town planning theories concept and models of urban planning

1. Town Planning
Planing Theories

2. Beginning of
Settlements
River Valley Civilizations
Struggle for Survival, Safety &
Society
Transportation, Trade & Commerce
Farming, Hunting
Fortification

3. Oldest
Continuously
Inhabited Cities
1. Damascus, Syria
2. Jericho, West Bank
3. Aleppo, Syria
4. Athens, Greece
5. Argos, Greece
6. Plovdiv, Bulgaria
7. Byblos, Lebanon
8. Sidon, Lebanon
9. Rayy, Iran
10. Jerusalem

4. Town Planning For Modern Cities
• Environment
• Transportation - Linkages
• Industrial Segregation
• High-rise Blocks
1. Commercial + Residential
2. Work – Commerce – Residence
• Master Plan
1. Long Term Comprehensive Planning
2. Focus on Social & Physical
Infrastructure Besides Land use Planning.
Master Plan:-
• suitable locations for commercial, housing and
mixed-use development;
• locations where the city should increase
density, use redevelopment, or intervene in
other ways;
• opportunities to extend and/or improve open
space, recreational areas, and civic facilities;
• strategies from increasing economic
development;
• environmental, historic and cultural resources
that need conservation; and
• strategies for solving congestion and improving
transit services.

5. Town Planning
Concept & Theories
the rational-comprehensive
approach,
the incremental approach,
the transactive approach,
the communicative approach,
the advocacy approach,
the equity approach,
the radical approach

6. Hierarchy of Town
Planning
The theory was first developed by
the German geographer Walter
Christaller in 1933
Central place theory is a spatial
theory in urban geography that
attempts to explain the reasons
behind the distribution patterns, size,
and number of cities and towns
around the world.

7. Ebenezer Howard's
three magnets
The diagram summarises the
political, economic, and social
context underlying Howard’s utopian
vision for the future of British
settlement via three illustrated
magnets. One magnet lists the
advantages and disadvantages of
town life and another is
accompanied by the positives and
negatives of country life. The third
magnet communicates Howard’s
proposal of a Town-Country.

8. Garden Cities of
To-morrow
Ebenezer Howard ‘Garden Cities of
To-morrow’ in 1902.
Influenced the later strategy of
building new towns in the UK, US,
Canada, Argentina, Israel and
Germany.
As with most instances of social
engineering, the garden city
movement didn’t quite achieve what
it set out to do. Its laudable motives
and egalitarian vision contrast with
the often depressing artificiality of
‘garden cities’, and the fact that they
merely function as dormitories to the
larger cities they so often adjoin.

9. Garden City
A great deal of criticism has been
levelled at Howard’s plans as being
unrealistic in their adherence to
geometric proportion, but he
presented his design of concentric
circles of varying land use as a
universal rather than as a particular
mode.
First Garden City was Letchworth in
Hertfordshire .

10. Concentric Zone
Model
The concentric zone model, also
known as the Burgess model or
the CCD model, is one of the
earliest theoretical models to explain
urban social structures. It was
created by sociologist Ernest
Burgess in 1925.

11. The Linear City: (Don
Arturo Soria
Mata- 1882)
-A town for 30,000 people based
upon the principal transport route
which is 100 meter wide of infinite
length depending upon urban
growth.
-All services channeled along the
street
-Other community facilities group at
regular intervals
-Residential area is limited to 200
meter either side beyond which
would lie the Countryside.

12. Radburn Superblock
Characteristics-
a) Encourage pedestrian
accessibility
b) Low traffic volume in the
neighborhood
b) Open space linked the
residential areas
c) Houses built around cul-de-sac
which are connected to open
space
d) Houses are segregated for
main roads
e) Pedestrian paths and
walkways linked the houses to
primary school and local
centre

13. Radburn Superblock
• -Population Size: 25,000 Into 3
neighborhoods of around 8,000 each
-Pedestrian
-traffic segregation
By means of:-
- foot paths
-under passes
-bridges
-residential superblocks around a
backbone of parkland.
• The new Motor age:- Social Planning
• Mechanical means to be planned to
facilitate Human life & Civilization.
• Comprehensive planning
• Ample sites for community use
• Industries to be close to transportation
nodes
• Services to be well planned
• Private public partnership for
convenience of public – group of
building be planned.

14. Neighborhood Unit
Design
• The concept of the neighbourhood unit in 1900s by Clarence
Perry, is an early diagrammatic planning model for residential
development in metropolitan areas. It was attempting to design
functional, self-contained and desirable neighbourhoods in the
early 20th century in industrialising cities.
• 6 Principles of Neighborhood Design
a) Size of neighborhood unit related to the catchment area of a
primary school
b) No through traffic- residential area bounded on all sides by
arterial roads
c) ample parks and play areas
d) A neighborhood center containing school, local center and
other services
e) A hierarchy of roads/ streets (to promote road safety,
pedestrian safety, conserve residential environment)
f) District shops located on the periphery thus serving 4
neighborhood unit.

15. Core frame model
The Core frame model is a model
showing the urban structure of
the Central Business District of a
town or city. The model was first
suggested by Ronald R. Boyce and
Edgar M. Horwood in 1959.
The model includes an inner core
where land is expensive and used
intensively, resulting in vertical
development. This area is the focus
of the transport system and has a
concentrated daytime population.
The outer core and frame have
lower land values and are less
intensively developed.

16. Sector Model
The sector model, also known as
the Hoyt model, is a model of
urban land use proposed in 1932 by
economist Homer Hoyt. It is a
modification of the concentric zone
model of city development. The
benefits of the application of this
model include the fact it allows for
an outward progression of growth.
As with all simple models of such
complex phenomena its validity is
limited.

17. Multiple nuclei
model
The multiple nuclei model is an
economical model created
by Chauncy Harris and Edward
Ullman in the 1945 article "The
Nature of Cities"

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Ar. Nazim Bin Shamshiraz Saifi