NPIGF 2017 - Internet Ecosystem
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Presented by Sunny Chendi at the 2017 Nepal Internet Governance Forum, held in Kathmandu from 18 to 19 August 2017.
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NPIGF 2017 - Internet Ecosystem
- 1. Internet Ecosystem How the Internet works! Nepal IGF 18-19 August 2017 Srinivas (Sunny) Chendi Senior Advisor Community Development
- 2. What is the Internet? • “A network of networks” – … using IP, the Internet Protocol? • A collection of useful online applications – … connected by competing service providers? • A platform for innovation – … and for social and economic development? • A borderless “Cyberspace” – … inhabited by free-roaming netizens? • A critical global infrastructure – … and enabler of e-commerce, e-governance, e-citizenship… ?
- 3. How did we get here… • Initially, research project (70-80s) – Open, cooperative, public domain – Highly collaborative environment – “Rough consensus and running code” • Then, product of liberalization (90s) – Also, catalyst for deregulation – Highly competitive environment – Still free to join and use • Now, public utility and critical infrastructure (2000 and beyond) – Internet governance (re-regulation?) is a recent afterthought 3
- 4. Before the Internet… – and many more: Novell, Microsoft etc etc etc • User choices determined by vendor • Proprietary systems • Limited interconnection 4 Applications Network OS Hardware Applications Network OS Hardware Applications Network OS Hardware
- 5. So, Why is the Internet? • Global – “End-to-End” – Uniform • “Dumb” – Lightweight and efficient – Intelligence at the edges, in applications and devices • Neutral – By default • Open – No/Low barrier to entry – Free standards – Multistakeholder governance
- 7. Layers – in the telephone network Wires Exchanges Devices
- 8. Layers – according to ISO OSI 7: Application 6: Presentation 5: Session 4: Transport 3: Network 2: Link 1: Physical
- 9. Layers – in practice Phone/Fax/SMS TV/VOD/conf “The Internet” Applications Fixed, Dialup/ISDN Mobile/2G Cable/ADSL Infrastructure Voice Video Data Network
- 10. Layers – in the Internet 10 Voice, email, IM Video, TV, conf WWW, +++ DNS Applications 802.11x/WiMax Mobile/4G/LTE Cable/xDSLx FTTH, ETTH Infrastructure Internet Network
- 11. So, what is a standard? • Standards operate at different levels of the protocol stack – In fact they define the protocol stack • A standard (or protocol) is simply an agreement – among members of a community, – on a set of guidelines or rules, – which allow cooperation (interoperability), – and often, agreed by a recognized standards body such as ISO, ITU, W3C or IETF. • An open standard is a standard which is – Developed through open and accessible processes – Freely accessible, implementable and usable – Available without barriers such as licenses and fees. … “ideally”, at least. 11
- 12. Communications standards 12 Must agree on: language, medium… The Internet Telco Telco Telco Telco ISP ISP ISP DNS RIR DNS Let’s use the Internet! ?
- 13. More layers…
- 15. What’s an IP Address? • The fundamental Internet address – Every address must be unique within the network – Every device must have an address – Every network must have a block (or more) or addresses • A finite “Common Resource” – Managed in the common interest – According to openly-defined policies • Please learn to distinguish: – Domain names (eg apnic.net) – Email addresses (eg sunny@apnic.net) – and IP and Intellectual Property
- 16. IP Addresses in use… Traffic 202.12.29.0/24 The Internet Global Routing Table 4.128/9 60.100/16 60.100.0/20 135.22/16 … Global Routing Table 4.128/9 60.100/16 60.100.0/20 135.22/16 202.12.29.0/24 … Announce 202.12.29.0/24 202.12.29.0/24 R
