This document outlines objectives and content for a presentation on topics related to women's health and poverty. The topics include teen pregnancy, women's healthcare, economics of divorce, and maternal mortality. For teen pregnancy, it provides statistics on rates of teen pregnancy in the US and risk factors. For women's healthcare, it discusses definitions of poverty and its effects on women's nutrition and healthcare access. For divorce economics, it outlines challenges such as decreased income and job prospects for divorced women. For maternal mortality, it examines higher rates in developing nations and strategies to reduce preventable causes.

1. Feminizat
ion
of Poverty
Brenda Clemens
Colleen Curran
Kristen Geisinger
April Treible

2. Objectives:
 Teen Pregnancy
◦ Understand the prevalence of teen
pregnancy in the U.S.
◦ Understand the risk factors for
teenage pregnancy
◦ Understand risks factors to the child
of a teen parent

3. Objectives, cont‟
 Women‟s Healthcare
◦ Define poverty and its effects on women
◦ Link the impact poverty has on nutrition
◦ Compare symptoms of men and women
during a heart attack

4. Objectives, cont‟
 Economics of Divorce
◦ Understand the prevalence of divorce in
the U.S.
◦ Understand the challenges of divorce
from an economic standpoint
◦ Understand the options health care
providers can provide

5. Objectives, cont‟
 Maternal Mortality
◦ Learn how maternal mortality is
determined and defined.
◦ Learn its correlation to impoverished
nations and the reasons why
◦ Identify nursing interventions to decrease
mortality

6. Brenda Clemens
TEEN PREGNANCY

7. STATISTICS
 Approximately 820,000 teens become
pregnant each year
◦ 78% are unplanned (Davidson, London, &
Ladewig, 2008)
 17-35% will become pregnant again within
1st year (Thurman, Hammond, Brown, & Roddy, 2007)

8. Risk Factors for Teen
Pregnancy
 Poverty
 Cultural factors
 Low education
 Lack of goals
 High risk behaviors
 Family dysfunction
 Poor self esteem
(Davidson, London, & Ladewig, 2008)

9. Negative Outcomes of
Teen Pregnancy
 Decrease in likeliness of finishing high
school
 Increased risk of using welfare
 Increased risk for premature infants
(Davidson, London, & Ladewig, 2008)

10. POTENTIAL OUTCOMES
For children of Teen
Parents
 Increased risk for mental retardation
 Poverty
 Low birth weight
 Poor school performance
 Abuse and neglect
(Davidson, London, & Ladewig, 2008)

11. Kristen Geisinger
WOMEN'S
HEALTH
CARE

12. Poverty Statistics
 2008 Census Bureau Poverty Rate
 Erick Eckholm (2009) of the New York
Times defines poverty
 Women & Poverty

13. NUTRITION & POVERTY
 Diet of the poor
 Results of poor nutrition
 Nurses‟ role:
Education

14. Women Vs. Men
 Different Signs and Symptoms
 Nurses‟ role: Educate
 Access to healthcare
◦ Free clinics

15. Colleen Curran
ECONOMICS OF
DIVORCE

16. Problem
 A significant cause of poverty
for women and children.
 Many couples are getting
divorced.
 Mothers have to depend on
themselves and their skills to
take care of their families.

17. STATISTICS
 “Almost one out of every two
marriages ends in divorce.”
 “About one half of divorced
women receive the full amount
of promised child support
payments”
(Davidson, London, & Ladewig, 2008).

18. STATISTICS, CONT.
 “7.3 million divorced women are under the
age of 65 in the United States. Forty-two
percent had incomes below the poverty
level and sixteen percent were „near
poor‟.”
(Locke, & Gibbons, 2008).

19. STATISTICS, CONT.
 “Married women with a
median income of $53,200
find a decrease in income to
$21,000 once a divorce has
taken place”
(Locke, & Gibbons, 2008).

20. Family Types
 Two parents work
 Father works, mother is
a stay home mom
 Mother works, father
stays at home

21. Income Challenges after
Divorce
 Family with 2 parents working:
◦ Take on longer hours
◦ Second job
◦ Child support if applicable
 Stay at home mom:
◦ Find reliable job
◦ Dependant on child support

22. SEARCHING FOR WORK
 Search for quality jobs:
◦ Workforce is strict
◦ Best of the best
 Obstacles:
◦ Minimal education levels
◦ Lack of work experience
 Stay-home mothers: Skills could be
considered “rusty”

23. Psychological Challenges
 Increased stress
◦ Moving to new house 
decreased sense of
security
◦ Losing close friends
 moving
 change in marital status
◦ Decreased social support
◦ Personal identity shift
 Also effects children!

