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Anatomy of a
Metaphor
What is a
metaphor?
Some metaphors in action
The 78 leapt out of the
Harvard Station bus tunnel.
How do you think
the 78 bus came out?
http://www.flickr.com/photos/gaulke/3788033202/
Hamlet: To be or not to be?

Lenka: Be!
“To be, or not to be, that is the
question: Whether ‘tis nobler in the
mind to suffer the slings and arrows
of outrageous fortune or take arms
against a sea of troubles, and by
opposing end them?”
“When life tries to knock all the wind
out of you, you’ve got to roll, roll, roll
with the punches.”
Thinking about one thing
in terms of another
destiny as adversary
Hamlet: To be or not to be?

Lenka: Be!
       circumstances as opponent
Balaji   but seriously, the competition stuff is just...nonsensical at this
         point. let's have the students build our brand or business plan
         rather an app.

Albert I agree---the brand and business plan are much more valuable
         at this point! Making an app with a half-baked brand and
         limited content seems flirting with disaster---or more like
         coming on really strong to disaster with bad pickup lines, so
         disaster doesn't even in the end care, and this thing just fizzles.

Balaji   can't we at least have a one-night stand with disaster?

Albert That could be really awesome (therapeutic, among other
         things), if TEL can do it responsibly and avoid having
         illegitimate offspring or other long-term problematic
         consequences...

Sandra You 2 are completely ridiculous.
Balaji   but seriously, the competition stuff is just...nonsensical at this
         point. let's have the students build our brand or business plan
         rather an app.

Albert I agree---the brand and business plan are much more valuable
         at this point! Making an app with a half-baked brand and
         limited content seems flirting with disaster---or more like
         disaster as romantic partner?
         coming on really strong to disaster with bad pickup lines, so
         disaster doesn't even in the end care, and this thing just fizzles.

Balaji   can't we at least have a one-night stand with disaster?

Albert That could be really awesome (therapeutic, among other
         things), if TEL can do it responsibly and avoid having
         illegitimate offspring or other long-term problematic
         consequences...

Sandra You 2 are completely ridiculous.
Personification
Magnetic North: Dear Hip-Hop
Hip-Hop as an old friend

Changes in hip-hop
as estrangement

Song as letter
Thinking about one thing
in terms of another
Conceptual Metaphor
Thinking about one concept
with the structure of another
often unconsciously
Example: She has a warm smile.
Are these words
getting through?

Do they get the
message across?
Thinking about one concept
with the structure of another
Target Domain
Thinking about one concept
with the structure of another
              Source Domain
The source domain structures
the target domain via mappings,
correspondence relationships.
mapping
         mapping
         mapping

SOURCE             TARGET
DOMAIN             DOMAIN
Mac Commercial Mappings

people → computers
cold virus → computer virus
being sick → computer function compromised
Primary Metaphor
Source Domain: sensorimotor experiences
Target Domain: subjective experiences
Reasoning about affection in terms warmth
(e.g. She has a warm smile)

Reasoning about goals as destinations---achieving a goal
conceptualized as reaching a destination
(e.g. After intense discussion, we arrived at a good
solution).
Metaphor Shorthand:
TARGET DOMAIN IS SOURCE DOMAIN
Reasoning about affection in terms warmth
(e.g. She has a warm smile)

Reasoning about goals as destinations---achieving a goal
conceptualized as reaching a destination
(e.g. After intense discussion, we arrived at a good
solution).
AFFECTION IS WARMTH
Reasoning about affection in terms warmth
(e.g. She has a warm smile)
                GOALS ARE DESTINATIONS
Reasoning about goals as destinations---achieving a goal
conceptualized as reaching a destination
(e.g. After intense discussion, we arrived at a good
solution).
Prices rose.

The car is low on gas.

We stocked up on snacks
during the sale at the grocery store.
Prices rose.

The car is low on gas.

