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ROMÅNIA INTERBELICå




INTERBELLUM ROMANIA
Matei Cazacu




ROMÅNIA INTERBELICå

INTERBELLUM ROMANIA
Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Na]ionale a Rom âniei
Cazacu, Matei
Rom ânia Interbelic~ / text: Matei Cazacu;
concep]ie grafic~: Mihaela Dulea; ed.: Ovidiu Morar. - Bucure[ti:
Noi Media Print, 2006
ISBN: 973-85881-7-0

I. Dulea, Mihaela (il.)
II. Morar, Ovidiu (ed.)

726.6
CUPRINS             |     SUMMARY


                                   5
          Iluzia României Mari     |    The Illusion of Greater Romania


                                  6
            Istorie [i tradi]ie   |     History and Tradition


                                  44
         Produc]ie [i consum       |    Production and Consumption


                                  60
                     Bucure[ti     |    Bucharest


                                  82
              Peisaje citadine     |    Cityscapes


                                  102
Turism balnear [i de agrement      |    Spa and Leisure Tourism
ILUZIA ROMÅNIEI MARI

         România interbelic~, supranumit~ România                     România ocupa primul loc în Europa în
Mare, era cu cei aproape 20 milioane de locuitori [i        privin]a ponderii popula]iei active (59% din totalul
295.000 km2 cel mai important stat din Balcani.             popula]iei), dar aceasta era concentrat~ cu prec~dere
Crearea statului na]ional prin alipirea la Vechiul Regat    în agricultur~. De asemenea, ocupa locul întâi la
a provinciilor orientale (Basarabia), occidentale           capitolul natalit~]ii, dar tot locul întâi l de]inea [i la
(Transilvania, Banat, Cri[ana), septentrionale              mortalitate, în special la mortalitatea infantil~. Venitul
(Bucovina, Maramure[) [i meridionale (Dobrogea de           anual pe cap de locuitor era de 243 de dolari (298 în
sud sau Cadrilaterul) a fost rezultatul pr~bu[irii          1914), cel mai sc~zut în Europa central~ [i de sud-est,
imperiilor [i a afirm~rii principiului wilsonian al         mai sc~zut decât cel din Bulgaria (284), Polonia (352)
dreptului popoarelor la autodeterminare.                    [i Ungaria (359); venit care, pentru compara]ie, în
         Noile frontiere stabilite prin tratatele de pace   Anglia era de 1069 de dolari.
din 1919 includeau puternice minorit~]i etnice                        Principalele produse de export erau petrolul [i
(unguri, evrei, germani, slavi, ]igani, turci [i t~tari),   produsele rafinate (33% din total), cerealele (29%),
28,5% din totalul popula]iei nefiind de origine             lemnul (14%) [i vitele (6%). Valoarea unei tone
român~, o particularitate comun~ tuturor statelor           metrice exportat~ de România era de 121 de franci
balcanice, central- [i est-europene.                        elve]ieni (în perioada 1922-1930), în vreme ce o ton~
         Aflat~ în tab~ra înving~torilor din Primul         de produse importate valora 815,8 franci elve]ieni. çn
R~zboi Mondial, România a f~cut parte în perioada           1931, îns~ raportul era catastrofal: 68,5 franci tona la
interbelic~ din „cordonul sanitar“ al Europei în fa]a       export [i 853,9 la import.
bol[evismului Rusiei sovietice. De altfel n 1919,                    çncordarea situa]iei interna]ionale [i interne
armata român~ a ocupat Ungaria [i Budapesta punând          dup~ 1936 îl conduc pe regele Carol II la o politic~
astfel cap~t experien]ei comuniste din Ungaria, iar         autoritar~: Constitu]ia din 1923 este abolit~, partidele
între 1918 [i 1934 s-a aflat în stare de r~zboi cu URSS.    politice [i sindicatele sunt interzise, se iau o serie
         România era o monarhie constitu]ional~             întreag~ de m~suri pentru eliminarea popula]iei
având în fruntea ei un monarh din dinastia german~          evreie[ti din via]a politic~, economic~ [i social~. Toate
de Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, devenit~ din 1917              acestea nu au putut împiedica pr~bu[irea României
dinastia „de România“: Ferdinand I (1914-1927),             Mari în 1940, pr~bu[ire datorat~ în primul rând
Mihai I (1927-1930, 1940-1947) [i Carol al II-lea           situa]iei geopolitice: România Mare dispare a[a cum
(1930-1940) se succed la tron. Scena politic~ este          au disp~rut peste o duzin~ de alte ]~ri europene
dominat~ de dou~ mari partide politice, Partidul            indiferent de regimul lor politic, victime ale coluziunii
Na]ional Liberal [i Partidul Na]ional ¥~r~nist care         imperialismului german [i sovietic.
guverneaz~ în alternan]~ în alian]~ cu o serie de                     Acest rezultat final fusese presim]it de elitele
partide mici.                                               tinere ale României care sim]eau c~ „timpul le era
         Ca [i în perioada anterioar~, ]ara este            m~surat“ [i c~ erau deci obligate s~ creeze repede opere
guvernat~ de fapt de o elit~ restrâns~, în majoritate       de valoare universal~ în scurtul interval de pace care le
liberal~: circa 300 de persoane dup~ calculele unui         sta la dispozi]ie dup~ 1919. A[a se explic~ dezvoltarea
observator (Petre Pandrea), un grup bine sudat              f~r~ precedent a artelor, a literaturii, a arhitecturii. Se
denumit chiar „mafie“ de un adversar politic                deschid noi s~li de expozi]ie, iar muzeele sunt mai
(Alexandru Vaida-Voevod). Aceste elite realizeaz~           vizitate ca oricând. Teatrele de tot felul [i s~lile de
dup~ r~zboi un program ambi]ios de reforme - printre        concert atrag sear~ de sear~ mii de spectatori, iar
care reforma agrar~ [i votul universal care acorda          editurile se întrec în a promova noua genera]ie de
drepturi politice imensei majorit~]i a ]~rii - [i impun     scriitori români precum Eugen Ionescu, Emil Cioran,
m~suri economice de liberalizare sabotate ns~ de           Mircea Eliade, Mihai Sebastian [i mul]i al]ii.
afacerism [i nepotism.



6 |   Iluzia României Mari
THE ILLUSION OF GREATER ROMANIA

          Interwar Romania, also know as Greater              that, unfortunately, nepotism and group interests
Romania, was the most important state in the Balkans          undermined.
with its nearly 20 million inhabitants and 295,000 sq.                  Romania ranked first in Europe in point of active
km. The nation state emerged after the union to the Old       population, 59 percent of all the inhabitants, but most
Kingdom of the eastern province of Bessarabia, the            of them worked mainly in agriculture. This country also
western provinces of Transylvania, Banat and Crisana,         placed first in the number of births as well as deaths,
the northern provinces of Bukovina and Maramures, and         particularly as regards the child death rate. Per capita
the southern province of southern Dobruja or the              yearly income stood at 243 dollars (298 in 1914), the
Quadrilateral. This was brought about by the collapse of      lowest in Central and South-Eastern Europe, smaller than
empires and the assertion of Wilson’s principle of the        in Bulgaria (284), Poland (352) and Hungary (359), as
peoples’ right to self-determination.                         compared to 1,069 dollars in the United Kingdom.
          Under the peace treaties of 1919 the new                      The principal exports were petroleum and
frontiers came to encompass several powerful ethnic           refined products (33 percent of the total), grains (29
minorities (Hungarians, Jews, Germans, Slavs, Gypsies,        percent), wood (14 percent,) and cattle (6 percent). A
Turks, and Tartars), with 28.5 percent of the total           metric ton exported by Romania was worth 121 Swiss
population of other origin than the majority, a feature       Francs (between 1922-1930), while a ton of imported
common to all the states in the Balkans, in Central and       products was worth 815.8 Swiss Francs. In 1931, the
Eastern Europe.                                               ratio appeared downright catastrophic: 68.5 Francs per
          On the winning side in the First World War, in      exported ton and 853.9 per imported ton.
the interbellum Romania stood as part of Europe’s                       The tense international and domestic situation
“sanitary belt” against Soviet Russia’s Bolshevism. Thus,     after 1936 prompted King Carol II to pursue an
in 1919, its armies occupied Hungary and Budapest in          authoritarian policy: the 1923 Constitution was
order to put an end to the communist experiment there,        abolished, the political parties and trade unions were
while between 1918 and 1934 Romania was in a state of         banned, and several measures were taken to eliminate
war with the Soviet Union.                                    the Jewish population from the political economic and
          A sovereign from the German dynasty of              social life. Nonetheless, all this could not prevent the
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, which from 1917 was                 collapse of Greater Romania, in 1940, mostly as a result
considered “a Romanian dynasty”, ruled the country, a         of the geopolitical situation. Thus, Greater Romania
constitutional monarchy. In the period in point to the        vanished like more than a dozen other European
throne first came Ferdinand I (1914-1927), then Mihai I       countries, irrespective of their political regime, falling
(1927-1930, 1940-1947), and Carol II (1930-1940). Two         pray to the collusive German and Soviet imperialism.
important formations, the National Liberal and the                      The young elite of Romanian artists intuited the
National Peasant Parties hogged the political stage,          dire end and felt their days were numbered. So they
steering the country in turn, with a series of smaller        strove to create works of catholic scope in the brief
parties in tow.                                               interval after 1919. This explains the boom of the arts, of
          Just like in the previous period, a small elite,    literature, and architecture. New exhibition halls opened,
mostly Liberal, swayed the country: all in all no more than   and museums welcomed more and more visitors. Various
300 persons, according to the calculations of an observer     genres of theaters and concert halls drew thousands of
(Petre Pandrea), a well knitted group that a political        spectators, while publishing houses vied to promote the
opponent (Alexandru Vaida-Voevod) called a “Mafia”.           new generation of Romanian writers: Eugen Ionescu,
After the war, this elite carried out an ambitious program    Emil Cioran, Mircea Eliade, Mihail Sebastian, and others.
– to mention only the land reform and the universal
suffrage granting political rights to the majority of the
population – and instituted liberal economic measures



