The document discusses various topics related to occupational health and safety in engineering: 1. It defines key terms like accident, hazard, risk assessment and discusses the direct and indirect costs of accidents. 2. It covers different types of hazards like physical, chemical and biological hazards and provides examples. Common physical hazards discussed are noise, vibration and manual handling. 3. The document also discusses risk management process, ethical issues for engineers, and the functions and guidelines of the Board of Engineers Malaysia.

1. EUT440
ENGINEERS IN SOCIETY
WEEK 7 2nd APRIL 2013
• Knowledge Sincerity Excellence

2. EUT440
ENGINEERS IN SOCIETY
MID TERM EXMINATION:
DATE:
TIME;
VENUE:
• Knowledge Sincerity Excellence

3. ASSIGNMENT EUT440
GROUP ASSIGNMENT

6. What is Accident?
• Unwanted and undesirable
• Unexpected
• Involves a deviation from what was intended, i.e.
a planned safe operation
• Involves injury to people and/or damage to plant
and equipment or materials, including the
finished product - or at least the potential for
injury/damage (an event labeled a ‘near
miss accident’)
• Involves a chain of events, rather than one
isolated event

7. Why Managing Safety and Health?
• Moral and Ethical Issues
-Respect Human Resources - morale, commitment, image
-Respect their family – pride,
- Ethical Issues AS A PROFESSIONAL
• Legal Issues
-Claims for compensation
-Disruption during the legal process
• Financial Issues - is not a JUST legal, moral and ethical
obligation; it also makes good business sense!!!!!.
-Increase of Insurance Premium
-Direct Lost
-Indirect Lost

8. ETHICAL ISSUES
REGISTRATION OF ENGINEERS
ACT 1967
(Revised – 2002)
Act 138
An Act to provide for the registration of
Engineers and for purposes connected
therewith.

9. ETHICAL ISSUES
Functions of the Board
- on Ethics -
For the purposes of this Act there is hereby established a board to
be called "Board of Engineers", Malaysia (BEM). The functions
of the Board shall be among others:
– to hear and determine disputes relating to professional
conduct or ethics of registered Engineers;
– to determine and regulate the conduct and ethics of the
engineering profession;

10. ETHICAL ISSUES
Why do Engineers need to know about Ethics?
• With knowledge & skills, engineers have the
capability to do services to the public.
• With this capability, engineers have a tremendous
responsibility to clients, individuals and society.
• Ethics help engineers to guide their decisions to
ensure they act responsibly.

11. ETHICAL ISSUES
Basic Ethical Concepts
• Ethical considerations are an integral part of making
engineering decisions.
• The professional obligations of engineers go beyond
fulfilling a contract with a client or customer.
• Codes of ethics can provide guidance in the decision-
making process.

12. ETHICAL ISSUES
Basic Ethical Concepts
•Ethical obligations do not stop at any country’s border; they
are global.
•Wherever engineers practice, they should hold paramount the
health, safety, and welfare of the public.
•How an engineer fulfils those obligations may depend on the
social and economic context of engineering practice.

13. ETHICAL ISSUES
CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT
REGISTRATION OF ENGINEERS REGULATIONS 1990
• Conduct of Registered Engineer.
– 23. Every registered Engineer shall at all times uphold the
dignity, high standing and reputation of his profession.
• Responsibility to employer, clients or profession.
– 24. A registered Engineer in his responsibility to his employer,
client or the profession shall have full regard to the public
interest.
• Discharge of duties.
– 25. (1) A registered Engineer shall discharge his duties to his
employer or client as the case may be with complete fidelity.

14. ETHICAL ISSUES
CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT
REGISTRATION OF ENGINEERS REGULATIONS 1990
• Reputation etc. of a Registered Engineer not to be
injured.
– 26. A registered Engineer shall not maliciously injure or
attempt to maliciously injure whether directly or indirectly, the
professional reputation, prospects or business of another
registered Engineer.

