A SIMPLE PRESENTATION MADE FOR THE PLUS TWO STUDENTS OF VELLANADU GOVT.HSS, TRIVANDRUM AND PRESENTED ON 19/09/2015 IN A PROGRAM ORGANISED BY FISH FARMERS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (FFDA) OF FISHERIES DEPARTMENT OF KERALA

1. Fisheries and AQUACULTURE
BASICS OF
MUHAMMED ANZEER, F.
Young Professional – 1
Vizhinjam Research Centre of Central
Marine Fisheries Research Institute,

2. Fish have great significance in the life of
mankind, being an important natural
source of protein and providing certain
other useful products as well as economic
sustenance to many nations. The gradual
erosion of commercial fish stocks due to
over-exploitation and alteration of the
habitat is one reason why the science fish
biology and the aquaculture came into
existence.

3.  The study of fish - Ichthyology (Father - Peter Artidi (22 February
1705 – 28 September 1735) , Indian – S. L. Hora (1896 - December
8, 1955))
 First vertebrates with Jaws.
 Cold-blooded
 Breath by means of gills, live in
water and move with the help of
fins.
 36,000 species, (40% of the total
vertebrates present).

4.  Evolved just before Ordovician period and
widely distributed during Devonian period,
which is known as ‘Golden age of fishes’.

5.  Fishes differs in size, shape, habits and
habitats.
• smallest - Philippine goby, Paedocypris
progenetica (1.2 cm).
• largest - whale shark, Rhincodon typus
(grows up to 20 meters)
 They live in all the seas, rivers, lakes,
reservoirs, canals, tanks etc.

6.  Economically Important
- Fish liver is the main source of liver oil source of vitamin A and D.
- Body oils - soap industry and tanneries.
- Aquariums.

8. INDIAN FISHERIES
Global position
3rd in Fisheries
2nd in Aquaculture
Contribution of fisheries to GDP (%)
1.07
(Rs. 34,758 crore)
Contribution to agricultural GDP (%) 5.84
Per capita fish availability (kg) 9.0
Annual export earnings
(Rs. in crore)
8,000
Employment in sector (million) 14.0
India - 10 percent of the global fish diversity.

9. FAO (2009) reported that in 2007,
52% of global fish stocks were fully
exploited, 28% were overexploited
or depleted, 20% were moderately
exploited, and only 1% showed
signs of recovery – all a direct
consequence of the fishing effort
expansion from the 1970s onwards.

10. NEED OF THE HOUR!!!!!!!!!!
Aquaculture is growing as a
source of the world’s seafood
supply
Capture from the
oceans is maximized.

11. INDIA-AQUATIC RESOURCES
Coastline 8118 kms
Exclusive economic zone 2.02 million sq. km
Rivers and canals 1,97,024 km
Reservoirs 3.15 million ha
Ponds and tanks 2.35 million ha
Oxbow lakes and derelict waters 1.3 million ha
Brackish water 1.24 million ha
Estuaries 0.29 million ha

12. FISH PRODUCTION FACTS
Present fish production 9.06 mt
Production potential
8.4 mt
Marine: 3.94 mt
Inland: 4.5 mt
Fish seed production 22615 million fry
Hatcheries 1,070
FFDA 429
BFDA 39

13. • Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms including fish, mollusks,
crustaceans and aquatic plants. Farming implies some form of
intervention in the rearing process to enhance production, such as regular
stocking, feeding, protection from predators, etc.. Farming also implies
individual or corporate ownership of the stock being cultivated. ( As per
FAO).

14. TREND
Over the past three decades, aquaculture
has become the fastest growing food
producing sector in the world.
Aquaculture has expanded, diversified,
intensified and advanced technologically,
and, as a result, its contribution to
aquatic food production has also
increased significantly.

