The main roles for M&E Engineers in Land Development.

1. By:
Muhammad Arkam Bin Che Munaaim, PhD, PEng, IntPE
PhD (Energy Conservation), USM; MSc. B Tech (Energy) (USM);
B. Elec. Eng. (Hons) (UTM); Dip. Elec. Eng (Power) (UTM).
MIEM, MIET (UK), MIEEE (USA), ASEAN Eng, APEC Eng, EMF IntPE,
Chartered Eng (ASEAN), AAE, SPAN QP, REEM, MWA, MySET.
HP: +6016 335 7727 Email: arkam@engineer.com
1
Mechanical and Electrical Systems in
Building and Land Development Projects

2. Lecture Content - Part 1:
M&E Engineers in Land Development
(What Do We Do?)

3. • Initial (Concept -Tapping Design)
• Application of “Planning Approval” from Authorities:
• 1) Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB)
• 2) Telekom Malaysia (TM)
• 3) Malaysia Communication and Multimedia
Commission (MCMC)
• Submission of above approval to the Lead Consultant
• Lead Consultant to Local Authority (Council) for Development Order
(DO) Approval.
• Concept Design Starts (Design Office)
• Design Approval (From Client)
• Letter Examples

4. Lecture Content - Part 2:
1) Design of Power Distribution System in Buildings
2) Basic Principles or Factor Requiring Consideration During Design
3) Goals of System Design
4) Low Voltage Distribution System (Principles)
5) Selecting a Distribution Schemes
6) Rules and Statutory Regulations
7) Definitions of Voltage Ranges
8) TNB Supply Schemes and Maximum Demand Level for Low Voltage
System

5. ELECTRICAL
INSTALLATION DESIGN
Design of Power Distribution System in
Buildings
The best distribution system is one that will,
cost effectively and safely, supply adequate
electric service to both present and future
probable loads
Function of the electric power
distribution system
To receive power at one or more supply
points and deliver it to the individual lamps,
motors, and all other electrically operated
devices.

6. ELECTRICAL
INSTALLATION DESIGN
Basic Principles or Factor Requiring
Consideration During Design
• Functions of structure, present and future.
• Life and flexibility of structure.
• Locations of service entrance and
distribution equipment, locations and
characteristics of loads, locations of unit
substations.
• Demand and diversity factors of loads.
• Sources of power; including normal,
standby and emergency.
• Continuity and quality of power available
and required.
• Energy efficiency and management.
• Distribution and utilization voltages.
• Bus and/or cable feeders.
• Distribution equipment and motor control.
• Power and lighting distribution boards and
motor control centers.
• Types of lighting systems.
• Installation methods.
• Power monitoring systems.
• Electric utility requirements.

7. ELECTRICAL
INSTALLATION DESIGN
Goals of System Design
1) Safety
To design the power system which will not
present any electrical hazard to the people
who utilize the facility, and/or the
utilization equipment fed from the electrical
system
2) Minimum Initial Investment
The owner’s overall budget for first cost
purchase and installation of the electrical
distribution system and electrical utilization
equipment will be a key factor in
determining which of various alternate
system designs are to be selected. When
trying to minimize initial investment for
electrical equipment, consideration should
be given to the cost of installation, floor
space requirements and possible extra
cooling requirements as well as the initial
purchase price

8. ELECTRICAL
INSTALLATION DESIGN
Goals of System Design (Cont…)
3) Maximum Service Continuity
The degree of service continuity and reliability needed will vary
depending on the type and use of the facility as well as the
loads or process being supplied by the electrical distribution
system.
Typically, service continuity and reliability can be increased by:
 Supplying multiple utility power sources or services
 Supplying multiple connection paths to loads served
 Using short time rated power circuit breakers
 Providing alternate customers owned power sources
such as generators or batteries supplying uninterruptible
power supplies
 Selecting the highest quality electrical equipment and
conductors
 Using the best installation methods
 Designing appropriate systems alarms, monitoring and
diagnostics
 Selecting preventative maintenance systems or
equipment to alarm before an outage occurs