We stocked up on snacks
during the sale at the grocery store.
MORE
IS UP
Her anger was building up,
and she looked like
she might blow up at any moment.
I was seething with anger.
He has an explosive temper.
Do you think that dream is an
indication of pent-up rage?
Her anger was building up,
and she looked like
she might blow up at any moment.
I was seething with anger.
He has an explosive temper.
Do you think that dream is an
indication of pent-up rage?
ANGER IS A
(COMBUSTABLE)
SUBSTANCE
Complex Metaphor
He’s almost reached
financial independence
but is nowhere near
getting married.
He’s almost reached
financial independence
but is nowhere near
getting married.
An assembly of multiple primary metaphors
(possibly in combination with beliefs and values)
to form more sophisticated metaphors used to reason
about more complex subjective experiences.
A PURPOSEFUL LIFE IS A JOURNEY

formed by combining GOALS ARE DESTINATIONS
with ACTIONS ARE MOTIONS and the belief that
people should have purposes in life
and thus should act in ways that achieve those goals.
A PURPOSEFUL LIFE IS A JOURNEY
Mappings:
A PERSON IS A TRAVELER
LIFEas graduating from DESTINATIONS
(such
      GOALS ARE college)
A LIFE PLAN IS AN ITINERARY
Frames
the structure of concepts
Objects and words
might be able to
exist in isolation
but concepts cannot.
Example: Chalk
Frame
A system of concepts in which
understanding one concept
requires understanding the system
of concepts to which it belongs.
Roles
the people, objects, places, etc.


Relations
how those roles are connected


Scenario
a simple story describing interactions among roles
Example: Commercial Transaction
Roles
seller, buyer, goods, payment

Relations
a seller has goods, a buyer wants goods and can give
the seller payment for them

Scenario
a seller in possession of goods agrees to transfer
possession of goods to a buyer in exchange for payment
furnished by the buyer
Background Frames
possession, exchange, agreement
Frames and Metaphors
“He really thinks I should do the study abroad program
with him. He made a strong pitch, and it was kind of
convincing, but in the end, I just couldn’t buy the whole
thing of spending an entire school year doing things
unrelated to my major thousands of miles away.”
“He really thinks I should do the study abroad program
with him. He made a strong pitch, and it was kind of
convincing, but in the end, I just couldn’t buy the whole
thing of spending an entire school year doing things
unrelated to my major thousands of miles away.”
ACCEPTING AN IDEA IS BUYING GOODS

goods → ideas
seller → person with an idea
potential buyer → person without the idea
pitching → attempting to persuade

Scenario: a person with ideas tries to persuade
another to accept his ideas.
Notice what isn’t mapped.
How did you end up spending the time
you saved?

Use your time wisely.

Time management is a crucial skill.

Do you have any spare time?

Don’t let other people waste your time.
How did you end up spending the time
you saved?

Use your time wisely.

Time management is a crucial skill.

Do you have any spare time?

Don’t let other people waste your time.
TIME IS A RESOURCE
The Resource Frame
Roles
resource, user, purpose

Relations
the purpose is something the user wants to achieve and
thus has value to the user; the resource can be used to
achieve the purpose and may be limited in quantity.

Scenario
the user utilizes the resource to achieve the purpose.
TIME IS A RESOURCE

resource → time
user → person using time
purpose → a goal requiring time to achieve
value of resource → value of time

Scenario: a person uses time to achieve a goal
But this isn’t the only way
to think about time.
Meet me at the library at 4pm.

I’ll have the documents to you
within the hour.

Five years from now, everything will be
different.
Meet me at the library at 4pm.

I’ll have the documents to you
within the hour.