15. ETHICAL ISSUES
BOARD OF ENGINEERS MALAYSBIA (BEM)
GUIDELINES FOR CODE OF PROFESSIONAL
CONDUCT
Five (5) Main SECTIONS for CODE of ETHICS
(27 Sub-Sections)
1/5. A Registered Engineer shall at all times
hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of
the public.
- 5 SUB-SECTIONS

16. ETHICAL ISSUES
BOARD OF ENGINEERS MALAYSBIA (BEM)
GUIDELINES FOR CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT
Five (5) Main SECTIONS for CODE of ETHICS
(27 Sub-Sections)
2/5. A Registered Engineer shall undertake assignments only if he is
qualified by education & experience in the specific technical fields
in which he is involved.
2 SUB-SECTIONS
3/5. A Registered Engineer shall issue public statements only in an
objective and truthful manner.
3 SUB-SECTIONS

17. ETHICAL ISSUES
BOARD OF ENGINEERS MALAYSBIA (BEM)
GUIDELINES FOR CODE OF PROFESSIONAL
CONDUCT
Five (5) Main SECTIONS for CODE of ETHICS
(27 Sub-Sections)
4/5. A Registered Engineer shall act for each employer
or clients as faithful agent or trustee.
7 SUB-SECTIONS

18. ETHICAL ISSUES
BOARD OF ENGINEERS MALAYSBIA (BEM)
GUIDELINES FOR CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT
Five (5) Main SECTIONS for CODE of ETHICS
(27 Sub-Sections)
5/5. A Registered Engineer shall conduct himself
honourably, responsibly, ethically and lawfully so as to enhance
the honour, reputation and usefulness of the profession.
10 SUB-SECTIONS

19. Hazard
HAZARD –condition with the potential of causing:
• Injury
• Diseases
• Damage to equipment or structures
• Loss of material or lessening of the ability to
perform a prescribed function
• Damage to the environment
• Or a combination of the above
- It is something that can cause harm if not
controlled
- the outcome is the harm that results from an
uncontrolled hazard.

20. Workers don’t create hazards.
Hazards are often built into workplace.
Work processes can be designed to prevent accidents
and illnesses. Existing hazards should be removed
from the workplace.

21. • Breakdown of Accident
Costs for the Industry
• The costs can be categorized into
- Direct cost
- Indirect cost

22. Direct costs
•payment for work not performed;
•medical and compensation payments;
•repair or replacement of damaged
machinery and equipment;
•reduction or a temporary halt in
production;
•increased training expenses and
administration costs;
•possible reduction in the quality of work;
negative effect on morale in other workers.

23. Indirect costs
The costs of an accident or illness can be
4 to 10 times greater than the direct costs,
or even more!
An occupational illness or accident can
have so many indirect costs to workers
that it is often difficult to measure them.
One of the most obvious indirect costs is
the human suffering caused to workers'
families, which cannot be compensated
with money.

24. Indirect costs
•the injured/ill worker has to be replaced;
•a new worker has to be trained and given time to
adjust;
•it takes time before the new worker is producing at
the rate of the original worker;
•time must be devoted to obligatory investigations,
to the writing of reports and filling out of forms;
•accidents often arouse the concern of fellow
workers and influence labor relations in a negative
way;
•poor health and safety conditions in the workplace
can also result in poor public relations.

25. RISK ASSESSEMENT

26. Risk
Risk - a combination of the probability that a particular
outcome will occur and the severity of the harm involved.
(Risiko - Kombinasi kemungkinan berlakunya kejadian
berbahaya/kemalangan dan kesan akibatnya)
- Chance or probability of danger, loss or injury occuring
- A measure of economic loss or human injury in terms of both
the accident likelihood and magnitude (consequence) of loss or
injury
- It is a combination of incident, probability and consequences.
Danger – expresses the relative exposure to hazard. A hazard
may presence, but there may be little danger because of the
precaution taken.