                                                                                 The Illusion of Greater Romania      | 7
ISTORIE ßI TRADI¥IE

         Realizarea statului na]iune în 1919 a                       împodobit cu stâlpi de lemn adeseori sculpta]i, cu
resuscitat interesul pentru trecutul mai îndep~rtat sau              foi[or [i cu acoperi[ în pant~; în fine, cele de munte,
mai apropiat: monumentele [i siturile arheologice sunt               unde predomin~ lemnul [i acoperi[urile impun~toare
cercetate, restaurate, renovate sau recl~dite în spiritul            de stuf sau de [indril~. Fantezia me[terilor se
respectului pentru forma ini]ial~, în special cu sprijinul           manifest~ în sculptura monumentalelor por]i de lemn
Comisiei Monumentelor Istorice.                                      din Maramure[ [i Oa[, iar în interior în exuberan]a
         M~n~stirile [i bisericile formau atunci, ca [i              ]es~turilor [i a podoabelor, în special feminine.
ast~zi, unul din cele mai remarcabile capitole ale                            Transilvaniei îi sunt specifice stilurile gotic [i
                                                                     baroc, civiliza]ia urban~ de tip german cu ora[e [i
                                                                     biserici înconjurate de ziduri [i turnuri de ap~rare
                                                                     ridicate împotriva pericolului otoman. Satele s~se[ti
                                                                     din Transilvania [i sv~be[ti din Banat difer~ puternic de
                                                                     cele române[ti: primele sunt de tipul a[ez~rilor de
                                                                     colonizare, axate pe o strad~ principal~ dreapt~ [i
                                                                     larg~ flancat~ de dou~ fronturi de case de zid cu cur]i
                                                                     îngr~dite [i ele cu zid. çn contrast, în satele române[ti
                                                                     domin~ habitatul de tip risipit, cu forme neregulate,
                                                                     gr~dini [i livezi.
                                                                              La rândul ei, Oltenia muntoas~ este
                                                                     p~str~toarea unui tip de cas~ fortificat~, cula, adev~rat
                                                                     turn amintind de locuin]ele fortificate ale patricienilor
                                                                     genovezi.
                                                                              Economia ]~r~neasc~ tinde c~tre autarhie -
                                                                     cultivarea     p~mântului,      cre[terea     animalelor,
                                                                     viticultura, pomicultura [i mica industrie local~. O
                                       Tropaeum Traiani, Adamclisi
                            Ruinele monumentului roman (109 d.Hr).
                                                                     seam~ de îndeletniciri ancestrale sunt pre]uite acum:
                                                                     sculptura în lemn, ceramica de o mare varietate,
                                      Trapaeum Trajani, Adamclisi
                    The ruins of the Roman monument (A.D. 109)       ]es~turile, toate promovate în particip~rile României la
                                                                     expozi]iile interna]ionale ale vremii începând cu cea de
                                                                     la Paris din 1867.
istoriei artei române[ti. Ele reprezint~ sinteze locale ale                   Caracteristic~ este p~strarea costumului
influen]elor bizantine [i occidentale evoluând c~tre                 popular de toate zilele [i de s~rb~toare (adoptat în
forme specifice spa]iului românesc în ciuda                          special de doamnele din înalta societate sub influen]a
diferen]elor regionale.                                              Reginei Maria) cu variante regionale bine definite.
          Satul românesc interbelic continu~ s~ existe în            Satul continu~ s~-[i p~streze caracteristicile
dimensiunile sale tradi]ionale diferite între zonele de              arhitecturale [i vestimentare, prea pu]in concurate
câmpie, unde se întâlnesc locuin]e de tip bordei                     înc~ de industria or~[eneasc~. Doar satele din
îngropat total sau par]ial în p~mânt; cele de deal,                  împrejurimile Bucure[tilor [i a unor mari ora[e din
unde abunden]a materialelor de construc]ie a permis                  r~s~rit - Gala]i, Br~ila - cunosc un început de
formarea unui stil arhitectural specific: case cu etaj,              urbanizare haotic~ dar f~r~ rezultate probante.
în~l]ate pe o vast~ pivni]~, cu pridvor deschis



8 |   Istorie [i tradi]ie
HISTORY AND TRADITION

         The establishment of the nation state in 1919                Peasant economy tended to autarchy – land
rekindled the interest in the more or less remote past.      cultivation, animal rearing, viticulture, pomiculture,
Thus, the Commission of Historical Monuments lent its        and local cottage industry. Several old skills came to be
support to most of the projects that studied, restored,      much appreciated: wood sculpture, highly variegated
renovated or refurbished archaeological monuments            ceramics, textiles, all promoted thanks to Romania’s
and sites in respect of their original.                      participation in the time’s international exhibitions,
         Then, just like now, monasteries and churches       starting with the 1867 Paris event.
represented one of the most outstanding chapters in
the history of Romanian art. A local synthesis of
Byzantine and Western tradition, they evolved into
specific forms of the Romanian space, despite regional
differences.
         Interwar Romanian villages continued their life
within traditional dimensions that varied function of
their location: plain areas, with totally or partly buried
huts; hill areas where the wealth of building materials
allowed for the creation of a specific architectural style
featuring storied houses with a big cellar on the
basement, an open porch often adorned by sculptured
wooden posts, then a turret and sloping roof; and
finally mountain areas, with preeminently wooden
houses topped by imposing roofs. Master craftsmen
left their fantasy play freely when sculpting the
monumental wooden porches of Maramures and Oas,
while women artists put their genius into exuberantly
                                                             Re[edin]a lui Duca Vod~ de la Cet~]uia (1672), jude]ul Ia[i
woven cloth and various ornaments.
            The Gothic and Baroque styles, a German-         The residence of Prince Duca at Cetatuia, Iasi County (1672)

type civilization with towns and churches surrounded
by defense walls and towers meant to cope with the
Ottoman peril characterized Transylvania. The Saxon                   The preservation of everyday and festive folk
villages of Transylvania and the Swabian villages of         costumes (adopted in particular by the ladies of the
Banat differed considerably from the Romanian ones           high society under the influence of Queen Maria)
as the former were of the colony settlement type, with       represented a characteristic of the time, with well-
a straight wide main street, flanked by two rows of          defined regional variants. Villages stuck to their
brick houses with wall-fenced yards. By contrast, the        architectural and vestmental traditions, for which city
Romanian villages were scattered, irregular in shape,        industries put up too little competition. A chaotic start
with gardens and orchards.                                   of urban planning could be noted in the big towns of
         In its turn, the mountainous region of Oltenia      eastern Romania – Galati, Braila – and the localities
evinced the tradition of the fortified house, the so-        around Bucharest, only slight results tough.
called cula, actually a tower reminding of the fortified
mansions of Genovese patricians.



                                                                                                   History and tradition    | 9
Biserica Olari (1687) din Curtea de Arge[

Olari Church (1687) of Curtea de Arges


                                                       Biserica mare din Câineni (1807), jude]ul Vâlcea
                                                                  Pe fa]ad~ sunt picta]i sibile [i filosofi.

                                                                     The big Church of Caineni (1807)
                                            The facade features paintings with sibyls and philosophers.




10 |   Istorie [i tradi]ie
Schitul [i pe[tera Ialomi]ei   Biserica (sec. XVIII) din Fildul de sus, jude]ul S~laj
                       Construit n 1818, ars în 1940 [i ref~cut n 1942.
                                                                              Fidul de Sus, Salaj County. The Church (18th century)
                                             The Ialomita Cave and Skete
                     The latter was built in 1818; it caught fire in 1940,
                                               and was remade in 1942.




  Biseric~ de lemn din
N~da[a, jude]ul Mure[

The wooden Church of
  Nadasa, Targu Mures




    Biserica din Br~det
             (sec. XVI),
         Jude]ul Arge[

The Church of Bradet,
       Arges County
        (16th century)
Biserica Fundenii Doamnei (1699), Bucure[ti
Stucaturi lucrate de me[teri persani: un palat,
o fântân~, glastre cu flori.

Fundenii Doamnei Church, Bucharest (1699)
Stucco crafted by Persian artisans: a palace, a
fountain, vases with flowers.




                                                        M~n~stirea Horezu (1694),
                                                         jude]ul Vâlcea, Pronaosul

                                                        Horezu Monastery, Valcea
M~n~stirea V~c~re[ti (1722), Bucure[ti                 County (1694), the narthex
Interiorul bisericii. Cea mai întins~ din Europa
(180.000 m2), demolat~ în 1986.

