arifyousafzay72@gmail.com

1. By
ARIF ULLAH
RN,Dip BScn MPH
Principal universe collage of Nursing
Peshawar

2.  At the completion of this lecturer the students
will be able to:
 Define Vital Signs.
 Define terms related to Vital signs.
 Identify ways that affect heat production and
heat loss in the body.
 Define types of body temperature according
to its characteristics.

3.  Identify the sign and symptoms of fever.
 Discuss the normal ranges for
temperature,
pulse, respiration and blood pressure.
 List the factors affecting temperature,
pulse, respiration.& BP.
 Describe the characteristics of pulse and
respiration.

4. Introduction:
Vital signs are sign of life which used in
measurement the level of health
 Vital signs are objective data to determine
the health status of a persons /pts
 Vital signs reflect the body’s physiologic
status and provide information critical to
evaluating homeostatic balance.

5.  To obtain base line data about the patient
condition.
 for diagnostic purpose.
 For therapeutic purpose.

6.  Vital sign tray
 Stethoscope, BP apparatus
 Thermometer
 Second hand watch
 Red and blue pen, Pencil;
 Vital sign sheet
 Cotton swab in bowel
 Disposable gloves if available
 kidney tray

7.  On admission – to obtain baseline
 According to nursing or medical order
 Before and after the administration of certain
medications that could affect vital signs
 Before and after surgery procedures
 Before and after any nursing intervention that
could affect the vital signs. (Ambulation)
 According to hospital /other institution policy.

8. Vital signs are includes .
1.Body temperature
2.Pulse rate
3. Respiration rate
4.Blood pressure
5th one is pain

9.  it is the hotness or coldness of the body.
 It is the balance b/n heat production &heat
loss of the body.
Thermogenesis: heat production by
(chemical regulation or metabolisms)
 Thermolysis : heat lose by (physical
regulation)
The regulatory center of the body
temperature is hypothalamus .

10. 1:Oxidation of food:
1gm . carbohydrates 4k calorie
1 gm. of protein 4 k calorie
1gm .of fat 9 k calorie
 2: specific dynamic action of food
specific dynamic action of carbohydrates 5-6%
specific dynamic action of protein 30%
specific dynamic action of fat 4%

11. 1:Through skin:
a. Conduction :3%(transfer of heat from hot part
to the cold ) ie. chair ,bed .
b. conviction: 15% due to contact with air
movement
c. Radiation: 60% direct contact ,
d. Evaporation 22%
Through lungs
Through kidney
Through GIT

12. 1 Oral route (by mouth)
Normal oral. 37 0C or 98.6 0F
Duration 2-3 mint
Contraindication:
 psychiatric patient
 Mouth trauma/surgery case
 Infant / children
 2:Axila route
Normal axilla temperature37.5 0C or 99.6 0F

13.  it is the best route for infants and children
Duration :5 mint
3: Rectal temperature
Most rare method in Pakistan
Normal Rectal temperature 37.5C 99.6F
Position leftletral
Duration 2 mint

14.  1. clinical thermometer
 2. Electronic thermometer
(Digital thermometer )
 3. Chemical thermometer
 4. Temperature sensitive strip
 5. Tympanic thermometer

15. Before taking temperature:
with moist or wipe swab bulb to stem
 After taking temperature :
with dry swab wipe stem to bulb

16.  Pyrexia, fever or febrile
 Hyperpyrexia/hyperthermia
(41,C -42 c 104-105.5F)
Hyperpyrexia/hypothermia
 (34 C – 35 C, 95F-94F)

17.  1:Intermittent fever -alternate body
temperature at regular intervals.
 2: Remittent fever- wide range of
temperature fluctuation occur over the 24hrs.
 3: Relapsing fever - short febrile periods few
days then normal (1-2 days )
 4: Constant fever - continuous & also called
persistent fever .

18.  Monitor vital signs accordingly •
 Provide cool sponging.
 Assess skin color and temperature
 Monitor laboratory results for signs of
dehydration or infection
 Remove excess blankets when the client
feels warm
 Provide adequate drink/fluid intake,

19.  Reduce physical activity
 Administer antipyretic as ordered
 Provide oral hygiene
 Provide dry clothing and bed linens
 Measure intake and output record

20.  Provide warm environment
 Provide dry clothing
 Apply warm blankets
 Keep limbs close to body
 Cover the client’s scalp
 Supply warm oral or intravenous fluids
 Apply warming pads

21.  Pulse :
 Pulse is a wave of blood created by the
contraction of left ventricle.
 pulse reflects the heart beat.

22. Peripheral pulse : is a pulse located in the
periphery of the body.
Apical pulse: is a central pulse located at the
apex of the heart.