27. Risk management involves the identification,
assessment, and prioritization of risks
followed by coordinated and economical
application of resources to minimize, monitor,
and control the probability and/or impact of
unfortunate events or to maximize the realization
of opportunities.
• Eliminating the hazard, if possible
-Controlling the risk
• Minimizing, if possible
• Controlling the hazard
Checking and Reviewing the risk control

28. Identifying types of HAZARDS
and
Various Route of Entry

29. Issues in Managing of Health
at Workplace
• Difficult to develop strategy due to
- Long latency period
- Individual susceptibility factor
• The difficulties are experienced by
- Designers - difficult in taking account of health risks in
their specifications
- Managers - determining the level of health protection
that personnel require
- Operatives - being aware of health risks and the
systems, whether control or prevention, that are put in
place to protect them.

30. Types of HAZARDS - categories
i. Physical Hazards
ii. Chemical Hazards
iii. Biological Hazards
iv. Electrical Hazards
v. Radiation Hazards
vi. Psychological Hazards

31. PHYSICAL
HAZARDS

32. Types of HAZARDS - categories
i. Physical Hazards eg height, force, noise,
vibration, lighting, etc
- route -> tissue damage, hearing loss, lifting,
manual handling, ergonomic, traffic hazards,
collapse, falling objects

33. Manual Handling
• The lifting and carrying of loads is a big
problem in every industry
• Manual handling injuries contributed about
25% of all work-related injuries
PHYSICAL HAZARDS

34. How to reduce the effects?
• Bagged materials must be less than 25 kg.
• Apart of the weight factor, other factors also affect
this manual handling related accident
- The individual
• Age
• Gender
• Training
• Experience
• Previous Injury
- The overall operation
PHYSICAL HAZARDS

35. Work Related Upper Limb Disorder
• WRULD is caused by repetitive movements
Diseases associated
- Neck disorder
- Shoulder disorder
- Elbow disorder
- Writs and Hand Lesions (localized area of
diseased or injured tissue)
- Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
PHYSICAL HAZARDS

36. Work Related Upper Limb Disorder
• Factors associated with the development of WRULD
- Resisting Excessive Force
- Frequency and Duration of Movement
• Jobs are dictated by machine rather than personnel
- Posture - ERGONOMIC
- Work Organization
• Length of work period without rest breaks, lack of training and
inadequate supervision
- Psychosomatic Factors (illness due to the interaction of the mind
and the body)
• Poor awareness by managers and employees
• Lack of management to detect problems
• Poor ergonomic job design
• Lack of training to control WRULD
PHYSICAL HAZARDS

37. Noise
• It can cause hearing loss
• Factors influencing hearing loss
- Intensity of the noise
- Frequency
- Length of exposure
- Individual Tolerance. This factor is also affected by
other factors such as
• Age
• Effect of Drugs
PHYSICAL HAZARDS

38. Sound Level in dB (A) Sources
Harmfull 140 Jet Engine
130 Riveting Hammer
Critical 120 Propeller Aircraft
110 Rock Drill
100 Typical outdoor construction, plate fabrication noise
90 Heavy Vehicle
Safe 80 Pile drivers, power lawn mower, very busy traffic
70 Private car
60 Air compressor and concrete mixers
50 Conversation (at 1 m)
40 Average business office
30 Quite Whisper
PHYSICAL HAZARDS

39. How to control noise hazard?
• Review the design and change if possible
• Change with other processes or equipment •
PPE (Personel Protective Equipment): Earmuff
PHYSICAL HAZARDS

40. Vibration
• Result in tissue damage
• Two kinds of vibration
- Whole body vibration: vehicles
-Segmental vibration: pneumatic handheld tools
(white knuckles)
• How to control this hazard?
- Use of vibration isolator
- Select equipment that produces less vibration
PHYSICAL HAZARDS

41. PHYSICAL HAZARDS - examples
Electronics assembly worker –
Eye problems from doing close
work, especially in poor light
Long periods with inadequate
seating, can suffer from back and
other musculoskeletal problems.
Solder fumes or solder “flecks”
in the eye when the excess solder is
cut off with pliers.
Source: International Labor Organization (ILO)