- 17. Internet Address Routing The Internet Net Net Net Net Net Net Net Net Net Net Net Global Routing Table 4.128/9 60.100/16 60.100.0/20 135.22/16 … 4.128/9 60.100/16 60.100.0/20 135.22/16 … Global Routing Table 4.128/9 60.100/16 60.100.0/20 135.22/16 … Global Routing Table 4.128/9 60.100/16 60.100.0/20 135.22/16 … Global Routing Table 4.128/9 60.100/16 60.100.0/20 135.22/16 … Global Routing Table 4.128/9 60.100/16 60.100.0/20 135.22/16 … Global Routing Table 4.128/9 60.100/16 60.100.0/20 135.22/16 … Global Routing Table 4.128/9 60.100/16 60.100.0/20 135.22/16 … Global Routing Table 4.128/9 60.100/16 60.100.0/20 135.22/16 … Global Routing Table 4.128/9 60.100/16 60.100.0/20 135.22/16 … Global Routing Table 4.128/9 60.100/16 60.100.0/20 135.22/16 … Global Routing Table 4.128/9 60.100/16 60.100.0/20 135.22/16 … Global Routing Table 4.128/9 60.100/16 60.100.0/20 135.22/16 … Global Routing Table 4.128/9 60.100/16 60.100.0/20 135.22/16 … Global Routing Table 4.128/9 60.100/16 60.100.0/20 135.22/16 … Global Routing Table 4.128/9 60.100/16 60.100.0/20 135.22/16 … Global Routing Table 4.128/9 60.100/16 60.100.0/20 135.22/16 … Global Routing Table 4.128/9 60.100/16 60.100.0/20 135.22/16 … Global Routing Table 4.128/9 60.100/16 60.100.0/20 135.22/16 … Global Routing Table 4.128/9 60.100/16 60.100.0/20 135.22/16 … Global Routing Table 4.128/9 60.100/16 60.100.0/20 135.22/16 … Global Routing Table 4.128/9 60.100/16 60.100.0/20 135.22/16 … Global Routing Table 4.128/9 60.100/16 60.100.0/20 135.22/16 … Global Routing Table
- 18. Global Routing Table – IPv4 http://bgp.potaroo.net/as1221/bgp-active.html
- 19. Global Routing Table – IPv6
- 20. Where do IP Addresses come from? 20
- 23. Internet Ecosystem - Global Perspective
- 24. Internet Ecosystem - Asia Pacific 24
- 25. APNIC in the Internet Ecosystem 25
- 27. IXP
- 28. Internet Exchange Points ISP ISP IXP $$$! The Internet
- 29. Internet Exchange Points ISP ISP The Internet ISP Local services DNS root servers Data centres etc ISP ISP ISP
- 30. Names
- 32. Domain Name System • Converts domain names to IP addresses – Like a phone book – A “critical infrastructure service” on the Internet – A specialised database service, essentially • Highly distributed and reliable – Distributed servers – Distributed administration – Distributed authority (through “delegation”) – Redundancy/secondary services, caching etc – Security deployment via DNSSEC
- 33. Using the DNS The Internet www.apnic.net www.apnic.net? 202.12.29.194 2001:dc0:2001:11::211 DNS 2001:0C00:8888:: 2001:dc0:2001:11::211
- 34. DNS name hierarchy whois www www www www .The “root” net org com asia np… arpaTLDs apnic iana …. rigf npix SLDs www.npix.np.
- 35. Domain name resolution .npix.np server .np server www.npix.np server Root server 198.41.0.4 www.npix.np? “Ask 128.250.1.21” “Ask 8.50.200.5” “Ask 132.234.1.1” “132.234.250.31” “132.234.250.31” www.npix.np? Local resolver www.npix.np? 210.80.58.34 132.234.250.31 *All IP addresses are fabricated
- 36. What’s in a nameserver? • Authority for a particular zone eg “npix.np” • The “zonefile” for that zone • Zonefile records including – A: www = “203.12.45.91” (IPv4 address for this name) – AAAA: www = “2001:FC03::203:EFEF” (IPv6 address) – NS: www = “220.35.35.1” (delegation to another server) • In real life, much more than this – Caches of recent queries – Secondary (backup) server configurations – Configuration and tuning settings – Many more record types – Replication using the “anycast” technique
- 37. What’s in a root nameserver? • The all-important “root zone file” • Delegation records for all TLDs – gTLDs such as: .com .org .asia etc – ccTLDs such as: .np .us .cn .ch .tv etc – IDN TLDs: .网络 (Wǎngluò for net) and .公司 (Gōngsī for com) • Actually, there are 13 distinct root operations – Most have a different operator – Named A, B, C, … L and M – Each can have multiple secondaries – Each can have many “anycast” copies/clones/instances – Now there are many hundreds of individual root servers globally
- 38. Global root server map