Vacaresti Monastery, Bucharest (1722)
Interior of the church, the largest in Europe
(180,000 sq. m.) demolished in 1986.



                                                   History and tradition      | 13
M~n~stirea Cozia (1388), jude]ul Vâlcea
Locuin]a egumenului, vedere din pridvor.

Cozia Monastery, Valcea County (1388)
The abbot’s house, view from the porch.



14 |   Istorie [i tradi]ie
Patriarhul Miron Cristea îl întâmpin~ pe
                         Regele Carol II în biserica m~n~stirii Curtea
                         de Arge[ cu ocazia funeraliilor Reginei Maria
                         (iulie 1938).

                         Patriarch Miron Cristea welcoming King
                         Carol II to the church of the Curtea de Arges
                         Monastery on the funerals of Queen Maria
                         (July 1938).



        M~n~stirea lui
Neagoe Basarab (1517),
      Curtea de Arge[

     The Monastery of
      Neagoe Basarab,
Curtea de Arges (1517)




      Grup de c~lug~ri

      Group of monks




                                                                         History and tradition   | 15
Parcul palatului Reginei Maria, Balcic

The park of Queen Maria’s palace, Balcic




16 |   Istorie [i tradi]ie
Printre ruine la picnic

                           A picnic among ruins




Gorunul lui Horea, ¥ebea

Horea’s evergreen oak, Tebea



                History and tradition        | 17
Catedrala Catolic~ din Alba Iulia
                             Sarcofagele lui Iancu de Hunedoara
                             (†1456), Ladislau de Hunedoara,
                             fiul s~u (†1457) [i Regelui Ioan
                             Sigismund Zapolya (†1571). Opere
                             influen]ate de rena[terea italian~.

                             The Catholic Cathedral of Alba Iulia
                             The sarcophagi of Iancu of
                             Hunedoara (d. 1456), Ladislau of
                             Hunedoara, his son (d. 1457), and
                             of King Johannes Sigismund Zapolya
                             (d. 1571), works influenced by the
                             Italian Renaissance




                             Biserica s~seasc~ fortificat~ din
                             Prejmer (Tartlau), c~m~ri de
                             provizii în curtea interioar~
                             (sec. XV).
                             The Fortified Saxon Church of
                             Prejmer (Tartlau), storehouses
                             in the inner court (15th cen.)



18 |   Istorie [i tradi]ie
Biserica s~seasc~ fortificat~ din Cisn~die (Heltau), (sec. XV)
The Fortified Saxon Church of Cisnadie (Heltau), the 15th cen




                             History and tradition         | 19
Bra[ov, Pia]a Sfatului or~[enesc (sec. XV-XVIII):
                „Aici se adun~ toate popoarele învecinate ca într-o
                 hal~ comun~ de m~rfuri“ - Giovan-Andrea Gromo

               Brasov, the Town Hall Square (15th-18th cen.): “Here all
               the neighboring folks gather like in a common market
                    hall” Giovan Andrea Gromo (1518 – after 1567)




Castelul Bran (1377)
Ref~cut de Regina Maria (1930).

Bran castle (1377)
Refurbished by Queen Maria (1930).
History and tradition   | 21
Cetatea Alb~, cetate greac~ în antichitate,
                            mai apoi bizantin~, genovez~, t~t~reasc~,
                            moldoveneasc~, turceasc~, ruseasc~ [i în
                            fine româneasc~ (1919). Încorporat~ în
                            Ucraina (1944).
                            Cetatea Alba, a Greek stronghold in the
                            antiquity, turned then Byzantine,
                            Genovese, Turkish, Russian and finally
                            Romanian (1919), to be incorporated into
                            Ukraine later (1944).



Portul Cet~]ii Albe
Cetatea Alba, the Harbour
Turnul Chindiei (1462) [i
  ruinele bisericii domne[ti
         (1583), Târgovi[te
     Chindia Tower (1462)
Targoviste and the ruins of
 the princely church (1583)




                                               Castelul Hunedoara (sec. XV)
                                          Construit de Iancu de Hunedoara
                                    (1440-1446, 1447-1453) [i terminat de
                                        fiul s~u Matei Corvin (1458-1490).
                                               Hunedoara Castle (15th cen.)
                                    Started by Iancu of Hunedoara (1440-
                                     1446, 1447-1453) and finished by his
                                      son, Matthias Corvinus (1458-1490).




Casa în care s-a n~scut regele Ungariei,
Matei Corvin la 23 februarie 1443 (rege
între 1458-1490), Cluj

The house where Matthias Corvinus, King
of Hungary was born on February 23, 1443
(king between 1458-1490), Cluj




                                                                              History and tradition   | 23
Cetatea Hotin, vedere dinspre Nistru

Hotin Stronghold, view from the Dniester River




Cetatea Hotin, ruinele geamiei, lâng~ biserica ortodox~

Hotin Stronghold ruins of the mosque near the Romanian Orthodox Church




24 |   Istorie [i tradi]ie
Cetatea Hotin, fortifica]iile [i curtea interioar~

Hotin Stronghold, the fortifications and the inner courtyard




                           History and tradition          | 25
Ada-Kaleh, bazarul

                             Ada-Khaleh, the bazaar




                             Ada-Kaleh
                             Cl~direa comandamentului
                             construit~ de austrieci
                             (1720), transformat~ în
                             geamie dup~ 1730.

                             Ada Kaleh
                             General headquarters
                             building, erected by the
                             Austrians (1720) and
                             turned into a mosque
                             after 1730.




26 |   Istorie [i tradi]ie
Ada-Kaleh
Insul~ fortificat~ pe Dun~re, înghi]it~ de
    lacul de acumulare Por]ile de Fier în
             1970. Geamia [i fortifica]iile.

                               Ada Kaleh
       A fortified island on the Danube
   swallowed by the Iron Gates storage
     lake in 1970. The mosque and the
                            fortifications.




Vedere general~

General view




                                               History and tradition   | 27
Troi]~ monoxil~, Foc[ani

                              One-wood road altar, Focsani




Cimitir turcesc, Balcic

Turkish graveyard, Balcic




28 |    Istorie [i tradi]ie
Cimitir din S~tâlnea[, Dobrogea

            The cemetery of Satalneas, Dobruja




Cimitir din Deleni, nord de Ia[i

The cemetery of Deleni (north of Iasi)



              History and tradition       | 29
Femei la sfat n ¥ara Mo]ilor

                                              Women’s get-together in
„Ascult~ de la mine c~-s mai b~trân!“                     Motzi land
“Believe me, I’ve been there!”



                                        History and tradition       | 31
„Nu mai exist~
 tâlhari în Carpa]i!“

“There’re no bandits
           left in the
      Carpathians!”




                                 Cariatide în drum spre târg, Dr~goeni, jude]ul Gorj

                                 Caryatids: Peasant women going to the fair, Dragoeni, Gorj County
Negustori de opinci:
„un model, toate m~rimile”
                                                                 ¥~rani din Maramure[ în fa]a bisericii
Vendors of strapped moccasins:
“One model, all sizes!”                               Peasants from Maramures in front of the church




32 |   Istorie [i tradi]ie
Haute couture în Bucovina, Oa[ [i Gorj

Haute couture, Bukovina, Oas, and Gorj style
                                                          Descul]e, dar g~tite

                                                       Barefoot, yet dolled up




                                               History and tradition     | 33
Cas~ cu coloane n Burila,
jude]ul Mehedin]i

House with columns,
Burila, Mehedinti County




                O moar~ pe râu în jos

             A mill down on the river



34 |   Istorie [i tradi]ie
Arhitectur~ ]~r~neasc~

       Peasant architecture




History and tradition     | 35
Cas~ din S~li[te cu mândrii ei
                             proprietari

                             House in Saliste and its proud
                             owners




36 |   Istorie [i tradi]ie
Cas~ din zona
    N~s~ud, interior

House in the Nasaud
       area, interior




           ßez~toare

     Social of village
             women




                         History and tradition   | 37
La târgul de oale pe muntele G~ina   Secui din Tome[ti, Miercurea Ciuc

At the pottery fair on Gaina Mount   Szecklers from Tomesti, Miercurea Ciuc




                                                              „Am pus-o de m~m~lig~“

                                                              “I’ve really got into hot
                                                              water with this polenta!”



38 |   Istorie [i tradi]ie
¥~ranc~ din Muscel

                              Countrywoman from Muscel




„Ziua bun~ am dat”...

“Should I say Hello again?”




                                                          History and tradition   | 39
Copii la altar din Ghinda

                        Children at the altar of Ghina




                        çn drum spre biseric~, V~li[oara

                        On the way to the church, Valisoara


Coafur~ de s~rb~toare

Festive hairdo                                                  Joc ]~r~nesc n Drag, jude]ul Cluj

                                                              Country-dance at Drag, Cluj County
Doamne ajut~! La Maglavit
                    Loc de pelerinaj ini]iat
                        de Petrache Lupu.

                          “God help us!”
      Maglavit, a pilgrimage spot initiated
                         by Petrache Lupu




çn drum spre biseric~, Viscri,
jude]ul Bra[ov

Going to church, Viscri, Brasov
County




                                               History and tradition   | 41
„Paparud~-rud~, vino de ne ud~!“

                                            Rain invocation:
                       “Paparuda, break the bain/ Paparuda,
                                                 let it rain!”




