Non-invasive Techniques – Tools for Preventive Archaeology?
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M. Posselt & A. Posluschny, Non-invasive Techniques – Tools for Preventive Archaeology? 18th Annual Meeting of the European Association of Archaeologists (EAA). Helsinki, Finland 30th August 2012.
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Non-invasive Techniques – Tools for Preventive Archaeology?
- 1. Non-invasive Techniques Tools for Preventive Archaeology? Axel G. Posluschny Roman-Germanic Commission of the German Archaeological Institute posluschny@rgk.dainst.de Martin Posselt Posselt & Zickgraf - Archäologisch-geophysikalische Prospektionen GbR posselt@pzp.de ArcLand PZP GbR www.archaeolandscapes.eu www.pzp.de
- 2. Content • Introduction of methods & techniques • Aerial Archaeology • LiDAR/ALS • Geophysical surveying • Case studies – advantages and pitfalls • Resume Roman-Germanic Commission/DAI www.archaeolandscapes.eu www.pzp.de
- 3. Roman-Germanic Commission/DAI http://www.ohiotraveler.com/images/serpent%20mound.jpghttp://www.ohiotraveler.com/images/serpent%20mound.jpg http://www.online-reisefuehrer.com/bilder-reisen/tuerkei/ephesos.jpghttp://www.online-reisefuehrer.com/bilder-reisen/tuerkei/ephesos.jpg http://www.zum.de/Faecher/G/BW/Landeskunde/w3/provence/vienne/http://www.zum.de/Faecher/G/BW/Landeskunde/w3/provence/vienne/ augustus1.jpgaugustus1.jpg http://www.aegypten-spezialist.de/uploads/pics/gizeh-cheops-sphinx.jpghttp://www.aegypten-spezialist.de/uploads/pics/gizeh-cheops-sphinx.jpg Visible features in Cultural Heritage Management www.archaeolandscapes.eu www.pzp.de
- 4. Roman-Germanic Commission/DAI Braasch/Christlein19 82 Invisible Features in Cultural Heritage Management www.archaeolandscapes.eu www.pzp.de
- 6. Aerial Archaeology Roman-Germanic Commission/DAI www.archaeolandscapes.eu www.pzp.de • dependent on weather, climate, etc. so cannot be used at all times • not all features show on aerial pictures (at all times) • relatively coarse as regards the details of the documented sites • very time effective • can give a first glimpse of what is there • can cover very large areas in a short time
- 7. LiDAR/ALS Roman-Germanic Commission/DAI www.archaeolandscapes.eu www.pzp.de LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) – ALS (Airborne Laser Scanning) • only shows 3dimensional features • semi automatic analyses are possible (highlighting potentially interesting features) • works in forested areas • covers large areas
- 8. LiDAR/ALS Celtic hillfort Vlada in Bohemia – with forest canopyř Roman-Germanic Commission/DAI www.archaeolandscapes.eu www.pzp.de
- 9. LiDAR/ALS Celtic hillfort Vlada in Bohemia – without forestř canopy Roman-Germanic Commission/DAI www.archaeolandscapes.eu www.pzp.de
- 10. LiDAR/ALS Detecting so far unknown grave mounds in the forest near a Celtic hillfort in Germany Roman-Germanic Commission/DAI www.archaeolandscapes.eu www.pzp.de
- 11. Geophysical Surveys • Geophysical surveying methods comprise a variety of different techniques: • Magnetometer survey • Earth resistance survey (geoelectric survey) • Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) • They are: • non-destructive • machine-based • in most cases less expensive than excavations • can cover very large areas • their disadvantage is the expert knowledge one has to have in many cases to be able to handle the data derived from various measurements and the interdependency of features and surrounding soil Roman-Germanic Commission/DAI www.archaeolandscapes.eu www.pzp.de
- 12. Posselt & Zickgraf Prospektionen GbR www.archaeolandscapes.eu www.pzp.de Friedberg-Bruchenbrücken, Germany. Magnetogram pasted to a cadastre map. 1 Detail with groundplan of house 10. 2. Excavation of 1984-85.
- 13. Posselt & Zickgraf Prospektionen GbR www.archaeolandscapes.eu www.pzp.de Typology of groundplans of early neolithic houses. To the left: earliest type, to the right developed type (Lüning u. Stehli).