42. CHEMICAL
HAZARDS

43. Types of HAZARDS - categories
ii. Chemical Hazards
eg. Gas, Liquid, Vapor, Fumes, Mist, Dust,
Asbestos, Lead
-route -> Inhalation, skin contact with
chemical, ingestion of chemical,

44. Routes of Entry of Toxic Agents
• Respiratory
• Skin and eye contact
• Mouth (Ingestion)
• Injection
CHEMICAL HAZARDS

45. CHEMICAL HAZARDS

46. Types of Effect
• Acute
- A lot of exposure
- The reaction happen in short period of time
• Chronic
- Repeated small exposure
- Long period of time
CHEMICAL HAZARDS

47. Common Types of Toxic Effect
• Irritations
- Lung
• By inhaling some chemicals, e.g. ozone, sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen dioxide
- Skin: chemical, physical, mechanical and biological
• Central Nervous System (CNS) Depression
- Headache, Drowsiness, Unconsciousness
- Organ affected: brain
- Many solvents (toluene, xylene, ether, acetone) produce
this effect if the vapor concentration is high
CHEMICAL HAZARDS

48. Common Types of Toxic Effect …cont
• Asphyxia
- Interfere with the transfer of oxygen
- Suffocated because the bloodstream cannot supply
enough oxygen
- When the oxygen level of 21% drop to 16%
- Sources
• Gas from sewerage
• Argon, propane, methane
• Carbon monoxide
• Hydrogen sulphide and hydrogen cyanide
CHEMICAL HAZARDS

49. Common Types of Toxic Effect …cont
• Cancer
- The effect is about 20-30 years
- Sources
• Benzene  Leukemia
• Chromium, Beryllium and Arsenic Trioxide  Lung Cancer •
Asbestos  Larynx, Lung and Abdomen cancer
• Vynil Chloride  Liver Cancer
• Coal Tar Pitch  Skin Cancer •
Benzidine  Bladder Cancer
CHEMICAL HAZARDS

50. Common Types of Toxic Effect …cont
• Pneumoconiosis
-Dusts retained in the lung
- Reduce the elasticity of the lung
- Sources
• Silica, beryllium, asbestos, iron oxide, tin
• Reproductive Effect
- Cause the ability to reproduce and fetal development
• Mercury  Low birth weight
• PCBs  Brown patches
• Lead  Miscarriage
• X-Rays and Some Pesticides (e.g., DBPC)  Decreased sperm
cell and sterility
CHEMICAL HAZARDS

51. Common Types of Toxic Effect …cont
• Systemic Poisons (effect whole body or at least a
multiple of organs
- Affect to more than one organ
- Sources
• Cadmium:
- causes lung irritation,
- impairs kidney normal function and
- may cause sterility
• Mercury:
- Accumulation in the brain causes tremors and mood changes -
Decreased kidney efficiency
- Gum inflammation and excess saliva
CHEMICAL HAZARDS

52. Factors Affecting Toxic Effect
• Factors related to the agent
- Chemical Composition
- Physical properties
- Solubility in body fluids
• Factors related to the Exposure Situation
- Dose: how much and how long?
- Co-factors: Presence of other materials
• Factors related to the individuals
- Individual differences: genetic status and allergic status
- Age
- Presence of predisposing disease:
• Angina (Heart Disease)  cannot tolerate carbon monoxide •
Emphysema (lung ailment)
CHEMICAL HAZARDS

53. Construction Materials Causing
Occupational Diseases
DISEASE
Skin Respiratory Tract Lungs Eyes Nervous System
Construction Material
Form Oils Irritation Irritation
Cement (Chromium) Lesions, Eczema,
Burns
Insulation
Mineral wool Irritation
Glass wool Irritation
Isocyanate Damage Damage Asthma
Asphalt Irritation, Burns Bronchitis,
Increased risk of
cancer
Caulking and Sealants
Polyacrylate Irritation Irritation
Methyl ethyl ketone Irritation Irritation
Methyl isobutyl ketone Irritation Irritation
Isocyanate Eczema Asthma
Adhesive
Acrylic monomers Irritation Irritation
Toluene Irritation Irritation Damage
Xylene Irritation Irritation Damage
Isocyanate Discomfort
Epoxy Resin Irritation
Polyamine Irritation
Plasters, Drywall, Putties Irritation Irritation