Bivoli vara, F~g~ra[

Buffalos in summer, Fagaras
Ne a[teapt~ nunta

  Let’s start the wedding party




La Turtucaia

At Turtucaia
Zi de târg în Arge[          Târgul de fete de pe muntele G~ina
Fair day in Arges                  The girl fair on Gaina Mount




44 |   Istorie [i tradi]ie
¥igani nomazi în B~r~gan

   Nomad Gypsies in the
              Baragan




      Coloni[ti macedo-
    români în Dobrogea

      Macedo-Romanian
     colonists in Dobruja




                            History and tradition   | 45
PRODUC¥IE ßI CONSUM

          Structura economiei române[ti s-a diversificat     hranei [i 5-10% b~uturilor alcoolice. Consumul de
dup~ Primul R~zboi mondial: noile teritorii erau extrem      carne anual pe cap de locuitor eviden]ia o enorm~
de bogate în p~duri, animale de ras~, z~c~minte de           diferen]~ între mediul rural (3 kg) [i cel urban (52 kg).
c~rbuni, fier, aur, argint, cupru. Vechiul Regat exploata    ¥~ranul român avea un consum extrem de redus de
numai sarea [i petrolul a c~rui produc]ie urc~ de la un      zah~r (2 kg anual de familie), în schimb consumau pân~
milion de tone la 1920 la 8,7 milioane în 1936.              la 3 kg de m~m~lig~ pe zi pe cap de locuitor în Vechiul
Industriile care au cunoscut o puternic~ dezvoltare erau     Regat [i în Basarabia. Alimenta]ia frugal~ [i s~rac~ în
cea extractiv~, metalurgic~, de prelucrare a lemnului, a     calorii se explic~ [i prin reducerea drastic~ a p~[unilor în
materialelor de construc]ie, chimic~, alimentar~, textil~,   favoarea culturilor cerealiere destinate exportului
a hârtiei, piel~riei, sticl~riei [i ceramicii. În 1930,      (subven]ionat masiv de stat) [i avea drept consecin]~
România avea 140.000 întreprinderi industriale cu            r~spândirea bolilor nutri]ionale ca pelagra specifice
600.000 de muncitori, dintre care îns~ 130.000 erau          zonelor de monocultur~ (în special porumb) nu numai
mici ateliere cu 1-5 persoane. ¥ara avea un important        din România, ci [i din sudul Statelor Unite.
poten]ial economic, dar ducea lips~ de capitaluri [i                   Toate statisticile privind locuin]a, asisten]a
investi]ii care s~-l valorifice. De[i România ocupa locul    medical~, educa]ia [i analfabetismul (43% din totalul
întâi în Europa în privin]a ponderii popula]iei active       popula]iei) dovedesc c~ ]~ranul român avea unul din
(59% din totalul popula]iei), aceasta era concentrat~ în     standardele de via]~ cele mai joase din Europa.
agricultur~. Doar 7,2% din români lucrau în industrie [i               O situa]ie abia mai bun~ avea muncitorimea.
14% în servicii, iar valoarea produc]iei unui ]~ran          Absen]a unor programe de construc]ii de locuin]e
român era de zece ori mai mic~ decât aceea furnizat~         ieftine, sl~biciunea sindicatelor [i paternalismul
de un muncitor industrial. De[i crescuse, produc]ia la       patronilor au dus la proletarizarea acestei clase sociale
hectar la cereale era inferioar~ celei a tuturor statelor    care î[i p~stra vechile tradi]ii doar în Transilvania,
balcanice cu excep]ia Greciei, iar valoarea inventarului     Bucovina [i Banat, regiuni în care votul social-democrat
agricol pe cap de locuitor era de 15 ori mai redus~          [i socialist era cel mai puternic. În Vechiul Regat, lipsit~
decât cea a Germaniei.                                       de aceste tradi]ii, ea a fost mult mai sensibil~ la
          Venitul pe cap de locuitor al României era cel     propaganda extremei drepte legionare din Bucure[ti [i
mai redus din Europa r~s~ritean~ [i balcanic~, existând      Ia[i, iar implica]iile politice dezastruoase nu s-au l~sat
mari discrepan]e între mediul rural [i cel urban. Astfel,    mult a[teptate.
bugetul ]~r~nesc era consacrat în propor]ie de 65-70%

                                                                                                     „Mun]ii no[tri aur
                                                                                                     poart~”, b~ie[i din
                                                                                                     Mun]ii Apuseni

                                                                                                     “Our mountains, rich
                                                                                                     in gold”. Gold
                                                                                                     washers in Apuseni
                                                                                                     Mountians




46 |   Produc]ie [i consum
PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION

           The Romanian economy diversified after the First     consumption in the rural (3 kg) and in the urban
World War as the new territories boasted plenty of woods,       environment (52 kg). Likewise, Romanian peasants used
thoroughbred animals, coal, iron, gold, silver and copper       an extremely small amount of sugar (2 kg per family
ores. In the Old Kingdom only salt and petroleum were           yearly), instead they ate 3 kg of polenta per day in the Old
tapped, the production of the latter rising from one million    Kingdom and in Bessarabia. The scanty malnutritious food,
tons in 1920 to 8.7 million in 1936. The mining,                poor in calories, can be explained also by the drastic
metallurgical, wood processing, building material,              reduction of the pastureland in favor of grain cultures for
chemical, food, textile, paper, leather, glassware and          exports (massively subsidized by the state). The
ceramics industries greatly flourished. In 1930, Romania        consequence thereof were ever more numerous cases of
numbered 140,000 industrial enterprises with 600,000            nutrition diseases, such as pellagra, specific for one-crop
employees, of which 130,000 were small workshops                areas (in particular maize), not only in Romania but also in
manned by 1-5 workers. The country posted a                     the south of the United States.
considerable economic potential but lacked capital and                    All statistics with regard to accommodation,
investment to turn it to good account. Romania ranked           medical assistance, education and illiteracy (43 percent of
first in Europe in point of active persons (59 percent of the   the total population) indicate that the Romanian peasants
total population) but they were employed mainly in              had one of the poorest living standards in Europe.
agriculture. Only 7.2 percent of the Romanians worked in                  The working class fared just a little better. The
industry and 14 percent in services, and a peasant              absence of inexpensive housing projects, the inconsistency
produced ten times less than an industrial worker. Per          of trade unions and the paternalism of employers
hectare grain yield, although on the rise, was smaller than     triggered the proletarization of this social class that
that in the other Balkan states with the exception of           managed to preserve its old traditions only in Transylvania,
Greece, and the value of the per capita farming stock was       Bukovina and Banat, regions where the social-democrat
15 times lower than Germany’s.                                  and the socialist electorate was stronger. In the Old
           Romania’s per capita income was the most             Kingdom, deprived of such traditions, the workers proved
diminutive in Eastern Europe and in the Balkans, with           much more open to the propaganda of the extreme right
considerable discrepancies between the provinces and the        Iron Guard in Bucharest and in Iasi. The disastrous
towns. Thus, 65-70 percent of a peasant household               aftermath of this situation ensued promptly.
budget went on food, and 5-10 percent on alcoholic
beverages. There was a big difference between meat

Catedrala subteran~                                             Pu]urile de iod de la Pucioasa
 de sare de la Sl~nic
                                                                The iodine wells of Pucioasa
The underground salt
   cathedral at Slanic




                                                                                            Production and consumption   | 47
Torent de lemne

Torrents of wood




48 |   Produc]ie [i consum
Depozit de lemne la ßugag

Timber yard at Sugag




                            Valea Sebe[ului

                               Sebe[ Valley
Rafin~riile Astra Român~

Astra Romana refineries




                            Furnalele de la Re[i]a

                           The furnaces of Resita
Sonde de petrol în Prahova

             Oil wells in Prahova valley




80 de cai putere versus un
m~gar putere

80 HP vs. 1-donkey power
Hal~ [i atelier din
uzinele Malaxa

Bay and workshop
at the Malaxa
Works
Re[i]a, uzina de
      locomotive

     Resita: The
Locomotive Plant




      Bucure[ti,
   Gara de Nord

Bucharest, North
 Railway Station




                    Production and consumption   | 53
Via]a în vremea recoltei

                      Life during harvest




54 |   Produc]ie [i consum
Treieratul, mai mult sau mai
                                 pu]in mecanizat

                                 More or less mechanized
                                 trashing




     Plug mecanic experimental

Experimental mechanical plough
Din vie, în teasc [i apoi în sticle

                               From vineyard into press and
                                            then in bottles




56 |   Produc]ie [i consum
„Bate vântul, moara-
                    nvârte“...

                    “Blows the wind,
                    turns the mill”…




                            ...în Dobrogea...
...[i la bâlci...             …in Dobruja...
…at the fair...
Le train, “...comme à la guerre!”
Delfinul, primul submarin
al flotei române

The Dolphin, the first
Romanian submarine




                                         Distrug~toare
                                    române[ti în portul
                                      Constan]a (1938)

Membri ai familiei regale în       Romanian destroyers
context nautic (1938)               in Constanta harbor
                                                 (1938)
Members of the Royal Family in a
maritime milieu (1938)




60 |    Produc]ie [i consum
Nave acostate la Br~ila ...

Ships moored at Braila…
                                                ... [i la Mangalia.

                                              ... and at Mangalia.




