• Magnetic Flux Density
• Magnetic Flux Intensity
• Strain
• Light (EM Radiation) Amplitude
• Light (EM Radiation) Frequency
• Temperature
• Heat Radiation
• Heat Flux
• Flow Rate
• Viscosity
• Density
• Altitude
• Altitude Rate
• Specific Gravity
• Torque
• Stress

Main Process Measurand
Temperature
Flow
Pressure

Measurement
Things that are measured include:
• Pressure, temperature, level, flow, humidity, speed,
motion, position, weight, density, conductivity, pH, light,
quality, quantity, and more.
Devices that process or do the measuring are called:
• Sensors, transducers, transmitters, indicators, displays,
recorders, data loggers, and data acquisition systems.

Pengukuran Debit
Tidak Langsung
(Indirect)
Magnetik Ultrasonic Vortex Coriolis
Pressure
Difference
Turbine
(Woltman)
Thermal

Sensor Consideration
• Objectives
• Accuracy
• Power Supply
• Type of Signal to be transmitted
• Environment
• Reliability
• Other Dynamics and statics characteristics

Controllers
These are the devices that do the controlling:
• Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs)
• Programmable Automation Controllers (PAC)
• Distributed Control Systems (DCS)
• Proportional, Integral, Derivative (PID) Controllers
• Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
• Building Automation Controllers (BAC)
• Energy Management Systems (EMS)

Control Elements
These are the devices the controller
operates:
• Pneumatic valves, solenoid valves, rotary
valves, motors, switches, relays, variable
frequency drives.

Pictures (Valve and selenoid Valve)

Measuring Means
Pressure
Level
Flow
Temperature
pH
Humidity
Density
Speed
Thermocouples
RTDs / Thermistors
Filled Systems
Bi-metallic
Strain gauge
Piezo-electric
Capacitance
Bourdon Tube
Head meters
(orifice, venturi)
Coriolis, velocity,
Mass,
Mechanical Floats
Guided Wave
Weight (load cell)
Ultrasonic
Differential Pressure
Transmitters
Pressure Transmitter
Level Transmitter
Differential Pressure Cell
Flow Transmitter
Temperature Transmitter
Pneumatic
3-15 PSI
Electrical
Current
4 – 20 mA
0 – 20 mA
10 – 50 mA
Voltage
0 – 5 V
1 – 5 V
0 – 10 V
Digital
ON/OFF
Field Bus
ModBus
ProfiBus
HART

What is a Process
• A process is broadly defined as an operation that uses
resources to transform inputs into outputs.
• It is the resource that provides the energy into the process for
the transformation to occur.
34

Open Loop Control
Open loop (or manual control) is used when very
little change occurs in the Process Variable (PV)
Manipulated
Variable
Desired
Result
Control
Agent
PROCESS
(Temperature,
pressure, level, flow)
FINAL CONTROL
ELELMENT
(valve)
Measuring
Means
(transmitter)
Process Variable (PV)
Controlled
Variable
Actuating
Input
pH, conductivity, humidity,
density, consistency, etc.
Corrective action is provided by manual feedback

Closed Loop Control
Closed loop or feedback control provides a corrective action based on the
deviation between the PV and the SP
Automatic
Controller Output
(3-15 psi, 4-20mA etc)
CONTROLLING
MEANS
Manipulated
Variable
Desired
Result
Control
Agent
PROCESS
(Temperature,
pressure, level, flow)
FINAL
CONTROL
ELELMENT
(valve)
Measuring
Means
(transmitter)
Controller Input (PV)
(3-15psi, 4-20mA etc)
Controlled
Variable
pH, conductivity, humidity,
density, consistency, etc.
Manual
SP

DIGITAL AND ANALOG
• Analog Input
• Digital Input
• Analog Output
• Digital Ouput

What are Standard Instrumentation
Signals
Standard instrument signals for controllers to accept as inputs
from instrumentation and outputs to final control elements
are:
– pneumatic
– current loop
– 0 to 10 volt
38

Signals
Pneumatic
• 3 to 15 psig
– Before 1960, pneumatic signals were used almost exclusively to
transmit measurement and control information.
– Today, it is still common to find 3 to 15 psig used as the final signal
to a modulating valve.
– Most often an I/P (I to P) transducer is used.
• This converts a 4-20 mA signal (I) into a pressure signal (P).
39

