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Computer
A computer is an electronic
device, operating under the
control of instructions stored
in its own memory, that can
accept data, manipulate the
data according to specified
rules, produce results, and
store the result for future use.
Information Technology is a general term that
describe any technology that helps to produce,
manipulate, store, disseminate information.
basically it is the combination of computer
&communication devices.
Importance & Uses of
Computer
Business
Education
Medicine & Health Care
Science
Engineering
Manufacturing
Government
Importance & Uses of
Computer
Defence
Music
Theatre, Film & Television
Home
Internet
Legal Practices
Why Is Computer Literacy
Necessary?
In most places of business a computer is a standard!
For example:
Auto Repair Shops
Computers are used for diagnostic repairs
Inventory of parts and supplies
Customer billing
Food service industry
Cosmetology
Banking sector
Characteristics of Computer
Speed
Storage
Accuracy
Versatility
Automation
Diligence
Reliability
According to function
According to function computers can be classified
into four types. These classification of computer
based on principle of operation and hardware
structure.
 Digital Computer
 Analog Computer
 Hybrid Computer
Digital Computer
A Digital computer works with data in term of discrete
number or digit. These number are used to perform,
arithmetic calculations and also make logical decision to
reach a conclusion depending on the data they receive
from the user. All the expressions are coded into binary
digits (0 and 1) inside the computer and it manipulates
them at very fast speed.
Analog Computer
Analog computers actually is a measuring device. An
analog computer measures continues type of data and
use a physical quantity, such as electric current,
speed, weight etc. Analog Computers are the first
Computers being developed & provide the base for the
development of modern digital computers. These
computers are mainly made of electrical devices like
resisters, amplifiers & transistors.
Hybrid Computer
A Hybrid computer is, which combines the analog &
digital capabilities in the same computer system.
Hybrid computers help the user to exploit the
machine's ability to process both continuous and
discrete data. These machines are generally used for
scientific applications & it is also used as a
controlling device in an industrial process.
Components of Computer
There are four basic components of computer:
Input unit
Output unit
Central Processing Unit
Memory
Block Diagram of Computer
Input unit
Central
Processing
unit
Output unit
Memory
1: Input Devices
Key Board
Mouse
Voice Data Entry
Joy Stick
Light Pen
Scanner
Secondary Storage Devices (floppy, Magnetic Tape
etc).
2:Output Devices
Monitor
Printer
Speaker
Storage Devices
3: Central Processing Unit
The Central Processing Unit has three main parts
Arithmetic Logic Unit
Control Unit
Main Memory
ALU
CU
Main Memory
Functions of CPU
Arithmetic Operations
(+,-,*,/,%)
Logical Decision
(<,>, =)
Data transmission
Manipulating Tasks
Display Results/ Store in memory.
Functioning of Arithmetic Logic Unit
Register
A register is combination of memory storage locations
called Flip-Flops. It stores one bit.
Accumulator
A register called “Accumulator” when it works for
ALU.
Functioning of Arithmetic Logic Unit
Accumulator consist of two parts
Memory Data Register
It holds all data & instructions temporarily & then pass
to the main memory.
Memory Address Register
MAR contains the address of the memory location
whose data is to be transferred into MDR.
Control Unit
CU also called the NERVE CENTRE of the computer.
CU has an Electronic Clock.
Electronic Pulses
(equal interval of time )
Speed in MHZ (10^6HZ).
Functioning of Control Unit
Instruction Cycle Consist of two parts
Fetch Cycle
The CU fetches the instruction from MDR & places it
in the current Instruction register.
Execution Cycle
The CU then decodes the instruction & send data for
concerned device for the execution.
 Random Access Memory (RAM)
 Read Only Memory (ROM)
 Complementary metal oxide semiconductor
chip (CMOS)
 Flash Memory
 Cache Memory
 Virtual Memory
Random Access Memory (RAM)
read/ write
Volatile in nature
hold software instructions
Read Only Memory (ROM)
Non Volatile / Permanent in nature
Less costly
Hold BIOS instructions
Types of RAM
Dynamic RAM
Cheaper
Transistor
Refresh periodically
(in 2 ms)
Access Time
(150ns-----200ns)
Static RAM
Expensive
More Power
More space
Access Time fast
(80ns-------90ns)
•SDRAM
It is synchronized by the system clock and much faster
then static RAM
•DDR.RAM
Double Data Rate Synchronized dynamic RAM
Its speed is very high measured in mega hertz used in
Apple computers.