                              Production and consumption      | 61
BUCUREßTI

          Capitala unei ]~ri de 20 de milioane de locuitori,                  În vremea [i dup~ criza economic~ din anii 1929-
Bucure[tii au devenit o metropol~ european~ puternic                1933, capitalurile retrase din b~nci sunt reinvestite
marcat~ de originile sale. Considerat cel mai de seam~ din          majoritar în construc]ii, valori sigure. Din imobilele
sud-estul Europei dup~ Istanbul, ora[ul se întindea pe o            realizate, 75% sunt locuin]e. Cele mai reu[ite dintre ele
suprafa]~ de 7000 ha iar popula]ia sa s-a triplat în 20 de          sunt casele-vil~ realizate de arhitec]ii Horia Creang~, Octav
ani, de la 350.000 de locuitori la aproape un milion.               Doicescu, Marcel Iancu [i Duiliu Marcu într-un stil care ]ine
          Fa]a ora[ului s-a schimbat considerabil în aceast~        cont de revolu]ia estetic~ realizat~ de mi[carea Bauhaus. În
epoc~. Sistematizarea din anii '30 a deschis pie]e largi [i         paralel, se constat~ o adev~rat~ campanie de construc]ii de
noi bulevarde. Regiuni întinse din suburbii las~ locul unui         blocuri de 6 pân~ la 11 etaje cu apartamente de închiriat.
brâu de lacuri, parcuri [i spa]ii expozi]ionale în zonele de                  Cl~dirile realizate de stat sau de institu]ii na]ionale
nord [i est. Vechi gropi de gunoaie, fabrici dezafectate,           prezint~ [i ele caracteristicile modernit~]ii: palatul
mahalale insalubre sunt înlocuite de cartiere de vile. ßi           Telefoanelor, cel al Ministerului de Externe, Biblioteca
totu[i Bucure[tii r~mân un ora[ al contrastelor, întocmai ca        Academiei Române sau palatul Patriarhiei sunt exemple
Parisul pre-haussmanian [i Londra victorian~: opulen]ei             definitorii.
afi[ate în firmele luminoase [i vitrinele elegante din centru                 Arhitectura industrial~ p~[e[te [i ea hot~rât pe
i se opune aspectul pauper al mahalalelor unde satul [i             calea moderniz~rii: Bucure[tii v~d astfel ridicându-se uzine
ora[ul se întâlneau într-o stranie coexisten]~.                     somptuoase ca Malaxa (1929-1930, 1933) sau Ford din
          Arhitectura centrului istoric [i comercial poseda         cartierul Floreasca.
virtualit~]i care ar fi putut s~ evolueze în pas cu urbanismul                Simbol al transform~rilor prin care trece ora[ul
modern. Din p~cate, modernizarea for]at~ a înlocuit multe           este Arcul s~u de Triumf, construc]ie din o]el [i marmur~
din aceste cl~dirile istorice cu construc]ii în stil neoclasic de   ridicat~ între 1936-1938 care înlocuia o alta provizorie.
influen]~ francez~. Stilul neoromânesc ini]iat de arhitectul                  Gr~dinile de var~, restaurantele, cafenelele,
Ion Mincu domin~ perioada 1920-1928 când majoritatea                parcurile [i terasele, plimb~rile cu tr~sura sau cu ma[ina la
arhitec]ilor se str~duiesc s~ defineasc~ acest stil cu              ßosea, spectacolele de teatru, conferin]ele, mitingurile
rezultate mai pu]in concludente în cazul marilor cl~diri            politice - adev~ratul ritual al vie]ii burgheze - toate acestea
administrative [i de locuit, dar care impresioneaz~ pl~cut          reprezentau ritmul de via]~ al lumii capitalei interbelice [i
când e vorba de locuin]e.                                           f~ceau din Bucure[ti, „micul Paris“, un ora[ râvnit de cei
                                                                    care î[i doreau o via]~ în pas cu modele timpului.
BUCHAREST

          The capital of a 20-million inhabitants country,              constructions, safe assets. Seventy-five per cent of the
Bucharest was turning into a European metropolis, though                constructions undertaken represented housing projects. The
still marked by its origins. Considered the most remarkable             most accomplished are the villa-homes created by architects
in southeastern Europe after Istanbul, the city stretched over          Horia Creanga, Octav Doicescu, Marcel Iancu, and Duiliu
7,000 hectares, and its population trebled in a 20-year span,           Marcu, in a style that included the aesthetic revolution
from 350,000 to nearly one million.                                     achieved by the Bauhaus movement. In parallel, a brisk
          The looks of Romania’s major city changed                     construction spree could be noted of blocks of flats six to
considerably in that period. The town development                       eleven stories high.
undertaken in the 1930s opened up wide plazas and new                             The buildings sponsored by the state or by national
boulevards. A belt of lakes, parks and exhibition areas in the          institutions also featured elements of modernity: to mention
northern and eastern zones emerged in the suburbs.                      thus the Telephone Palace, the Palace of the Ministry of
Districts of villas replaced old dumps and dismantled plants.           Foreign Affairs, the Library of the Romanian Academy, and
Still, Bucharest remained a city of contrasts, just like pre-           the Patriarchy Palace.
Haussman Paris or Victorian Britain: the opulence exuded by                       Industrial architecture also took the path of
elegant stores with bright signs downtown contraposed the               modernization: thus, Bucharest saw the elevation of the
pauper slums where village and town coexisted.                          sumptuous plants Malaxa (1929-1930, 1933) and Ford in
          The architecture of the historic and commercial               the Floreasca district.
center had potential, which could have allowed for                                An epitome of the transformations undergone by
development in step with modern city planning.                          the city was the Arch of Triumph, a steel and marble
Unfortunately, forced upgrading replaced many of its                    construction erected between 1936 and 1938 to replace a
historical buildings of French neo-classical extraction. The            makeshift one.
neo-Romanian style masterminded by architect Ion Mincu                            Summer gardens, restaurants, cafes, parks,
dominated the period 1920-1928, when most architects                    terraces, carriage rides on the Promenade, theater shows,
strove to define it with more or less conclusive results in the         conferences, political meetings – here are some of the
case of big administrative constructions, and with often                landmarks of bourgeois life in the inter-war Romanian
impressing results in the case of dwellings.                            capital of Bucharest, “the Paris of the east”, craved after by
          During and after the economic crisis of 1929-1933,            all who wanted to live fashionably.
the capital withdrawn from banks was mostly reinvested in




                                               Vedere de pe Dealul
                                               Mitropoliei cu statuia
                                           repozi]ionat~ a Lupoaicei

                                                     View from the
                                              Metropolitan Hill with
                                             the repositioned statue
Vedere din avion a
                                                    of the She-Wolf
Bucure[tiului:
amenajare n curs a
bulevardului Br~tianu.

Bird’s eye view of
Bucharest.
Bratianu Blvd. under
arrangement.
Cu muscalul la promenad~

                      Going for a ride in a brougham




Intrarea Teatrului Na]ional

Entrance of the National Theater
Primul ministru Alexandru Vaida
                      Voevod [i concurentele pentru
                                       Miss România

                     Prime Minister Alexandru Vaida
                      Voevod and participants in the
                             Miss Romania pageant




Cl~direa Cercului Militar
Construit~ în stil Empire.

The Military Club built in
Empire style
Pia]a „8 Iunie“ (1936), Pia]a Unirii de azi

The 8 iunie Plaza, present-day Unirii (1936)
                                                                Pia]a Bibescu Vod~ cu Spitalul Brâncovenesc în fundal

                                               Bibescu Voda market with the Brancovenesc Hospital in the background




66 |   Bucure[ti
Strada Lipscani

    Lipscani street




Bucharest     | 67
Evacuare for]at~

                     Forced eviction




Pompieri în ac]iune cu ma[ini moderne

Firefighters and their modern cars in action




68 |   Bucure[ti
Tramvai cu un cal; la urcu[ se
                                            mai înh~mau doi cai
                                            „pr~[tieri“

                                            One-horse tramway: on going
                                            up two additional horses
                                            were used




Calea Mo[ilor [i noile tramvaie electrice

Mosilor Road and the new electric trams
„Braga dir, Luther mir“

“Braga dir and Luther beer”




                              Reclama, „sufletul
                              comer]ului”

                              Advertising brings in
                              customers
B~c~nia, „La leu“                  Calea Victoriei, cu biserica Doamnei,   „Fiat lux!” Bec cu gaz Auer
                                   palatul Nifon [i Casa Greceanu
At the Lion’s Grocery                                                      “Fiat lux!” Auer-gas lamp
                                   Victoriei Road, Doamnei Church, Nifon
                                   Palace and Greceanu Mansion




Papagalul Coco [i fla[neta                                                   Pe cheiul Dâmbovi]ei, „anticarii“

Parrott Coco and the hurdy-gurdy                                           Antiquarians on Dambovita’s banks




                                                                                           Bucharest      | 71
Bulevardul Br~tianu, victim~ a dou~ cutremure [i a sistematiz~rii

Bratianu Blvd., shook up by two earthquakes and one zoning project
…[i dinspre nord

… its northern side




                                               Pia]a I.C. Br~tianu
                                              Vedere dinspre sud.

                                                I.C. Bratianu Circle
                                             View from the south.
                      Pia]a I.C. Br~tianu
                      Vedere aerian~.

                      I.C. Bratianu Circle
                      Bird’s eye view.