- 14. Posselt & Zickgraf Prospektionen GbR www.archaeolandscapes.eu www.pzp.de
- 15. Posselt & Zickgraf Prospektionen GbR www.archaeolandscapes.eu www.pzp.de Phases of contruction of the Roman limes. Phases 1-4 (E. Schallmayer, Der Odenwaldlimes).
- 16. Posselt & Zickgraf Prospektionen GbR www.archaeolandscapes.eu www.pzp.de
- 17. Posselt & Zickgraf Prospektionen GbR www.archaeolandscapes.eu www.pzp.de
- 18. Posselt & Zickgraf Prospektionen GbR www.archaeolandscapes.eu www.pzp.de
- 19. Posselt & Zickgraf Prospektionen GbR www.archaeolandscapes.eu www.pzp.de
- 20. Posselt & Zickgraf Prospektionen GbR www.archaeolandscapes.eu www.pzp.de (W. Reinhard, Die keltische Fürstin von Reinheim)
- 21. Posselt & Zickgraf Prospektionen GbR www.archaeolandscapes.eu www.pzp.de Area of magnetometer survey Outline of the planned by-pass-road Motorway A5 Bad Homburg-Ober-Eschbach/Ober- Erlenbach (Hochtaunuskreis) 2001. Geophysics and Magnetic ghosts.
- 22. Posselt & Zickgraf Prospektionen GbR www.archaeolandscapes.eu www.pzp.de Magnetogram Bad Homburg-Ober-Eschbach/ Ober-Erlenbach (Hochtaunuskreis) 2001, Posselt & Zickgraf (PZP) Fluxgate-Magnetometer (Ferex) dynamics +/- 3 nT (white/black) Details with ground plans of houses
- 23. Posselt & Zickgraf Prospektionen GbR www.archaeolandscapes.eu www.pzp.de Bad Homburg-Ober-Eschbach/Ober-Erlenbach 2001. Fluxgate-Magnetometer (Ferex) dynamics +/- 3 nT(white/black) Magnetogram and interpretive drawing of LBK-houses 1 and 2
- 24. Posselt & Zickgraf Prospektionen GbR www.archaeolandscapes.eu www.pzp.de Bad Homburg-Ober-Eschbach/Ober-Erlenbach 2001. Section of circular ditch with invisible feature.
- 25. Posselt & Zickgraf Prospektionen GbR www.archaeolandscapes.eu www.pzp.de
- 26. Posselt & Zickgraf Prospektionen GbR www.archaeolandscapes.eu www.pzp.de
- 27. Posselt & Zickgraf Prospektionen GbR www.archaeolandscapes.eu www.pzp.de
- 28. Posselt & Zickgraf Prospektionen GbR www.archaeolandscapes.eu www.pzp.de
- 29. • The large variety of modern surveying methods have a number of great advantages: • non-destructive • amend each other • very precise • nearly complete • cover large areas • fast • much lower costs than caused by excavations Resume Roman-Germanic Commission/DAI www.archaeolandscapes.eu www.pzp.de
- 30. • One can only protect, monitor and manage what s/he knows –> Large scale surveys are not only a technique for archaeological research but also for Cultural Heritage Management • Site protection is an expensive as well as a time consuming task –> Modern geophysical and remote sensing methods are a possible solution • Surveying data is the ideal basis for decision making in urban land-use planning, to assess the threads from erosion, looting and plundering or from ploughing and to monitor archaeological sites • During building and construction planning the areas of archaeological interest can be taken into account –> not only Archaeology or Cultural Heritage Management benefit from large scale surveys but also investors and stakeholders Resume Roman-Germanic Commission/DAI www.archaeolandscapes.eu www.pzp.de
- 31. Thank you very much for your attention posluschny@rgk.dainst.de posselt@pzp.de ArcLand PZP GbR www.archaeolandscapes.eu www.pzp.de
Hinweis der Redaktion
- When I was asked to give a presentation about non-invasive methods as potential tools for preventive archaeology, I thought that I might not be the right one to talk about this topic as I am neither working for Archaeological Cultural Heritage Management nor am I a technical expert for the various archaeological surveying techniques. On the other hand I am intensely dealing with non-invasive techniques, – mainly remote sensing methods – as the manager of the European networking project ArchaeoLandscapes Europe (ArcLand) which brings together experts and expertise in these fields from all over Europe, to foster the use of these techniques and methods for research as well as for site management, site monitoring, site protection and site presentation. My colleague Martin Posselt is an expert in geophysical surveying and he will focus on this to show you the advantages as well as some pitfalls of geophysics as tools for preventive archaeology. The use of the different tools for remote sensing is not established in all countries of Europe to the same extent. So as Martin is focusing on geophysics with some case studies a bit later, I will start with a brief overview of existing archaeological surveying methods, highlighting the pros and cons of their use for preventive archaeology. - -
