This document discusses different models for developing content for distance learning: Aristotle's approach of rhetoric, taxonomy of text, and Bordwell's classical Hollywood. Aristotle's rhetoric focuses on effective language use and persuasion through introduction, narration, arguments and conclusion. Taxonomy of text refers to the main text, explanatory co-text, study guides, and other supporting metatext, context, hypertext, paratext and retro-text. Bordwell's classical Hollywood draws from Aristotle's rhetoric and focuses on narrative structure, beginning-middle-end plot structure, and explicit aims through combining text, images, and sound in educational audiovisual content.

1. Digital Life Environments Congress DLE 2015
Mobile Application and Content Development
Istanbul University Congress & Cultural Center
May 2015, Turkey

2. Content development for distance learning
Associate Professor Dr. Antonis Lionarakis
Open & distance learning
Hellenic Open University

3. Content development for distance learning
This Content is about to teach
(and delivered to learners so they can learn)

4. Content development for distance learning
Therefore the Content has to fulfill necessary
standards for teaching.

5. Content development for distance learning
The idea is to use three (3) unequal models of how
to design the content

6. Content development for distance learning
• Aristotle’ s approach of Rhetoric

7. Content development for distance learning
• Aristotle’ s approach of Rhetoric
• The taxonomy of text

8. Content development for distance learning
• Aristotle’ s approach of Rhetoric
• The taxonomy of text
• Bordwell’ s classical Hollywood

9. Content development for distance learning
• Aristotle’ s approach of Rhetoric
Spoken word
• The taxonomy of text
Written word
• Bordwell’ s classical Hollywood
Audiovisual word

10. Content development for distance learning
• Aristotle’ s approach of Rhetoric

11. What do we think when we listen the word “rhetoric”?

12. Content development for distance learning
• Aristotle’ s approach of Rhetoric
Rhetoric is the art of effective use of the language, written and spoken,
when we use it as a technique for communication and persuasion

13. Content development for distance learning
• Aristotle’ s approach of Rhetoric
According to Aristotle:
Rhetoric is something between dialectics and morals. We could
name it ‘political science’. But it is not science which is involved
with the nature and characteristics of a subject.
Both dialectics and morals are abilities for producing syllogisms.

14. Also :
Rhetoric does not demand special knowledge for any subject.
It demands special skills, experience and practice. It demands
Persuasion and Argumentation
• Aristotle’ s approach of Rhetoric

15. • Aristotle’ s approach of Rhetoric
The study parts of Rhetoric according to Aristotle :
• Search (finding of arguments, smart ways for having right ideas)
• Order / economy (a plan a speech, design of speech)
• Word (expression)
• Memory (techniques of memorizing)
• Action (the way to express and demonstrate the speech)

16. • Aristotle’ s approach of Rhetoric
The layout / structure of a Rhetoric model:
* introduction
* narration
* development, parts of the
* arguments
* the main part / action
* conclusion

17. The touch / style of the word / language (in any Rhetoric model):
* The correct use of the language
* Elegance
* The rhythm
* The subject matter
* The technique of memory
* The outline of speech
• Aristotle’ s approach of Rhetoric

18. The touch / style of the language (in any Rhetoric model):
* The correct use of the language
* Elegance
(good and correct speech, attractive words / expressions, examples)
* The rhythm
(the theories of rythmic periods)
* The subject matter
(simple, understandable, glorious)
* The technique of memory
(Cohesion of images and visual symbols)
* The outline of speech
(Technique of presentation, voice, art of body language)
• Aristotle’ s approach of Rhetoric

19. • The taxonomy of text
A taxonomy model for written text by
R. West and A. Lionarakis
The main body, part, center of a written text in order to teach
and develop the distance teaching material is the TEXT.

20. • The taxonomy of text
The CO - TEXT consist of the content of text, explanatory titles,
aims, objectives, key words and senses, tests and activities which
will help the learners to connect and bridge the former knowledge
with the future and later material.
The CO – TEXT is horizontal in the teaching material and interactive

21. • The taxonomy of text
The METATEXT support the CO – TEXT with
Abstracts of units, appendices, further reading,
Study guides, glossaries, control activities
The METATEXT works as control mechanism and useful tool
for the learner in order to be able to work with all new data.

22. • The taxonomy of text
The CONTEXT is the bridge of the learners’ knowledge before
and after. The CONTEXT supports the learner to construct
his / her own skills and knowledge.
The CONTEXT is usually introductions and conclusions,
self – evaluation activities, feedback and references to sources
and information, activities of understanding and implication of
all new data.

23. • The taxonomy of text
The HYPERTEXT are tools of synthesis of explanatory and
supporting nature, which are focused on the understanding
and working out of the main body and theoretical issues.
The HYPERTEXT are all over the material and they form
a modular text. Their success depends on the creators
flexibility and imagination.

24. • The taxonomy of text
The PARATEXT are non – verbal and semi – verbal parts of
text development and support their theoretical issues. They
are important for the understanding of visual data.
They are formed by pictures, design, graphics, tables and
typographical specialties.

25. • The taxonomy of text
The RETRO – TEXT are independent objects which connect and
support the main text. They are found all over the material.
They are like “hypertexts of multiple dimensions” and consist of
case studies, examples, scenarios, readers, anthologies,
references articles, supportive books, texts in windows.

26. • The taxonomy of text
The MULTI – TEXT or PORFOLIOS are produced by the learners
and based on assignments and projects they have to do during
their studies. Part of them are all kinds of information and guidelines
which are given to them.
It is a complexed system of information and explanatory issues
for specific purposes.

27. What do we think when we listen about Classical Hollywood?

28. Bordwell and the ‘classical Hollywood’
The audiovisual language
Text (written word)
Vision (picture)
Sound

29. The audiovisual language
Text (written word)
Vision (picture)
Sound
In case of educational nature, we have activities which will include
the three (3) elements, production, pedagogical issues, directing,
editing, postproduction

30. Aristotle’s Rhetoric and Poetry influenced the
Classical Hollywood theory of cinematography.
There are three (3) basic characteristics:
(a) The narrative structure of the story and the characters
(b) The line structure with beginning, middle and an end
(c) The explicitness of the aims

31. As in ancient drama, Aristotle’s rhetoric worked well,
the same happened with the ‘Classical Hollywood’ and
was based on his model.
“Classical Hollywood” works autonomously as a model
for audiovisual teaching material.

32. Content development for distance learning
• Aristotle’ s approach of Rhetoric
Spoken word
• The taxonomy of text
Written word
• Bordwell’ s classical Hollywood
Audiovisual word

33. Thank you for your attention