                                               Bucharest       | 73
Bursa

The Stock Exchange




Strada Edgar Quinet, Universitatea [i
Institutul de Arhitectur~
                                        Blocul Societ~]ii Adriatica
Edgar Quinet Street, the University,
and the Architecture Institute          The Adriatica Society Building
„Doi lei, domnilor, ocaziune, domnilor!“

                               “Only two lei, gents, a real bargain!”




Strada Eugeniu Carada în cartierul b~ncilor

Eugeniu Carada Street in the banking district




                                                                        Bucharest   | 75
Monumentul Take Ionescu     Bulevardul I.C. Br~tianu       Blocul ARO (Asigurarea
Detaliu.                    Instantanee.                   Româneasc~) [i Hotel Ambasador

The Take Ionescu Monument   I.C. Bratianu Boulevard        The ARO Building (Romanian
Detail.                     Snapshot.                      Insurance) and Ambasador Hotel




                                                       Blocul Malaxa pe Bulevardul I.C. Br~tianu.

                                                           Malaxa Building on I.C. Bratianu Blvd.



76 |   Bucure[ti
Bucharest   | 77
Cartierul Prim~verii, blocuri în construc]ie

Primaverii District, apartment buildings under construction




Pia]a Aviatorilor

Aviatorilor Circus




78 |    Bucure[ti
Monumentul infanteriei, azi disp~rut

                                         Monument of the Infantry, now gone




Palatul Sturdza, Ministerul Afacerilor
Externe, demolat în 1945

Sturdza Palace, headquarters of the
Foreign Ministry, demolished in 1945




                                                                                 Bucharest   | 79
Aeroportul B~neasa
                         Instantanee.

                      Baneasa Airport
                          Snapshots.




                                        Automobilul n trei ipostaze

                                        Automobiles in three versions




80 |   Bucure[ti
Mar[ul de protest al
negustorilor olteni

Protest march of
Oltenia peddlers




       Amazoan~ de la
          Circul Sidoli

         Amazon at the
           Sidoli Circus




            Trei leoaice

        Three Lionesses




       Cinema la minut

         Instant cinema




                           Bucharest   | 81
Piscina Lido   ¥igareta de ora cinci

                               Lido swimming pool    Five o’clock cigarette
ßtrandul Kisseleff

Kiseleff recreation facility




82 |    Bucure[ti
La balul de sâmb~t~ seara

Saturday night ball
                            Extragerea lozului cel mare

                                The great lottery draw
PEISAJE CITADINE

           Un procent de 21% din popula]ia României              pia]~ [i automobilele, un lux din ce în ce mai accesibil
interbelice locuia în mediul urban în cele 172 de ora[e          (45.000 în 1941, adic~ unu la 430 locuitori). Un [trand
ale ]~rii. Douazeci dintre ele au fost declarate municipii,      la periferie - de obicei pe malul unui râu - câte un teatru
iar [ase aveau peste 100.000 de locuitori. În ele era            (ref~cut acum ca cel din Timi[oara), circurile ambulante
concentrat 45% din totalul întreprinderilor industriale.         [i cafenelele, cinematografele care adopt~ rapid
Marile uzine cu sute sau mii de muncitori, pu]ine la             instala]iile pentru filme vorbite, sunt tot atâtea locuri de
num~r, se aflau în zona Transilvaniei [i la Bucure[ti.           sociabilitate care constituie marea atrac]ie a ora[elor,
Ponderea redus~ a muncitorimii [i a burgheziei,                  adev~rate oaze în mijlocul unui peisaj predominant rural.
concentrate în ora[e, conferea acestora un aspect
tradi]ional în care num~rul func]ionarilor, al
intelectualilor [i al inactivilor dep~[ea pe cel al popula]iei
active.
           O caracteristic~ general~ a ora[elor României
interbelice este tendin]a de racordare la moda [i spiritul
european al epocii. Arhitectura urban~ se modific~
                                                                 Palatul Colegiului Academic, Cluj
treptat gra]ie investi]iilor de capital [i talentului
                                                                 The Palace of the Academic College, Cluj
arhitec]ilor. O aten]ie special~ este acordat~ ora[elor
Transilvaniei în care statul dore[te s~-[i imprime
caracterul s~u românesc într-un mediu dominant
unguresc [i german. Enormele catedrale ortodoxe de la
Alba Iulia (1922), Cluj (1923-1925) [i Timi[oara sunt
expresia cea mai clar~ a acestui demers, ca [i construc]ia
de palate culturale [i cl~diri administrative în centrul
ora[elor. Al~turi de ele, vile somptuoase, blocuri
elegante în diverse stiluri marcheaz~ efortul de
urbanizare. Se generalizeaz~ mai apoi iluminatul public,
transportul în comun [i serviciile de salubritate; o lege
din 1929 oblig~ toate ora[ele s~-[i conceap~ planuri de
urbanism pe zece ani, o ini]iativ~ pozitiv~ cu urm~ri
inegale îns~. Cu toate acestea, în 1930, 74 de a[ez~ri
urbane erau lipsite de alimentare cu ap~, 123 nu aveau
re]ele de canalizare, iar suburbiile r~mân în continuare în
mizerie sau cu un accentuat caracter agrar.
           Marea majoritate a ora[elor României î[i
p~streaz~ înc~ nota provincial~ de centre administrative
[i pie]e pentru produsele agricole sau industriale. Peste
tot aceea[i strad~ principal~, cu vitrine [i pr~v~lii, loc de
plimbare, dar [i vad comercial în care se îngr~m~desc
vânz~torii de ziare sau negustorii ambulan]i, birjele de


84 |   Peisaje citadine
CITYSCAPES

         Twenty-one percent of Romania’s interwar              a swimming pool at the outskirts or a similar facility on
population lived in the country’s 172 towns. Twenty of         the banks of a river, a theater (refurbished, like the
them were considered municipalities, and six had over          Timisoara one), a traveling circus, cafes, cinema theaters
100,000 inhabitants. They concentrated 45 percent of           quickly geared up with talking movie equipment. All
the total industrial enterprises. The big plants with          these were as many attractive places of socialization, as
hundreds or even thousands of workers, few in number,          many oases in the midst of a prevailingly rural
stood in Transylvania and in Bucharest. The small weight       landscape.
of workers and bourgeois in towns accounted for their
traditional aspect, with clerks, intelligentsia and inactive
population exceeding the number of those engaged in
work.
         All of Romania’s interwar towns tended to keep
abreast of the time’s fashion and spirit in Europe. Urban
architecture was gradually changing thanks to capital
investment and the talent of architects. Special attention
                                                               Teatrul Na]ional din Cluj
went to the towns of Transylvania where the state
                                                               The National Theater of Cluj
wanted to impress its Romanian character on an
environment mostly Hungarian and German. The large
Romanian Orthodox cathedrals of Alba Iulia (1922), Cluj
(1923-1925), and Timisoara clearly expressed this
intention, just like the cultural palaces and
administrative buildings put up in the center of towns.
To this added sumptuous villas, elegant apartment blocs
in various styles, underlining a definite endeavor of town
planning. Public lightening, public transportation and
sanitation services developed, a law of 1929 compelling
all towns to devise planning projects for ten years, a
positive initiative with odd results. In 1930 though, 74
urban settlements had no drinking water or sewage
system, while suburbs continued their miserable,
basically agricultural life.
         Most Romanian cities preserved a provincial air
of administrative centers or markets for farming or
industrial products. Every single one featured a main
street with stores and nice windows and signs, a fine
place for a stroll and at the same time a commercial
knot, teeming with news vendors and peddlers,
carriages and cars – an ever more affordable luxury
(45,000 in 1941, that is one per 430 inhabitants). Then


                                                                                                        Cityscapes   | 85
Cluj, vedere general~
                          (1933)

                          General view, Cluj
                          (1933)




                          Gr~dina Botanic~ din Cluj

                          Botanical Gardens, Cluj




86 |   Peisaje citadine
Pia]a Unirii din Oradea

Union Square, Oradea




      Palatul „Vulturul
      Negru“, Oradea

       The Black Eagle
        Palace, Oradea



                          Cityscapes   | 87
Bulevardul Regele Ferdinand înainte de construc]ia Catedralei Ortodoxe, Timi[oara

King Ferdinand Blvd. before the Romanian Orthodox Cathedral was built, Timisoara    Bulevardul Regele Ferdinand, Timi[oara

                                                                                      King Ferdinand Boulevard, Timisoara




88 |   Peisaje citadine
Intrarea în Sala Unirii
                                                 din Alba Iulia

                                    Entrance to the Union Hall
Dup~ slujba de
                                                  of Alba Iulia
duminic~

After the
Sunday mass




Bulevardul Regele Ferdinand, Arad                                  Teatrul or~[enesc din Deva

King Ferdinand Boulevard, Arad                                     The town theater, Deva




                                                                                            Cityscapes   | 89
Sibiu, Ora[ul vechi

                          The old town, Sibiu




                             Pia]a Regele Ferdinand, Sibiu

                             King Ferdinand Plaza, Sibiu




90 |   Peisaje citadine
Sighi[oara, târgul de duminic~

Sunday fair, Sighisoara
Media[, zi de târg

                                   Fair day in Medias




                          Catedrala Ortodox~,
                          Târgu Mure[

                          The Romanian Orthodox
                          Cathedral, Targu Mures



92 |   Peisaje citadine
Bulevardul Regele Ferdinand [i Sfatul Or~[enesc din Bra[ov