Five years from now, everything will be
different.
TIME IS SPACE
Abstract nouns
are understood with
conceptual metaphors
Barry Yourgrau: The Sadness of Sex
Bokura Ga Ita
Metaphors Matter
Understanding freedom, rights,
government and more relies upon
using conceptual metaphors.
THE NATION IS A FAMILY
Beyond Metaphors: Blends
Suggested Reading
Metaphors We Live By
George Lakoff and Mark Johnson


The Political Mind
George Lakoff and Mark Johnson


Philosophy in the Flesh
George Lakoff


Metaphor: A Practical Introduction
Zoltan Kövecses


The Stuff of Thought
Steven Pinker

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Anatomy of Metaphor

  • 4. The 78 leapt out of the Harvard Station bus tunnel.
  • 5. How do you think the 78 bus came out?
  • 7. Hamlet: To be or not to be? Lenka: Be!
  • 8. “To be, or not to be, that is the question: Whether ‘tis nobler in the mind to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune or take arms against a sea of troubles, and by opposing end them?”
  • 9.
  • 10. “When life tries to knock all the wind out of you, you’ve got to roll, roll, roll with the punches.”
  • 11. Thinking about one thing in terms of another
  • 12. destiny as adversary Hamlet: To be or not to be? Lenka: Be! circumstances as opponent
  • 13. Balaji but seriously, the competition stuff is just...nonsensical at this point. let's have the students build our brand or business plan rather an app. Albert I agree---the brand and business plan are much more valuable at this point! Making an app with a half-baked brand and limited content seems flirting with disaster---or more like coming on really strong to disaster with bad pickup lines, so disaster doesn't even in the end care, and this thing just fizzles. Balaji can't we at least have a one-night stand with disaster? Albert That could be really awesome (therapeutic, among other things), if TEL can do it responsibly and avoid having illegitimate offspring or other long-term problematic consequences... Sandra You 2 are completely ridiculous.
  • 14. Balaji but seriously, the competition stuff is just...nonsensical at this point. let's have the students build our brand or business plan rather an app. Albert I agree---the brand and business plan are much more valuable at this point! Making an app with a half-baked brand and limited content seems flirting with disaster---or more like disaster as romantic partner? coming on really strong to disaster with bad pickup lines, so disaster doesn't even in the end care, and this thing just fizzles. Balaji can't we at least have a one-night stand with disaster? Albert That could be really awesome (therapeutic, among other things), if TEL can do it responsibly and avoid having illegitimate offspring or other long-term problematic consequences... Sandra You 2 are completely ridiculous.
  • 17. Hip-Hop as an old friend Changes in hip-hop as estrangement Song as letter
  • 18. Thinking about one thing in terms of another
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24. Thinking about one concept with the structure of another
  • 26. Example: She has a warm smile.
  • 27. Are these words getting through? Do they get the message across?
  • 28. Thinking about one concept with the structure of another
  • 29. Target Domain Thinking about one concept with the structure of another Source Domain
  • 30. The source domain structures the target domain via mappings, correspondence relationships.
  • 31. mapping mapping mapping SOURCE TARGET DOMAIN DOMAIN
  • 32.
  • 33. Mac Commercial Mappings people → computers cold virus → computer virus being sick → computer function compromised
  • 35. Source Domain: sensorimotor experiences Target Domain: subjective experiences
  • 36. Reasoning about affection in terms warmth (e.g. She has a warm smile) Reasoning about goals as destinations---achieving a goal conceptualized as reaching a destination (e.g. After intense discussion, we arrived at a good solution).
  • 38. Reasoning about affection in terms warmth (e.g. She has a warm smile) Reasoning about goals as destinations---achieving a goal conceptualized as reaching a destination (e.g. After intense discussion, we arrived at a good solution).
  • 39. AFFECTION IS WARMTH Reasoning about affection in terms warmth (e.g. She has a warm smile) GOALS ARE DESTINATIONS Reasoning about goals as destinations---achieving a goal conceptualized as reaching a destination (e.g. After intense discussion, we arrived at a good solution).