54. Construction Materials Causing
Occupational Diseases
Asbestos
• It can cause lung cancer
• The disease develops 20-40 years after
exposure
• Problems with asbestos in construction
- Many construction contracts are being awarded
without the contractors being informed of the
presence of asbestos materials
CHEMICAL HAZARDS

55. CHEMICAL Hazard …..cont
- Identification
Hazards related materials
- Workplace Hazardous Material
Information System (WHMIS)
(Canada’s National Workplace Hazard Communication Std)
The key elements of the system are cautionary
labelling of containers of WHMIS "controlled
products", the provision of Material Safety
Data Sheets (MSDSs) and worker education
and training programs

56. Hazard Identification
chemical …..cont
Hazards related materials
• Hazardous material usually has
WHMIS symbols link
• Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs)
link

57. Class A: Compressed Gas Class B: Flammable
& Combustible
WHMIS
Symbol
Class C: Oxidizing Material Class D: Poisonous and
Infectious Material

59. Material Safety Data Sheets - MSDS
A form with data regarding the detailed properties
of a particular hazardous material
An important component of product stewardship
and workplace safety, it is intended to provide
workers and emergency personnel with
procedures for handling or working with that
substance in a safe manner

60. What is an MSDS?
• A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) provides
detailed information about a specific hazardous
material. An MSDS contains the following
information:
- Identity (name of substance)
- Physical Hazards (target organ)
- Health Hazards
- Routes of Body Entry
- Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL)
- Carcinogenic Factors (cancer causing)
- Safe-Handling Procedures

61. What is an MSDS?
- Data of Sheet Preparation
- Control Measures (personal protective equipment)
- Emergency First Aid Procedures (emergency telephone
number)
- Contact Information (for the preparer of the sheet)
- Special Instructions

63. Sample MSDS Page - Nitric
Acid, 70%
• This is a sample page from the MSDS for
Nitric Acid, 70 percent. The product is
made by the ABC Rubber
Company, Science Products Division, P.O.
Box M, Altonia, Illinois 40361. Effective
date is 8- 21-85.

64. Sample MSDS Page - Nitric
Acid, 70%
Product identification, synonyms, other names for nitric acid are:
aqua fortis, azotic acid, nitric acid 70 percent. Formula CAS
Number 7697-37-2. Molecular weight 63.00. Hazardous
ingredients, not applicable. Chemical formula, HNO3.
Precautionary measures, danger, strong oxidizer, contact with other
materials may cause fire. Causes sever burns, may be fatal if
swallowed. Harmful if inhaled. Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on
clothing. Avoid breathing mist, use only with adequate ventilation.
Wash thoroughly after handling. Do not store near combustible
materials. Store in a tightly closed container. Remove and wash
contaminated clothing properly.

65. When Do You Use an MSDS?
• You should use an MSDS
whenever you need additional
information about a hazardous
material that is not included on the
product label.
• For example, you have spilled
nitric acid on the floor, and you
need to know how to clean it up
safely. You need only refer to the
"Safe-Handling Procedures"
section of the nitric acid MSDS.

66. Safe-Handling Procedures
Section - Nitric Acid, 70%
Isolate or enclose the area of the leak or spill. Clean-up personnel
should wear protective clothing and respiratory equipment suitable for
toxic or corrosive fluids or vapors. For small spills:
Flush with water, and neutralize with alkaline material (soda ash, lime,
et cetera). Sewer with excess water.
For larger spills and lot sizes:
Neutralize with alkaline, pick up with absorbent material (sand, earth,
vermiculite) and dispose in a RCRA approved waste facility or sewer
the neutralized slurry with excess water if local ordinances allow.
Provide forced ventilation to dissipate fumes.
Reportable Quantity (RQ) (CWA/CERCLA): 1000 pounds
Insure compliance with local, state and federal regulations.