King Ferdinand Blvd. and the City Council, Brasov




                                               Bra[ov, vedere de pe Tâmpa

                                          View from Tampa Mount, Brasov




                                                      Cityscapes     | 93
Târgu Jiu, centrul

Coloana f~r~ sfâr[it în construc]ie, numit~ de                                 Downtown Targu Jiu
]~rani „sula lui Titulescu“
                                                 Podul peste Jiu
Under construction: The Endless Column, which
the peasants called “Titulescu’s rod”            Bridge across the Jiu River
Teatrul din Turnul Severin, v~zut de la
                                                                                      Monumentul Eroilor

                                                                  The Theater of Turnul Severin seen from
   Teatrul Na]ional din Caracal   C~l~ra[i, strada ßtirbey Vod~             the Monument of the Heroes

The National Theater of Caracal   Stirbey Voda Street, Calarasi




                                                                                      Cityscapes      | 95
Craiova, Calea Unirii

                                                  Union Road, Craiova




                          Hai-hui, prin Craiova

                          Strolling in Craiova




96 |   Peisaje citadine
Halele Centrale, Gara [i Centrul din Ploie[ti

The central market halls, the railway station and the center, Ploiesti
Portul Gala]i

        The harbor, Galati




      Strada Domneasc~ [i
statuia lui Costache Negri,
                     Gala]i

   Princely Street and the
statue of Costache Negri,
                     Galati



                              Cityscapes   | 99
100 |   Peisaje citadine
Centrul [i Prim~ria ora[ului
Chi[in~u
The center and the town hall,
Chisinau




                   Buz~u, Palatul comunal

                  The Town Palace, Buzau



                         Boto[ani, Prim~ria

                    The City Hall, Botosani




Chi[in~u, vedere general~

General view, Chisinau



                                              Cityscapes   | 101
Ia[i, Pia]a Unirii
Union Circle, Iasi




                                                                     Ia[i, Palatul administrativ,
                                                                     vedere aerian~

                                                                     The Administrative Palace
                                                                     of Iasi, bird’s eye view




                                                                     Palatul lui Al.I. Cuza din Ia[i
                                                                     Fotografie din 1938, an n care a fost
                                                                     transformat n muzeu dup~ ce servise [i
                                                                     altor scopuri, printre care [i cel de bordel.

                                                                     The Al.I. Cuza Palace, Iasi
                                                                     Photo from 1938, when, after having served
                                                                     various purposes including that of a brothel,
                                                                     the construction turned into a museum.




Taxiul cu patru ro]i sau cel cu patru picioare n centrul Ia[iului

Four-wheeled or four-legged cabs downtown Iasi



                                                                                                     Cityscapes      | 103
TURISMUL BALNEAR ßI DE AGREMENT

          Caracteristic~ perioadei interbelice este apari]ia
primelor forme de organizare oficial~ a turismului
na]ional: Touring-Clubul României (1926), Automobil
Clubul Regal Român [i Oficiul Na]ional de Turism (1936),
precum [i a unui mare num~r de asocia]ii [i societ~]i
locale, regrupate în Federa]ia Societ~]ilor de Turism din
România.
          Cele mai multe dintre sta]iunile montane de
agrement sunt concentrate pe Valea Prahovei [i sunt
frecventate în special de turi[tii veni]i din capital~.
Sporturile alpine cap~t~ o popularitate crescând~: schiul,
bobul [i alpinismul au tot mai mul]i adep]i începând cu
familia regal~, ca [i avia]ia [i cursele de ma[ini,
vân~toarea [i pescuitul. Românii continu~ totu[i s~
practice cu entuziasm vechile sporturi na]ionale, azi
                                                                      Cazinoul [i statuia Reginei
complet abandonate, oina (echivalent perfect al
                                                                      Carmen Sylva din Constan]a
baseball-ului) [i poarca (cricket-ul românesc).
                                                                      The Casino and the statue of
          Izvoarele de ap~ mineral~ au dus la apari]ia a              Queen Carmen Sylva, Constanta
zeci de noi sta]iuni balneo-climaterice în zona montan~
[i submontan~, organizate în adev~rate or~[ele cu case
de vilegiatur~ [i tratament, utilate mai mult sau mai
pu]in modern.                                                         societate de camping înfiin]at~ în 1930) fac mari eforturi
          Sta]iunile î[i fac apari]ia [i pe litoralul M~rii           de cazare [i agrement. Acum se construiesc marile
Negre, lung de 400 de kilometri de la limanul Nistrului               hoteluri Rex [i Bellona de la Mamaia, Continental de la
pân~ la Coasta de argint. Bugaz, Budachi, Sobalat [i                  Constan]a, cazinouri [i tot felul de instala]ii care fac
Burnas în Basarabia, Mamaia, Carmen Sylva, Techirghiol,               deliciul unei clientele cosmopolite. Dar cei mai asidui
Caliacra [i Balcic mai în sud sunt martorele                          vizitatori ai litoralului sunt pictorii [i arti[tii care
democratiz~rii turismului pentru care statul român [i                 transform~ Mangalia [i Balcicul în adev~rate colonii de
diferitele institu]ii [i organiza]ii (cum ar fi Prietenii M~rii,      crea]ie de tipul celei de la Barbizon. În ajunul celui de-al
                                                                      Doilea R~zboi Mondial, turismul era pe cale de a se
                                                                      transforma într-o important~ industrie a României. Dup~
                                                                      r~zboi turismul î[i va relua dezvoltarea, dar în cu totul
                                                                      al]i parametri.




                                                                   Pia]a Independen]ei din Constan]a

                                                                   Independence Square, Constanta
SPA AND RECREATION TOURISM

         The first forms of official national tourist      Burnas in Bessarabia, Mamaia, Carmen Sylva,
organization emerged in the interwar period: Touring       Techirghiol, Caliacra, and Balcic to the south. They stood
Club Romania (1926), Romanian Royal Club and the           proof of the democratization of tourism, pursued with
National Tourism Office (1936), as well as numerous        great efforts – to provide accommodation and relaxation
associations and local societies grouped in the            – by the Romanian state and various institutions and
Federation of Tourism Societies in Romania.                organizations (such as The Friends of the Sea, a camping
         Most of the mountain resorts were                 society set up in 1930). In the respective period were
concentrated in the Prahova Valley and received mostly     commissioned the impressive hotels Rex and Bellona of
tourists from the capital city. Gradually, winter sports   Mamaia, Continental of Constanta, as well as casinos
gained ever more buffs. To mention only skiing,            and all sorts of installations that delighted the
bobsledding and mountaineering, which had fans in the      cosmopolitan clientele. The most steadfast visitors of the
royal family, too. Also aviation and car racing, hunting   sea coast, painters and artists, turned Mangalia and
and fishing. The Romanians continued to indulge in their   Balcic into art and creation schools like that of Barbizon.
national sports, today completely forgotten, oina (a       On the eve of the Second World War, tourism was
quasi perfect equivalent of baseball) and poarca (a sort   turning into an important industry for Romania. After
of cricket).                                               the flare-up, tourism resumed its development in
         Mineral water sources favored the emergence       completely different conditions.
of many new spas in the mountain and sub-mountain
areas, organized as small towns of recreation and
treatment, with more or less top-of-the line equipment.
         Along the 400 kilometers of the Black Sea
coast, from the Dniester firth to the Silver Coast,
numerous resorts shot up: Bugaz, Budachi, Sobalat and
                                                                              Centrul [i moscheea Regele Carol II, Constan]a

                                                                         The center and the King Carol II Mosque, Constanta
Peisaj polar la Constan]a

Polar landscape, Constanta




                             Constan]a, pesc~ria

                               Constanta fishery




106 |   Turismul balnear [i de agrement
Nava [coal~

         Training ship




    Serb~rile marinei,
           Constan]a

Navy-day celebrations,
           Constanta



                         SPA and Recreation Tourism   | 107
Mamaia, restaurant pe plaj~

                                             Restaurant on the beach, Mamaia
Budachi-Cordon, faleza [i plaja

Budachi-Cordon, the sea wall and the beach
Mamaia, hotelul Rex, Cazinoul, Terasa
Vraja M~rii

Rex Hotel, the Casino, the Vraja Marii
Terrace, Mamaia




       SPA and Recreation Tourism        | 109
Mamaia, terase pe plaj~

                                                                             Terraces on the beach, Mamaia




                                                  Noile sta]iuni Eforie [i
                                                           Carmen Sylva

                                                The then posh resorts of
                                                Eforie and Carmen Sylva




                                          Carmen Sylva, plaja

                                          The beach, Carmen Sylva



110 |   Turismul balnear [i de agrement
Mamaia, Cazinoul [i toboganul
Cele trei gra]ii       Mamaia, the Casino and the slide
The three Graces




                   „Eu Tarzan, tu Jane”
                   la Mamaia

                   “Me Tarzan, you Jane” in
                   Black Sea version
Balcic, cas~ cu trepte de piatr~   Balcic, turcoaice la ci[mea

House with stone steps at Balcic   Turkish women at the water pump, Balcic



                                                                                 Palatul Reginei Maria din Balcic

                                                                             The Palace of Queen Maria at Balcic
Balcic, plaja
                    Balcic, vedere general~
The beach, Balcic
                      General view, Balcic
A fost odat~ un nisetru ...   Cu pluta la pescuit