9. ELECTRICAL
INSTALLATION DESIGN
Goals of System Design (Cont…)
4) Maximum Flexibility & Expendability
In many industrial manufacturing plants, electrical utilization
loads are periodically relocated or changed requiring changes in
the electrical distribution system. Consideration of the layout
and design of the electrical distribution system to accommodate
these changes must be considered
5) Maximum Electrical Efficiency (Minimum Operating
Costs)
Electrical efficiency can generally be maximized by designing
systems that minimize the losses in conductors, transformers
and utilization equipment. Proper voltage level selection plays a
key factor in this area and will be discussed later. Selecting
equipment, such as transformers, with lower operating losses,
generally means higher first cost and increased floor space
requirements; thus, there is a balance to be considered
between the owner’s utility energy change for the losses in the
transformer or other equipment versus the owner’s first cost
budget and cost of money.

10. ELECTRICAL
INSTALLATION DESIGN
Goals of System Design (Cont…)
6) Minimum Maintenance Cost
Usually the simpler the electrical system design and the simpler
the electrical equipment, the less the associated maintenance
costs and operator errors. As electrical systems and equipment
become more complicated to provide greater service continuity
or flexibility, the maintenance costs and chance for operator
error increases. The systems should be designed with an
alternate power circuit to take electrical equipment (requiring
periodic maintenance) out of service without dropping essential
loads. Use of drawout type protective devices such as breakers
and combination starters can also minimize maintenance cost
and out-of-service time.
7) Maximum Power Quality
The power input requirements of all utilization equipment has
to be considered including the acceptable operating range of
the equipment and the electrical distribution system has to be
designed to meet these needs

11. ELECTRICAL
INSTALLATION DESIGN
Low Voltage Distribution System
(Principles)
MSB
SSB 1
Main Distribution Level Sub Distribution Level Sub Distribution Level
SSB 2
SSB 3
DB
DB
DB
DB
DB
DB
DB
DB
DB
• Distribution from the Main
Switchboard (MSB)
• At this level, power from one or
more MV/LV transformers
connected to the MV network of
the electrical utility is distributed
to:
- Different areas of the sites:
shops in a factory,
homogeneous production areas
in industrial premises, floor in
the office buildings, etc.
- Centralised high power loads
such as air compressors and
water cooling units in industrial
processes or air conditioners
and lifts in office buildings.
• Sub distribution used to
distribute electricity within each
area
• Final distribution, used to supply
the various loads

12. ELECTRICAL
INSTALLATION DESIGN
Low Voltage Distribution System
(Principles)
Basic Topologies
All distribution systems are combinations of two basic topologies:
1. Star topologies: Radial or centralized distribution
2. Bus topologies: Distribution using busduct / busways (also
referred to as busbar trunking system)
Star Topologies Bus Topologies

13. ELECTRICAL
INSTALLATION DESIGN
Selecting a Distribution Schemes
The LV distribution scheme is selected according to:
• Energy availability requirements
The criterion of independent circuits to different parts of an
installation makes it possible to:
1. Limit the consequences of a fault to the circuit
concerned
2. Simply fault locating
3. Carry out maintenance work or circuit extensions
without interrupting the supply of power to the whole
installation.
• Size of the site (area & total power to be distributed)
Small sites are supplied directly by the utility’s LV network and
the size and power requirements of the installation do not
justify a three level distribution system. Electrical distribution
in all premises (stores, homes, small offices) most often
involves only one or two levels.

14. ELECTRICAL
INSTALLATION DESIGN
Selecting a Distribution Schemes
• Load layout (equipment and power density)
Two types of loads, depending on their layout on the site,
must be taken in account:
• Concentrated load, generally corresponding to building
utilities used for the entire site and requiring high power
(e.g. centralized air conditioning units, lifts, refrigeration
units in supermarket)
• Distributed loads that can be dealt with in groups
corresponding to a homogeneous area (floor, factory
shop, production line) and characterized by two
parameters: power density (in VA/m2) and equipment
density (in number of devices per 10 or 100m2)
• Installation flexibility requirements
Installation flexibility is an increasingly important requirement,
in particular for commercial and industrial premises.