•SIMM: Single in line memory chip
•DIMM: Dual in line memory chip
Types of ROM
1. Programmable Read Only Memory:
Information once store in PROM store permanent &
can not be changed or erased.
Entering the information is known as Burning the
PROM.
2. Mask Read Only Memory:
Information is permanently recorded by the masking
& metallization process.
Types of ROM
3. Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory:
EPROM is cheap, reliable & widely available.
The data will be erase when chip under the high
intensity ultraviolet light for 30 minutes. But we
lost whole data.
4. Electronically Erasable Programmable Read
Only Memory:
Using the electrical signals the data will be erase
in chunks in milliseconds.
Complementary metal oxide semiconductor chip
It is powered by battery .that’s why it don’t lose the
data as lights goes off. It has some flexible start up
instruction for example time ,date .
Flash Memory
It can erased data more than once and reprogrammed.
it available up to 8 gigabytes. it is used not only in
computers but also in digital camera, pagers, cell
phones etc
Cache Memory & its Types
It temporarily stores instructions and data that the
processor is likely to use frequently. So it is used to
speed up the system.
Level 1: part of microprocessor chip, also called
internal cache. it operates much faster than level 2.it
stores 256 kilobytes data.
Level 2:it is also called external cache. It is available
up
to 2 or more giga bytes
• Level 3: it is also separate from the motherboard .It is
found only on very high end computers.
Virtual Memory
It is some free hard-disk space that is used to extend
the capacity of RAM.
The processor searching for data in the following
order.
 L1
L2
RAM
 CD
Hard Disk
Process States
Interleaving: It is process in which the CPU alternates
communication b/w two or more memory banks .it is
used usually in large setup for server or workstation.
Bursting :It is used to provide the additional data to
CPU on the basis of statistical method that address
what data will be used next.
Pipelining :It is used to divide a task in to small
stages . So CPU works in stages & than switch to next
according to electronic clock.
Hyperthreding :Superscalar architerture means
computer has the ability to solve two transaction @ per
clock cycle.type of this technology is Hyperthreding
Secondary Storage Devices
Magnetic Tape
Floppy Disk
Hard Disk
CD’s & DVD’s
USB

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Computer and its types

  • 1.
  • 2. Computer A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory, that can accept data, manipulate the data according to specified rules, produce results, and store the result for future use.
  • 3. Information Technology is a general term that describe any technology that helps to produce, manipulate, store, disseminate information. basically it is the combination of computer &communication devices.
  • 4. Importance & Uses of Computer Business Education Medicine & Health Care Science Engineering Manufacturing Government
  • 5. Importance & Uses of Computer Defence Music Theatre, Film & Television Home Internet Legal Practices
  • 6. Why Is Computer Literacy Necessary? In most places of business a computer is a standard! For example: Auto Repair Shops Computers are used for diagnostic repairs Inventory of parts and supplies Customer billing Food service industry Cosmetology Banking sector
  • 8. According to function According to function computers can be classified into four types. These classification of computer based on principle of operation and hardware structure.  Digital Computer  Analog Computer  Hybrid Computer
  • 9. Digital Computer A Digital computer works with data in term of discrete number or digit. These number are used to perform, arithmetic calculations and also make logical decision to reach a conclusion depending on the data they receive from the user. All the expressions are coded into binary digits (0 and 1) inside the computer and it manipulates them at very fast speed.
  • 10. Analog Computer Analog computers actually is a measuring device. An analog computer measures continues type of data and use a physical quantity, such as electric current, speed, weight etc. Analog Computers are the first Computers being developed & provide the base for the development of modern digital computers. These computers are mainly made of electrical devices like resisters, amplifiers & transistors.
  • 11. Hybrid Computer A Hybrid computer is, which combines the analog & digital capabilities in the same computer system. Hybrid computers help the user to exploit the machine's ability to process both continuous and discrete data. These machines are generally used for scientific applications & it is also used as a controlling device in an industrial process.