15. Globally, more “food fish” is consumed on a per capita basis than any other
type of meat or animal protein
Fish (16.0 kg per capita supply in 1998),
Pork (14.9 kg in 1998),
Poultry (10.1 kg in 1998),
Beef and veal (9.8 kg in 1998)

16. PURPOSE OF AQUACULTURE
 Utilization of available natural water resources
 To increase production for per capita consumption and income
 Ornamental purpose
 Sports and game purpose.
 Upliftment of socioeconomic status of people
 Create employment opportunities.
 Utilization of byproducts like fish, liver oil, fish protein concentrate,
etc.

17.  Egyptian tombs have bas-relief (a kind of
carving) of fish (tilapia) being removed from
ponds – 2500 B.C.
 Carp were farmed in China as early as 2500
B.C.
 England – 1500 A.D. carp culture was
introduced.
HISTORY OF AQUACULTURE

18. ADVANTAGES OF FIN FISH CULTURE
 Poikilothermic or cold blooded animal, so need not spend energy for
temperature regulation of body.
 Specific gravity of fish is about 1.02-1.06 which is nearly same with that
of water, so need not spend energy for maintaining its position in water.
 Higher fecundity.
 Edible tissues of fish (80.9%) is greater than chicken broiler (64.7)
 Convert food to body tissues more efficiently than any other farm animal.

19. DIFFERENT TYPES OF
AQUACULTURE
1. According water system
-Static culture system
-Flowing culture system
-Semi - closed recirculating system.
2. According to type of water
-coldwater fish culture
-Warm water fish culture
-Freshwater fish culture
-Mariculture
-brackish water culture

20. 3. According to stocking combination
-Monoculture
-Polyculture (Composite)
4. According to intensity of efforts
-subsistence fish culture
-extensive fish culture
-semi intensive fish culture
-intensive fish culture
-super intensive fish culture

21. 5. According to cultured group
-fin fish culture
-shell fish culture
-frog culture
-seaweed culture
-fresh water plant culture.
6. According to integration with
other farming systems
-AAA system (Agriculture-
Aquaculture- Animal Husbandry).
7. Special culture system
 Cage culture
 Pen culture
 Sewage fed fish culture
 String culture.

22. COMMONLY CULTURED FISH
 Foodfish
 Many species
 Ornamental fish
 Aquaria
 Backyard ponds
 Bait fish
 Minnows
 Shiners
 Goldfish (carp)
 Natural stock enhancement
 Salmon
 Trout
 Black sea bass
 Red Drum
 Many others…

23. COMMONLY CULTURED CRUSTACEANS
 Marine (Penaeid) shrimp
 Freshwater shrimp (prawns)
 Crabs
 Crayfish
 Lobsters
 Brine Shrimp

24. PERCENT OF TOTAL FOOD FISH SUPPLIED BY
AQUACULTURE

25. Aquaculture Production, Ocean Fisheries,
and Fishmeal Production

26.  Control: Food fed, Density, Quality of
product
 Sustainable in the face of Finite
Resources—overfishing and habitat
destruction antagonism
 Diversify farm income
 Proximity—Farms may be closer to local
markets.
Why aquaculture?

27.  Health Consciousness (protein, FA’s, micronutrients)
 2 fish meals/week decreases mortality from heart problems
50%
 Omega-3 fatty acids decreases occurrence of heart disease (oily
marine fish – Salmon
 American Cancer Association
-Regular fish consumption decreases chances of colon
cancer 50%
Why Aquaculture Products?

28.  Increased production beyond the natural sustainable fishery yield
for a given water volume.
 Less fluctuation and shortfalls in catch due to seasonal
 Better production efficiency of fish protein and enhancement of
fish quality.
 Improved water quality for irrigation purposes when integrated
with the existing irrigation systems and utilization water bodies
unsuitable for domestic or agricultural purposes.
Fish are so efficient!