15. ELECTRICAL
INSTALLATION DESIGN
Rules and Statutory Regulations
 Low-voltage installations are governed by a number of regulatory
and advisory texts, which may be classified as follows:
1. Statutory regulations (decrees, factory acts, etc.),
2. Codes of practice, regulations issued by professional institutions,
job specifications,
3. National and international standards for installations,
4. National and international standards for products.
 The electricity supply and installation practice in Peninsular
Malaysia are governed by the following:
1. Electricity Supply Act 1990 – Act 447
2. Licensee Supply Regulation 1990
3. Electricity Regulation 1994
4. OSHA 1994 – Occupational, Safety & Health Act
5. Malaysia Standard MS IEC 60364 Electrical Installation of
Buildings
6. The current edition of the IEE Wiring Regulations for Electrical
Installations, where necessary (IEE Wiring Regulation 16th
Edition)
7. Electricity Supply (Successor Company) Act 1990 – Act 448

16. ELECTRICAL
INSTALLATION DESIGN
TNB Supply Schemes and Maximum
Demand Level for Low Voltage System
MD Ranges of Individual
Customer
Supply Voltage Typical Supply Scheme
Up to 12kVA 415V • Overhead services from
LV mains
12kVA to 100kVA 415V • Three phase overhead
or underground cable
service from existing LV
mains
100kVA to 1000kVA 415V • Direct cable services
from LV board from a
substation
Typical supply schemes for various Maximum Demand (MD) levels

17. ELECTRICAL
INSTALLATION DESIGN
No Type of Premises Minimum
(kW)
Average
(kW)
Maximum
(kW)
1 Low cost flats, single storey
terrace
1.5 2.0 3.0
2 Double storey terrace or
apartment
3.0 4.0 5.0
3 Single storey, semidetached 3.0 5.0 7.0
4 Single storey bungalow &
three room condominium
5.0 7.0 10.0
5 Double storey bungalow &
luxury condominium
8.0 12.0 15.0
Range of Maximum Demand (MD) for domestic customer
subclasses or premises
TNB Supply Schemes and Maximum
Demand Level for Low Voltage System

18. ELECTRICAL
INSTALLATION DESIGN
Range of Maximum Demand (MD) for types of shop houses
TNB Supply Schemes and Maximum
Demand Level for Low Voltage System
No Type of Premises Minimum
(kW)
Average
(kW)
Maximum
(kW)
1 Single storey, semidetached 5 10 15
2 Double storey shop house 15 20 25
3 Three storey shop house 20 30 35
4 Four storey shop house 25 35 45
5 Five storey shop house 30 40 55

19. ELECTRICAL
INSTALLATION DESIGN
Rules and Statutory Regulations
Types of supply applications are provided by TNB can
be classified into three types:
• Supply application for load up to 100kVA
 Supply usually from existing supply mains
 Submission of applications to TNBD by Electrical
Contractor registered with Suruhanjaya Tenaga (ST)
 Processing period for supply will take a maximum of 3
weeks upon approval from the local authorities.
• Supply application for load exceeding 100kVA
 Supply may require establishment of new substation
 Submission of applications to TNBD by Consultant
Engineer
 Processing period for supply may take between 6
months to 3 years depending on the extent of electrical
infrastructure required.
• Supply application for streetlight
 Application made by the local authority/government
department
 Application by developer
 Application by individual

20. Lecture Content - Part 3:
1) Definition of a final circuit
2) Final Circuit Distribution
3) Final circuit feeding 13A sockets to BS 1363
4) Radial circuit arrangement
5) Ring circuit arrangement
6) Diversity Factor
7) Maximum Demand

21. Definition of a final circuit
• A circuit connected directly to current using equipment, or to a
socket outlet or socket outlets or other points for the connection of
such equipment
• An outlet is defined as the termination of fixed wiring feeding a
luminaire, socket, or any current consuming appliance. From this it
will be seen that a final circuit might consist of a pair of 1.5mm2
cables feeding a few lights or a very 3 core cable feeding a large
motor direct from a circuit breaker or main switchboard.
• Socket outlet: A device, provided with female contacts, which is
intended to be installed with the fixed wiring, and intended to a
receive plug. A luminaire track system is not regarded as a socket
outlet system