  • 12. Components of Computer There are four basic components of computer: Input unit Output unit Central Processing Unit Memory
  • 13. Block Diagram of Computer Input unit Central Processing unit Output unit Memory
  • 14. 1: Input Devices Key Board Mouse Voice Data Entry Joy Stick Light Pen Scanner Secondary Storage Devices (floppy, Magnetic Tape etc).
  • 16. 3: Central Processing Unit The Central Processing Unit has three main parts Arithmetic Logic Unit Control Unit Main Memory ALU CU Main Memory
  • 17. Functions of CPU Arithmetic Operations (+,-,*,/,%) Logical Decision (<,>, =) Data transmission Manipulating Tasks Display Results/ Store in memory.
  • 18. Functioning of Arithmetic Logic Unit Register A register is combination of memory storage locations called Flip-Flops. It stores one bit. Accumulator A register called “Accumulator” when it works for ALU.
  • 19. Functioning of Arithmetic Logic Unit Accumulator consist of two parts Memory Data Register It holds all data & instructions temporarily & then pass to the main memory. Memory Address Register MAR contains the address of the memory location whose data is to be transferred into MDR.
  • 20. Control Unit CU also called the NERVE CENTRE of the computer. CU has an Electronic Clock. Electronic Pulses (equal interval of time ) Speed in MHZ (10^6HZ).
  • 21. Functioning of Control Unit Instruction Cycle Consist of two parts Fetch Cycle The CU fetches the instruction from MDR & places it in the current Instruction register. Execution Cycle The CU then decodes the instruction & send data for concerned device for the execution.
  • 22.  Random Access Memory (RAM)  Read Only Memory (ROM)  Complementary metal oxide semiconductor chip (CMOS)  Flash Memory  Cache Memory  Virtual Memory
  • 23. Random Access Memory (RAM) read/ write Volatile in nature hold software instructions Read Only Memory (ROM) Non Volatile / Permanent in nature Less costly Hold BIOS instructions
  • 24. Types of RAM Dynamic RAM Cheaper Transistor Refresh periodically (in 2 ms) Access Time (150ns-----200ns) Static RAM Expensive More Power More space Access Time fast (80ns-------90ns)
  • 25. •SDRAM It is synchronized by the system clock and much faster then static RAM •DDR.RAM Double Data Rate Synchronized dynamic RAM Its speed is very high measured in mega hertz used in Apple computers. •SIMM: Single in line memory chip •DIMM: Dual in line memory chip
  • 26. Types of ROM 1. Programmable Read Only Memory: Information once store in PROM store permanent & can not be changed or erased. Entering the information is known as Burning the PROM. 2. Mask Read Only Memory: Information is permanently recorded by the masking & metallization process.
  • 27. Types of ROM 3. Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory: EPROM is cheap, reliable & widely available. The data will be erase when chip under the high intensity ultraviolet light for 30 minutes. But we lost whole data. 4. Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory: Using the electrical signals the data will be erase in chunks in milliseconds.
  • 28. Complementary metal oxide semiconductor chip It is powered by battery .that’s why it don’t lose the data as lights goes off. It has some flexible start up instruction for example time ,date . Flash Memory It can erased data more than once and reprogrammed. it available up to 8 gigabytes. it is used not only in computers but also in digital camera, pagers, cell phones etc
  • 29. Cache Memory & its Types It temporarily stores instructions and data that the processor is likely to use frequently. So it is used to speed up the system. Level 1: part of microprocessor chip, also called internal cache. it operates much faster than level 2.it stores 256 kilobytes data. Level 2:it is also called external cache. It is available up to 2 or more giga bytes • Level 3: it is also separate from the motherboard .It is found only on very high end computers.
  • 30. Virtual Memory It is some free hard-disk space that is used to extend the capacity of RAM. The processor searching for data in the following order.  L1 L2 RAM  CD Hard Disk
  • 31. Process States Interleaving: It is process in which the CPU alternates communication b/w two or more memory banks .it is used usually in large setup for server or workstation. Bursting :It is used to provide the additional data to CPU on the basis of statistical method that address what data will be used next. Pipelining :It is used to divide a task in to small stages . So CPU works in stages & than switch to next according to electronic clock. Hyperthreding :Superscalar architerture means computer has the ability to solve two transaction @ per clock cycle.type of this technology is Hyperthreding
  • 32. Secondary Storage Devices Magnetic Tape Floppy Disk Hard Disk CD’s & DVD’s USB