29. REQUIREMENTS FOR A SUCCESSFUL
CULTURE
 A Good site
 Quality Seedlings
 Good Water Quality
 Appropriate Feeds and Feeding Management
 An Intelligent and Industrous Farmer

30. STEPS IN THE CULTURE
1. Pond Preparation
2. Water Culture
3. Stocking
4. Feeding Management
5. Water Quality Management
6. Sampling
7. Harvest

32. Dissolved oxygen
Water temperature
pH
Total Ammonia Nitrogen
Nitrite/Nitrate
Alkalinity/Hardness
Salinity
Water Quality parameters

33. DISSOLVED OXYGEN
 Importance
 highest cause of mortality
Safe levels
 > 5mg/l

34. Photosynthesis/Respiration
Water temperature
Fertilization
Feeds
Aeration
Water exchange
Factors that influence water quality during the
culture

35. POND CULTURE
The intensive pond culture (small, manmade
ponds)
Depth of 1-2.5 m
Uses commercial food and stocked at a
high density to achieve a high production.
Pond conditions greatly affect fish growth and
fish yield.
Under favourable conditions, the yield may be
2 or 3 times higher than that of ponds with
unfavourable conditions.

36. Rearing period refers to the time required to raise the fish from
fingerling stage to market size when the fish can be harvested.
It depends on local conditions such as:
 climate
 culturing methods
 management and
 market demand.

37.  Ensure sufficient space for swimming and feeding
 Ensure adequate supply of dissolved oxygen
 Prevent fluctuations in water temperature.
 The decomposition of manure and the propagation
of plankton should be promoted.
Requirements of the Grow-Out Pond

38. Fresh water should be added to the pond at regular intervals to adjust
 water depth
 control water quality and
 replenish the dissolved oxygen supply
water depth varies with
 geography
 climate
 species and
 culturing method (average 1.5 - 2 meters)

39. Loamy soil (a fertile soil of clay and sand
containing humus) - best at the bottom of
pond because:
- effective in maintaining water level and
fertility
- water remains less turbid
- the bottom silt will not be too thick
- natural organisms will flourish and
- easiness in operation and management

40. • Rectangular ponds with planted dikes are
recommended.
• Avoid large trees and buildings

41. • Maintain silt level in between 10 and 15
cm, (excess may cause propagation of
various harmful bacteria).
• Use Chemicals like quicklime (900 –
1125 kg per ha) to eradicate all the wild
fish, pathogens, parasites, etc.
• After clearing, fresh water and manure are
introduced, about 1 week before next
stocking.
Pond Clearing

42. • Manure application (enriches the
nutritional value of the water and
promotes the proper proliferation of
natural food organisms)
• After pond clearing, a base manure
should be applied as early and adequately
as possible so that enough natural food is
available during the early stages of
cultivation.
Manure Application and Pond Filling

43. Dosage of animal manure is 8-10 kg/100m².
Spread evenly on the pond bottom or beside the remaining water and exposed to
the sun for several days.
Then the pond is filled with fresh water. (In initial addition water level about 800
cm – 1 m).
Manure Application and Pond Filling (cont..)
When this water becomes fertile, more fresh
water is added.
Pond filling with fresh water depends on
temperature and fish size.

44.  high yields
 strong adaptability
 high survival rate
 fast growth
 short culture period
 high marketing rate and economic returns etc.
Selection of Fingerlings
Good-quality fingerlings ensures

45. Criteria for selection of fingerlings:
Physique- Strong, healthy, normally shaped
fingerlings are desirable. (complete scales and fin
rays and a smooth, bright colour skin).
Size- Fingerlings of the same age and uniform in
size are prefer.
Movement- Healthy fingerlings will jump
violently in your hand. They will swim actively
in groups with their heads downward and
caudal fins upward.

46.  Before stocking, a water quality
analysis should be done
 Ensure a reasonable stocking density
 Dissolved oxygen (DOC), in the
pond water is closely related to the
growth and survival of the fish.
 Oxygen demand varies with
species, age, size of fish, and water
temperature.

47.  Some countries have destroyed wetlands for developing
aquaculture
 Effluents are polluted natural water bodies of water in some
areas
 Cultured fish can affect genetics of natural fish populations
 Exotic introductions may escape and affect ntural populations
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF
AQUACULTURE

48. Thanks for your attention
Presented on 19/09/2015
@ GVHSS, Vellanadu, Trivandrum, Kerala, India