22. Definition of a final circuit

23. Final Circuit Distribution
• Final circuits can be divided into the following types, all of which
will need different treatment when planning the size of the
conductors and the rating of the overcurrent devices:
The general of final circuits are:
1. Final circuit feeding fixed equipment or 2A sockets.
2. Final circuit feeding 13A sockets to BS 1363
3. Final circuit feeding sockets to BS 196 (5A, 15A, and
30A)
4. Final circuit feeding sockets to BS EN 60309-2 (industrial
types 16A, 32A, 63A and 125A)
5. Final circuit feeding fluorescent or types of discharge
lighting
6. Final circuit feeding motors
7. Final circuit feeding cookers

24. Sockets

25. Final circuit feeding 13A sockets to BS 1363
• The main advantages of the 13A socket with
fused plug are that any appliance with a
loading not exceeding 3.12kW (13A at 240V)
may be connected with perfect safety to any
13A socket, and under certain conditions an
unlimited number of socket may be
connected to any one circuit
• One point which must be borne in mind by
the designer is the question of the use of
outdoor equipment.
• 13A socket outlets circuits can be fed by
either radial or ring circuits.

26. Final circuit feeding 13A sockets to BS 1363
(Radial circuit arrangement)

27. Final circuit feeding 13A sockets to BS 1363
(Ring circuit arrangement)
• A ring circuits utilises one additional conductor to loop back to the
sending end. In other words, the socket outlets in the ring circuit
are fed by two parallel conductors.
• The sharing of the load between the two parallel conductors will
depend on the load distribution within the ring.

28. Malaysia Practices for 13A Socket Outlet (BS 1363)
Types of 13A Socket Outlets Area Malaysia Practices
Size of wires Fuse/Circuit
Breaker
Rating
1. Single socket outlet 20m2 • 2.5mm2 PVC
cables
16A
2. Double socket outlet 20m2 • 2.5mm2 PVC
cables
20A
3. Ring (10 Nos 13A
socket outlet provided
they are all located
within an area of not
more than 1000 sq feet)
100m2 • 2.5mm2 PVC
cables
32A
4. Radial (Max 6 Socket
Outlets)
50m2 • 4mm2 PVC
cables
32A

29. • Diversity factor, DF is the ratio of the sum of the maximum power
demands of the subdivisions, parts of a system, to the maximum
demand of the whole system or part of the system under
consideration.
Diversity Factor

30. • Maximum demand (often referred to as MD) is the largest current
normally carried by circuits, switches and protective devices; it does
not include the levels of current flowing under overload or short
circuit conditions- Example of Electric Circuit.
Maximum Demand
  (DF)FactorDiversityxCLLoadMDDemand, ConnectedMaximum 

31. Lecture Content - Part 4:
Introduction To Mechanical System In Building

32. Introduction to Mechanical Installation
1) Air Conditioning System-What You See…

33. Introduction to Mechanical Installation
1) Air Conditioning System-What We Do…

34. Introduction to Mechanical Installation
2) Cold Water -What You See…

35. Introduction to Mechanical Installation
2) Cold Water - What We Do…

36. Introduction to Mechanical Installation
3) Building Transportation System -What You See…

37. Introduction to Mechanical Installation
3) Building Transportation System -What We Do…

38. Introduction to Mechanical Installation
4) Fire Protection -What You See…

39. Introduction to Mechanical Installation
4) Fire Protection -What We Do…

40. Introduction to Mechanical Installation
5) Sanitary Piping-What You See…

41. Introduction to Mechanical Installation
5) Sanitary Piping -What We Do…

42. Introduction to Mechanical Installation
6) Kitchen Equipment -What You See…

43. Introduction to Mechanical Installation
6) Kitchen Equipment -What We Do…