Signals
Current Loop
• 4-20 milliamp
– Current loops are the signal workhorses in our processes.
– A DC milliamp current is transmitted through a pair of wires from a
sensor to a controller or from a controller to its final control
element.
– Current loops are used because of their immunity to noise and the
distances that the signal can be transmitted.
40

Signals
Current Loop Scaling
• Output Scaling
– Scale outputs for a one-to-one correspondence.
– Controller output is configured for 0% to correspond to a 4mA
signal and 100% to correspond to a 20mA signal.
– The final control element is calibrated so that 4mA corresponds to
its 0% position or speed and 20mA corresponds to its 100%
position or speed.
41

Signals
Current Loop Scaling
• Input Scaling
– Scale inputs for a one-to-one correspondence as well.
– Example:
• If we were using a pressure transducer with a required operating range of
0 psig to 100 psig we would calibrate the instrument such that 0 psig
would correspond to 4mA output and 100 psig would correspond to a
20mA output.
• At the controller we would configure the input such that 4mA would
correspond to an internal value of 0 psig and 10mA would correspond to
an internal value of 100 psig.
42

Signals
0 to 10 Volt
• 0 to 10 volt is not commonly used in control systems because
this signal is susceptible to induced noise and the distance of
the instrument or final control element is limited due to
voltage drop.
• You may find 0-10 volt signals used in control systems
providing the speed reference to variable speed drives.
43

What are Smart Transmitters
• A smart transmitter is a digital device that converts the analog
information from a sensor into digital information, allowing
the device to simultaneously send and receive information
and transmit more than a single value.
• Smart transmitters, in general, have the following common
features:
– Digital Communications
– Configuration
– Re-Ranging
– Signal Conditioning
– Self-Diagnosis
44

What are Smart Transmitters
Digital Communications
• Smart transmitters are capable of digital communications with both a
configuration device and a process controller.
• Digital communications have the advantage of being free of bit errors, the
ability to multiple process values and diagnostic information, and the
ability to receive commands.
• Some smart transmitters use a shared channel for analog and digital data
(Hart, Honeywell or Modbus over 4-20mA). Others use a dedicated
communication bus (Profibus, Foundation Fieldbus, DeviceNet, Ethernet).
45

Actuator Consideration
• Objectives
• Power
• Duty cycles
• Robustness
• Type of output

The selection of an instrument for a specific application is an
iterative process.
Following points should be considered while their selection:
 Identify all operating cases
 Collecting all relevant process data
 Environmental conditions
 The extent to which the measured system will be disturbed
 Durability
 Maintainability
 Consistency of performance
Selection of Instruments

 Selection of pressure sensors
 Selection of temperature sensors
 Selection of flow sensors
 Selection of level sensors
Selection of Instruments

• Pressure-sensing devices are chosen on the basis of
following requirements:
 Pressure range
 Accuracy
 Temperature operating range
 Line-of-sight reading or electrical signal
 Response time
• In some applications there are other special requirements.
Parameters, such as hystersis and stability, should be
obtained from the manufacturers’ specifications.
Selection of Pressure Sensors

• Manometers are used when just a visual indication of
pressure level is required.
• Dead weight gauges, because of their superior accuracy,
are used in calibration of other pressure measuring devices.
• When an electrical form of output is required, the choice is
electric pressure transducer.
• Resonant wires are used for higher accuracy.
Selection of Pressure Sensors

• In process control a wide selection of temperature sensors
are available. However, the required range, linearity, and
accuracy can limit the selection.
• In the final selection of a sensor, other factors may have to
be taken into consideration, such as calibration, vibration
sensitivity, response time, maintenance requirements, and
cost.
• The choice of sensor devices in instrumentation should not
be degraded from a cost standpoint. Process control is only
as good as the monitoring elements.
Selection of Temperature Sensors

• The most commonly used device for temperature
measurement is thermocouple.
• RTD are also used frequently but they are very sensitive and
gives fast response.
• Pyrometers are non contact and used for high temperature
applications.
• Quartz thermometers provides very high resolution but
they are very expensive.
• Fiber optic devices are used in very inaccessible locations
and they are very accurate.
Selection of Temperature Sensors