- From my current project work I am well aware that the use and the acceptance of some non-invasive methods are not equally distributed all over Europe so please allow me to start with a short introduction of methods & techniques. Martin will continue describing potential advantages and pitfalls for the use of geophysical surveying techniques by presenting some case studies. - -
- Archaeology is of course dealing with pyramids, temples, large visible mounds and so on. But archaeology also is dealing with invisible things, things that are hidden beneath the soil. - -
- And those are the features we mainly have to deal with, and that cause the biggest problems when talking about preventive archaeology – so how can we protect things that are not visible? - -
- That leads us to the use of non-invasive techniques. you can only deal with things you know and don ’ t destroy it just to find out how it looks like before you can either protect it or excavate and document it - -
- Archaeological features show up on aerial pictures in a number of different ways, depending on soil texture, soil humidity, temperature, lighting and so on. This is the basis of course for the pros and cons of this technique I t is dependent on weather, climate, etc. so cannot be used at all times not all features show on aerial pictures (at all times) the resulting information is relatively coarse as regards the details of the documented sites But on the other hand aerial archaeology is very time effective, it can give a first glimpse of what is there and it can cover very large areas in a short time - -
- One of the newer surveying techniques for archaeology is LiDAR, also know as Airborne Laser Scanning. LiDAR is measured from the air with radar like laser scans. With the help of a GPS device the coordinates of each measured point on the ground can be calculated with very high precision. It only works with 3dimensional features but it allows for semi-automatic analyses, highlighting potentially interesting features. One other big advantage is the possibility to not only measure the surface of the ground in open areas but also in terrain that is covered by bushes or trees. Special filtering algorithms allow to digitally remove these features so that for example prehistoric grave mounds or other structures like even ridge and furrow remains can be discovered by their height differences in the woods as you can see on the following pictures. - -
- The picture here shows the LiDAR scan of a Celtic hillfort in the Czech Republic, densly covered with trees and bushes which you can see here as the darker areas. - -
- After a bit of advanced filtering the vegetation has been removed and the image impressively shows the ditch and rampart system of the hillfort as well as a number of other features. - -
- Another example shows a burial mound in the forest near a Celtic hillfort in Germany, which became visible after digitally removing the forest canopy. - -
- Geophysical surveying methods comprise a variety of different techniques: Magnetometer survey Earth resistance survey (geoelectric survey) Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) They all are: non-destructive machine-based in most cases less expensive than excavations can cover very large areas But their disadvantage is the expert knowledge one has to have in many cases to be able to handle the data derived from various measurements and the dependency of features and surrounding soil I am not going into any details here as this is the topic of Martin ’ s part of the presentation - -
- We have been talking about the disadvantages of various non-invasive methods but let usnow focus on their advantages: non-destructive amend each other very precise nearly complete cover large areas fast much lower costs than caused by excavations - -
- Let us conclude: One can only protect, monitor and manage what s/he knows – > Large scale surveys are not only a technique for archaeological research but also for Cultural Heritage Management Site protection is an expensive as well as a time consuming task – > Modern geophysical and remote sensing methods are a possible solution Surveying data is the ideal basis for decision making in urban land-use planning, to assess the threads from erosion, looting and plundering or from ploughing and to monitor archaeological sites During building and construction planning the areas of archaeological interest can be taken into account – > not only Archaeology or Cultural Heritage Management benefit from large scale surveys but also investors and stakeholders - -
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