24. Counseling
 Counseling offers:
◦ Directional advice
◦ Job training
◦ Volunteer work
◦ Job placement
◦ Child care

25. April
Treible
MATERNAL
MORTALITY

26. Maternal Mortality
 Defined:
◦ Death of a woman within 42 days of
the termination of pregnancy
 Any length pregnancy
 Any cause for termination
 Direct or indirect

27. IMPORTANCE:
 Shows the health of a country
◦ MM is a preventable COD
(Guendelman, S., Thornton, D., Gould, J., & Hosang, N., 2005)
HOW IT’S MEASURED
 Ratio: Number of pregnancy-related
deaths per 100,000 live births.

28. MM Correlation with Poverty
Global MM each year
Developing
Nations
Reasons: • Attendants at birth
• Lack of basic maternal
care • Nutrition
• Education • Sanitation
• Access
(Callister, 2005; WHO, 2007)

29. United States Sierra Leone
 11-21 deaths per  2,100 deaths per
100,000 live 100,000 live
births births
(WHO, 2007)
100-191 fold increase

30. CAUSES
 Hemorrhage (25%)
◦ 88% of deaths are within 4 hours of birth
 Infection (15%)
 Unsafe abortions (13%)
 PIH (12%)
 Obstructed labor (8%)
 Indirect Causes (20%)
◦ Malaria
◦ Iron-deficiency anemia
◦ (Callister, 2005)

31. World Response
 United Nations
◦ Millennium Development Goals project
 maternal death by 75% by 2015
◦ Objectives:
 Culturally-sensitive approach
 Education
 Reproduction
 Interventions
 Improve accuracy and standardization of MM
statistics

32. LOW-COST INTERVENTIONS
 Educating birth attendants
◦ Fundal massage
◦ Immediate breast feeding
◦ Obstructed-labor management
 Mag-sulfate (PIH)
 Oxytocin
(Callister, 2005)

33. “It is estimated that more than 80% of
maternal deaths could be prevented or
avoided through actions that are proven to
be effective and affordable, even in
resource-poor countries.” –WHO
(Callister, 2005)

34. References
Davidson, M. R., London, M. L., & Ladewig, P. A. (2008).
Olds’ maternal-newborn nursing & women’s health
across the lifespan. (8th ed.). Upper Saddle
River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Thurman, A. R., Hammond, N., Brown, H. E, &
Roddy, M. E. (2007). Preventing repeat teen
pregnancy: Postpartum depot medroxyprogesterone
acetate, oral contraceptive pills or the patch?. Journal of
Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 20, 61-65.
Eckholm, E. (2009, September 10). Last year‟s poverty
rate was highest in 12 year. The New York Times.
Retrieved from http://nytimes.com
Mozes, A. (2008, February 21). Poverty drains nutrition
from family diet. The Washington Post. Retrieved from
http://www.washingtonpost.com

35. References, cont‟.
Cornforth, T. (2009). Symptoms of heart attack in women.
Retrieved from http://womenshealth.about.com
Locke, W., & Gibbons, M. (2008). On her own again: the
use of narrative therapy in career counseling with
displaced new traditionalists. The Family Journal, 16.
doi: 10.1177/1066480708314258
Callister, L. (2005). Global maternal mortality: Contributing
factors and strategies for change. The American
Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing. 30(3), 184-192.
Callister, L. (2007). Poverty and the health of women and
children. The American Journal of Maternal/Child
Nursing. 32(6), 384. doi:
10.1097/01.NMC.0000298137.85526.41

36. References, cont‟.
Guendelman, S., Thornton, D., Gould, J., & Hosang, N.
(2005). Social disparities in maternal morbidity during
labor and delivery between Mexican-born and US-born
white Californians, 1996-1998. American Journal of
Public Health. 95(12), 2218-2224. doi:
10.2105/AJPH.2004.051441
World Health Organization. (2007). Maternal mortality in
2005: Estimates developed by
WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, and the World Bank. Retrieved
from http://www.who.int/whosis/mme_2005.pdf