• The selection of a flow meter for a specific application to a
large extent will depend on the required accuracy and the
presence of particulates, although the required accuracy is
sometimes down graded because of cost.
• One of the most accurate meters is the magnetic flow
meter. The meter is good for low flow rates, with high vis-
cosities and has low energy loss, but is expensive and
requires a conductive fluid.
• The Venturi tube has the highest accuracy and least energy
loss followed by the flow nozzle and the orifice plate.
• Gas flow can be best measured with an anemometer.
Selection of Flow Sensors

• A number of factors affect the choice of sensor for level
measurement, such as pressure on the liquid, liquid
temperature, turbulence, volatility, corrosiveness, accuracy
needed, single-point or continuous measurement, direct or
indirect, particulates in a liquid, free flowing solids, etc.
• Floats are often used to sense fluid levels because they are
unaffected by particulates, can be used for slurries.
• Bubbler devices require certain precautions when being
used. To ensure a continuous air or gas supply, the gas
used must not react with the liquid.
• Radiation devices are used for point measurement of
hazardous materials.
Selection of Level Sensors

This section defines the detailed installation
requirements for specific types of instruments
such as:
 Pressure Instruments
 Flow Instruments
 Temperature Instruments
 Level Instruments
Installation requirements

All instruments shall be installed so that they are
 Accessible
 Capable of removal
 Replacement and repair
 In-line instruments shall be mounted and secured in place
under the mechanical subcontract.
 Remainder of the installation shall be completed in
accordance with the installation detail(s) specified for each
instrument in the instrument index provided by suppliers.

Pressure Instruments:
• Distance between sensor and source should be kept to a
minimum.
• Sensors should be connected via valves for ease of
replacement.
• To eliminate errors due to trapped gas in sensing liquid
pressures, the sensor should be located below the source.

Pressure Instruments (Contd.) :
• When measuring pressures in corrosive fluids and gases, an
inert medium is necessary between the sensor and the
source or the sensor must be corrosion resistant.
• Resistance and capacitance can be added to electronic
circuits to reduce pressure fluctuations and unstable
readings.

Flow Instruments :
• The meter must be installed according to the manufactures
instructions .
• The meter must not be installed in a section of pipe where
there may be air pockets or the pipe does not run full of
water. If it is likely that air will become entrapped near the
meter, an air valve must be installed upstream of the meter.
• A meter approved for operation in full flowing pipes shall
be installed so that it is completely filled with fluid under all
conditions during operation.

Flow Instruments (Contd.):
• Flow nozzles may require a vertical installation if gases or
particulates are present. To allow gases to pass through the
nozzle, it should be facing upwards and for particulates,
downwards.
• Any backflow preventer must be installed on the discharge
side of the meter and >5 pipe diameters downstream of the
flow meter.
• The meter must be installed in the correct direction to flow.
• The meter must be mounted in such a way that it allows for
both easy access and reading of display unit.

Temperature Instruments :
• Care must be taken in locating the sensing portion of the
temperature sensor, it should be fully encompassed by the
medium whose temperature is being measured, and not be
in contact with the walls of the container.
• The sensor should also be placed downstream from the
fluids being mixed, to ensure that the temperature has
stabilized, but as close as possible to the point of mixing, to
give as fast as possible temperature measurement for good
control.
• Place the sensor in a location where it will not be in direct
sunlight.

Temperature Instruments (Contd.):
• Place the sensor in a location at least 10 feet away from
lights or lamps.
• Place the sensor at least 5 feet from man-made sources
of heat.
• Keep the sensor away from AC power lines.
• Limit the exposure of the sensor to the open night sky.
• If you are unsure about a location's exposure to the night
sky, check for dew at that location on a light dewy morning.
If the area is dry, the location should work well.

Level Instruments:
• Displacer Level Transmitters/Switches and Level Gauges,
which must be removed/repaired without shutting down
the process are capable of being isolated from the process.
• All instruments should be installed so that they are
accessible.
• In-line instruments shall be mounted and secured under the
mechanical subcontract.
2/12/2010
Chemical Engineering Department, U.E.T
Lahore
63

• Cost is very strongly correlated with the performance of
an instrument, as measured by its static characteristics.
Increasing the accuracy or resolution of an instrument,
for example, can only be done at the penalty of
increasing its manufacturing cost.
• Instruments choice therefore proceeds by specifying the
minimum characteristics required by a measurement
situation and then searching manufactures’ catalogue to
find an instrument whose characteristics match those
required
Cost

Sispeng 2019 1D4

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Sispeng 2019 1D4