23.  1Temporal:
located, between the upper, lateral part of the
eye
 2. Carotid- at the side of the neck
 3. Apical- at the apex of the heart.
 4. Brachial- at the anterior part of the arm
 5. Radial – located at the wrist (anterior part),
along with the thumb. It is where the radial
artery is located.


24.  6. Femoral – at the inguinal ligament, the
femoral artery is located.
 7. Popliteal- at the popliteal region, located at
the back of the knee
 8. Posterior Tibial- at the medial aspect of the
ankle, it is where the posterior tibia artery is
located

25.  9. Dorsal is Pedi's: where the dorsal is Pedi's
artery passes over the bones of the foot, at
the space between the big toe and the 2nd
toe.

26.  When assessing the pulse, there is a need to
take note of the following
 1. Rate referred to (tachycardia/ Bradycardia
 2. Rhythm (is the patterns or interval
between the beats.)
 3. volume (the force of blood with each beat )
bounding/full; weak/feeble/ thready pulse
 5. presence or absence of bilateral equality.

27. Age Average Range
New born -1
month
130/min 80-180
1 year 120/min 80-140
2 years 110/min 80-130
6 years 100/min 75-120
10 years 70/min 50-90
Adult 80/min 60-100

28. Scale Description of pulse
0 Absent
1 Thready or weak
2 Normal ,detected
readily, obliterated
By strong pressure.
3 Bounding difficult to

29.  1. Age
 2. Gender - man’s pulse rate is slightly lower
than the female
 3. Exercise
 4. Fever- pulse rate increases when metabolic
rate increases
 5. Medications
 6. Hemorrhage- loss of blood increase pulse
rate
 7. Stress

30.  Is the act of breathing; It includes the intake of
oxygen and the output of carbon dioxide.
 The respiration rate is the number of breaths a
person takes per minute..

31.  Inhalation or inspiration- the act of intake of air
into the lungs
 Exhalation or expiration- the act of breathing
out of gases from the lungs to the environment
 Ventilation- movement of air in and out from
the lungs
 Hyperventilation- refers to very deep and
rapid ventilation .
 Hypoventilation- refers to very shallow
respiration

32.  1. Costal or thoracic breathing .
 2. Diaphragmatic or abdominal breathing.

33. Age Average Range
Neonate 35 b/m 30-80 b/m
1 year 30 b/m 20-40 b/m
2 years 25 b/m 20-30b/m
8 years 20 b/m 15-25b/m
16 years 18 b/m 15-20b/m
Adult 16 b/m 12-20b/m

34.  Respiratian is normally described in breaths
per minute
 Types of respiration:
 Eupnoea- Normal Breathing
 Bradypnea- Abnormally slow breath
 Tachypnea Abnormally fast
 Apnea- interruption of breathing
 Dyspnea- difficulty in breathing ◦
 Orthopnea- ability to breath in an upright
position

35. Age Average Range
New born -1
month
35 b/m 30-80 b/m
1 year 30 b/m 20-40 b/m
2 years 25 b/m 20-30b/m
8 years 20 b/m 15-25b/m
16 years 18 b/m 15-20b/m
Adult 16 b/m 12-20b/m

36.  1:Medola oblongata
 Pons

37. Blood pressure is the pressure exerted on
the artery walls by circulating blood
(BP is the force exerted by the blood against
the walls of the blood vessels )

38.  Systolic pressure: is the maximum of
the pressure against the wall of the
vessel follows ventricular contraction.
 Diastolic pressure is the minimum
pressure of the blood against the walls of
the vessels following closure of aortic
valve (ventricular relaxation).

39.  Fever
 Stress
 Exposure to cold
 Obesity
 Hemorrhage
 Low hematocrit
 External heat

40. Age Mean BP (mmHg)
New born -1 month 73/35
1 year 90/55
6 years 95/57
10 years 102/62
14 years 120/80
Adult 120/80

41.  Kozier Fundamentals of Nursing , 5th ed.
(US Addison-Wesley Publishing
 Company, Inc. 1995) p. 438
 Wilson Giddens 4th ed.