67. When Do You Use an MSDS?
• Some chemicals, such as sodium
hydroxide, are very dangerous. If you have an
accident, you may not have time to look up
the information you need in an MSDS.
• You should read the MSDSs for the
hazardous materials present in your work area
before you work with them.

68. Types of HAZARDS - categories
i. Physical Hazards
ii. Chemical Hazards
iii. Biological Hazards – living organism or
once-living organism eg. Fungi, Bacteria,
Viruses
iv. Electrical Hazards
v. Radiation Hazards
vi. Psychological Hazards

69. Types of HAZARDS - categories
iii. Biological Hazards
a. Microorganism -Fungi, Bacteria, Viruses
route –in contact with bacteria thro’ improper treated
cooling towers
b. Arthropods – mosquitoes, spiders
route – bitten by infected mosquitoes
c. Animals – crocodiles, snakes
d. Plant allergens and toxins – pollen
e. Protein allergens – food, urine, feces, hair
route – rodent dropping/urine
- route -> infection, needle stick injury, handling of waste

70. Types of HAZARDS - categories
i. Physical Hazards
ii. Chemical Hazards
iii. Biological Hazards
iv. Electrical Hazards eg current, voltage,
sparks
- route -> direct electrocution, contact with
overhead or underground cables
v. Radiation Hazards
vi. Psychological Hazards

71. Types of HAZARDS - categories
i. Physical Hazards
ii. Chemical Hazards
iii. Biological Hazards
iv. Electrical Hazards
v. Radiation Hazards eg. UV light, lasers etc
- route -> skin contact, eye contact
vi. Psychological Hazards

72. Ultraviolet
• UV can damage eyes and skin
- Skin cancer
- Skin burn
- Eye discomfort
• Where is the exposure of this hazard?
- Outdoor job
- Welding
- Work using high intensity lamp
• How to reduce the hazard?
- Sun block
- UV Protection Sunglasses
- Blue color costume

73. Types of HAZARDS - categories
i. Physical Hazards
ii. Chemical Hazards
iii. Biological Hazards
iv. Electrical Hazards
v. Radiation Hazards
vi. Psychological Hazards eg. workplace,
space, organizational culture, stress

74. Occupational Stress
• Three types of occupational stress
- Physical
- Mental
- Emotional
PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS

75. Causes of Occupational Stress
• Uncertainty and lack of control (low job
discretion)
• Lack of support from others, including co-workers
• Conflicts
• High demands of working environment, e.g. long
hours, high responsibility, commitment
• Very low demands: boredom, lack of meaning in
work
• Work station: noise, poor lighting, lack of space,
extreme temperatures, poor ergonomics
• Chemical hazards, fumes, passive smoking
PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS

76. Causes of Occupational Stress …cont
• Organizational culture
• Repetitive Tasks
• Low pay leading to overtime and piecework
• Change
PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS

77. How do humans react? 3 stages
• Alarm Stage
-Immediate reaction
- Fight or Flight?
- Human body coordinates the readiness of
action, influencing mood, causing heart
palpitation, shallow fast breathing, muscle
tension, dryness of throat, dizziness and light-
headedness, numbness of the limbs, nausea,
anxiety and sweating
PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS

78. How do humans react?
• Resistance Stage
Alarm stage cannot be maintained indefinitely
At one point, resistance stage occurs in which humans
develop survival strategies and a way of fighting the
stress
Typically, short-term relief is preferable
• Exhaustion Stage
-Stress response is healthy and a motivator
- When expectations are not realistic, humans become
suffer
PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS

79. HAZARDS – can you identify them?
Welder
 can be burnt from the
sparks PHYSICAL
 the danger of the work
process starting a fire.
the intense light can
cause permanent eye
damage
Heat
fumes given off by the
process which can damage
Source: International Labor Organization (ILO)
the lungs CHEMICAL

80. TO BE CONTINUED
- RISK ASSESSMENT