  • 40. Prices rose. The car is low on gas. We stocked up on snacks during the sale at the grocery store.
  • 41. Prices rose. The car is low on gas. We stocked up on snacks during the sale at the grocery store.
  • 43. Her anger was building up, and she looked like she might blow up at any moment. I was seething with anger. He has an explosive temper. Do you think that dream is an indication of pent-up rage?
  • 44. Her anger was building up, and she looked like she might blow up at any moment. I was seething with anger. He has an explosive temper. Do you think that dream is an indication of pent-up rage?
  • 45.
  • 48. He’s almost reached financial independence but is nowhere near getting married.
  • 49. He’s almost reached financial independence but is nowhere near getting married.
  • 50. An assembly of multiple primary metaphors (possibly in combination with beliefs and values) to form more sophisticated metaphors used to reason about more complex subjective experiences.
  • 51. A PURPOSEFUL LIFE IS A JOURNEY formed by combining GOALS ARE DESTINATIONS with ACTIONS ARE MOTIONS and the belief that people should have purposes in life and thus should act in ways that achieve those goals.
  • 52. A PURPOSEFUL LIFE IS A JOURNEY Mappings: A PERSON IS A TRAVELER LIFEas graduating from DESTINATIONS (such GOALS ARE college) A LIFE PLAN IS AN ITINERARY
  • 54. the structure of concepts
  • 55. Objects and words might be able to exist in isolation but concepts cannot.
  • 57. Frame A system of concepts in which understanding one concept requires understanding the system of concepts to which it belongs.
  • 58. Roles the people, objects, places, etc. Relations how those roles are connected Scenario a simple story describing interactions among roles
  • 60. Roles seller, buyer, goods, payment Relations a seller has goods, a buyer wants goods and can give the seller payment for them Scenario a seller in possession of goods agrees to transfer possession of goods to a buyer in exchange for payment furnished by the buyer
  • 63. “He really thinks I should do the study abroad program with him. He made a strong pitch, and it was kind of convincing, but in the end, I just couldn’t buy the whole thing of spending an entire school year doing things unrelated to my major thousands of miles away.”
  • 64. “He really thinks I should do the study abroad program with him. He made a strong pitch, and it was kind of convincing, but in the end, I just couldn’t buy the whole thing of spending an entire school year doing things unrelated to my major thousands of miles away.”
  • 65. ACCEPTING AN IDEA IS BUYING GOODS goods → ideas seller → person with an idea potential buyer → person without the idea pitching → attempting to persuade Scenario: a person with ideas tries to persuade another to accept his ideas.
  • 67. How did you end up spending the time you saved? Use your time wisely. Time management is a crucial skill. Do you have any spare time? Don’t let other people waste your time.
  • 68. How did you end up spending the time you saved? Use your time wisely. Time management is a crucial skill. Do you have any spare time? Don’t let other people waste your time.
  • 69. TIME IS A RESOURCE
  • 71. Roles resource, user, purpose Relations the purpose is something the user wants to achieve and thus has value to the user; the resource can be used to achieve the purpose and may be limited in quantity. Scenario the user utilizes the resource to achieve the purpose.
  • 72. TIME IS A RESOURCE resource → time user → person using time purpose → a goal requiring time to achieve value of resource → value of time Scenario: a person uses time to achieve a goal
  • 73. But this isn’t the only way to think about time.
  • 74. Meet me at the library at 4pm. I’ll have the documents to you within the hour. Five years from now, everything will be different.
  • 75. Meet me at the library at 4pm. I’ll have the documents to you within the hour. Five years from now, everything will be different.
  • 77. Abstract nouns are understood with conceptual metaphors
  • 78. Barry Yourgrau: The Sadness of Sex
  • 81.
  • 82. Understanding freedom, rights, government and more relies upon using conceptual metaphors.
  • 83. THE NATION IS A FAMILY
  • 85.
  • 87. Metaphors We Live By George Lakoff and Mark Johnson The Political Mind George Lakoff and Mark Johnson Philosophy in the Flesh George Lakoff Metaphor: A Practical Introduction Zoltan Kövecses The Stuff of Thought Steven Pinker