                   Once upon a time       Going fishing on a raft
              there was a sturgeon…




                                                                    Livr~ri la prima or~

                                                                    First-hour delivery



114 |   Turismul balnear [i de agrement
SPA and Recreation Tourism   | 115
Bugaz, vedere din port spre limanul Nistrului

Bugaz: view from the harbor to the Dniester firth




                                                    Podul peste Nistru, înainte [i dup~ sabotaj

                                                    The bridge over the Dniester before and after being sabotaged




116 |   Turismul balnear [i de agrement
De straj~ patriei

Guarding the motherland




                                      Cavarna, Coasta de Argint

                                       The Silver Coast, Cavarna




                          SPA and Recreation Tourism       | 117
Hotel Ferdinand,
                                          B~ile Herculane

                                          Ferdinand Hotel
                                          Baile Herculane




                                                             B~ile Ocna Sibiului

                                                             Ocna Sibiului Baths




118 |   Turismul balnear [i de agrement
Popas la intrarea în
          C~lim~ne[ti
Stop before going into
           Calimanesti




C~lim~ne[ti-C~ciulata,
      de s~rb~toarea
 „Izvorul T~m~duirii“
Calimanesti-Caciulata,
   the Healing Source




                          SPA and Recreation Tourism   | 119
Sanatoriul T.B.C. de la
                                                   Moroieni

                                                   The lungs sanatorium
                                                   from Moroieni




                                                   La picnic

                                                   On a picnic




                              Lacul Ursu, Sovata

                      “Ursu” (Bear) Lake, Sovata



120 |   Turismul balnear [i de agrement
Crestele Carpa]ilor al~turi de paznicii lor

Carpathian ridges and their guards
Babele

                                          The Old Biddies




                                          Muntele Detunata

                                          The Detunata Mount



122 |   Turismul balnear [i de agrement
Vân~torii de munte    Cheile Bicazului

   Mountain hunters    The Bicaz Gorges




Pe drumuri de munte
                                             Mun]ii Retezat
  On mountain trails
                                          Retezat Mountains
Schi la Predeal

                                 Skiing at Predeal
… [i în Mun]ii F~g~ra[

… and in the F~g~ra[ mountains




Caban~ în Mun]ii Bucegi

Chalet in the Bucegi mountains
Poveste de iarn~

     Winter tale
Cazinoul din Sinaia

                                           The Casino at Sinaia



                          Castelul Pele[

                           Pele[ Castle




Sinaia, vedere general~

General view of Sinaia
Valea Râ[noavei, sanatoriul
                                                         Vatra Dornei
Rasnoava Valley, the sanatorium
                                                     The Dornei Valley




                                  SPA and Recreation Tourism     | 127
Text     |    Text
                  Matei Cazacu

   Concep]ie grafic~     |    Graphic Design
      TANIT DESIGN Srl. – Mihaela Dulea
  Mecena Consult – Adrian Sorin Georgescu

     Sursa imaginilor    |    Photograph Credits
               Funda]ia ARTEXPO
                NOI Media Print
         Biblioteca Academiei Române
                 Colec]ii private

                        DTP
                 Gabriel Nicula
                 Rodica Gâlea
                 Roxana Enciu

          Redactare      |    Editing
                  Ovidiu Morar

    Versiune englez~     |    English version
                   Alina Cârâc


          Corectur~      |    Proof reading
                Dana Voiculescu
                 Irina Spirescu


Coordonatori proiect     |    Project co-ordinators
                 Ovidiu Morar
               Arpad Harangozo



                © NOI MEDIA PRINT
           B-dul. Nicolae B~lcescu nr. 18
               bloc Dalles, Bucure[ti
                Tel.: 021 222 79 72
                Fax: 021 202 91 82
               e-mail: nmp@nmp.ro
                    www.nmp.ro

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Romania interbelica

  • 2.
  • 4. Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Na]ionale a Rom âniei Cazacu, Matei Rom ânia Interbelic~ / text: Matei Cazacu; concep]ie grafic~: Mihaela Dulea; ed.: Ovidiu Morar. - Bucure[ti: Noi Media Print, 2006 ISBN: 973-85881-7-0 I. Dulea, Mihaela (il.) II. Morar, Ovidiu (ed.) 726.6
  • 5. CUPRINS | SUMMARY 5 Iluzia României Mari | The Illusion of Greater Romania 6 Istorie [i tradi]ie | History and Tradition 44 Produc]ie [i consum | Production and Consumption 60 Bucure[ti | Bucharest 82 Peisaje citadine | Cityscapes 102 Turism balnear [i de agrement | Spa and Leisure Tourism
  • 6. ILUZIA ROMÅNIEI MARI România interbelic~, supranumit~ România România ocupa primul loc în Europa în Mare, era cu cei aproape 20 milioane de locuitori [i privin]a ponderii popula]iei active (59% din totalul 295.000 km2 cel mai important stat din Balcani. popula]iei), dar aceasta era concentrat~ cu prec~dere Crearea statului na]ional prin alipirea la Vechiul Regat în agricultur~. De asemenea, ocupa locul întâi la a provinciilor orientale (Basarabia), occidentale capitolul natalit~]ii, dar tot locul întâi l de]inea [i la (Transilvania, Banat, Cri[ana), septentrionale mortalitate, în special la mortalitatea infantil~. Venitul (Bucovina, Maramure[) [i meridionale (Dobrogea de anual pe cap de locuitor era de 243 de dolari (298 în sud sau Cadrilaterul) a fost rezultatul pr~bu[irii 1914), cel mai sc~zut în Europa central~ [i de sud-est, imperiilor [i a afirm~rii principiului wilsonian al mai sc~zut decât cel din Bulgaria (284), Polonia (352) dreptului popoarelor la autodeterminare. [i Ungaria (359); venit care, pentru compara]ie, în Noile frontiere stabilite prin tratatele de pace Anglia era de 1069 de dolari. din 1919 includeau puternice minorit~]i etnice Principalele produse de export erau petrolul [i (unguri, evrei, germani, slavi, ]igani, turci [i t~tari), produsele rafinate (33% din total), cerealele (29%), 28,5% din totalul popula]iei nefiind de origine lemnul (14%) [i vitele (6%). Valoarea unei tone român~, o particularitate comun~ tuturor statelor metrice exportat~ de România era de 121 de franci balcanice, central- [i est-europene. elve]ieni (în perioada 1922-1930), în vreme ce o ton~ Aflat~ în tab~ra înving~torilor din Primul de produse importate valora 815,8 franci elve]ieni. çn R~zboi Mondial, România a f~cut parte în perioada 1931, îns~ raportul era catastrofal: 68,5 franci tona la interbelic~ din „cordonul sanitar“ al Europei în fa]a export [i 853,9 la import. bol[evismului Rusiei sovietice. De altfel n 1919, çncordarea situa]iei interna]ionale [i interne armata român~ a ocupat Ungaria [i Budapesta punând dup~ 1936 îl conduc pe regele Carol II la o politic~ astfel cap~t experien]ei comuniste din Ungaria, iar autoritar~: Constitu]ia din 1923 este abolit~, partidele între 1918 [i 1934 s-a aflat în stare de r~zboi cu URSS. politice [i sindicatele sunt interzise, se iau o serie România era o monarhie constitu]ional~ întreag~ de m~suri pentru eliminarea popula]iei având în fruntea ei un monarh din dinastia german~ evreie[ti din via]a politic~, economic~ [i social~. Toate de Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, devenit~ din 1917 acestea nu au putut împiedica pr~bu[irea României dinastia „de România“: Ferdinand I (1914-1927), Mari în 1940, pr~bu[ire datorat~ în primul rând Mihai I (1927-1930, 1940-1947) [i Carol al II-lea situa]iei geopolitice: România Mare dispare a[a cum (1930-1940) se succed la tron. Scena politic~ este au disp~rut peste o duzin~ de alte ]~ri europene dominat~ de dou~ mari partide politice, Partidul indiferent de regimul lor politic, victime ale coluziunii Na]ional Liberal [i Partidul Na]ional ¥~r~nist care imperialismului german [i sovietic. guverneaz~ în alternan]~ în alian]~ cu o serie de Acest rezultat final fusese presim]it de elitele partide mici. tinere ale României care sim]eau c~ „timpul le era Ca [i în perioada anterioar~, ]ara este m~surat“ [i c~ erau deci obligate s~ creeze repede opere guvernat~ de fapt de o elit~ restrâns~, în majoritate de valoare universal~ în scurtul interval de pace care le liberal~: circa 300 de persoane dup~ calculele unui sta la dispozi]ie dup~ 1919. A[a se explic~ dezvoltarea observator (Petre Pandrea), un grup bine sudat f~r~ precedent a artelor, a literaturii, a arhitecturii. Se denumit chiar „mafie“ de un adversar politic deschid noi s~li de expozi]ie, iar muzeele sunt mai (Alexandru Vaida-Voevod). Aceste elite realizeaz~ vizitate ca oricând. Teatrele de tot felul [i s~lile de dup~ r~zboi un program ambi]ios de reforme - printre concert atrag sear~ de sear~ mii de spectatori, iar care reforma agrar~ [i votul universal care acorda editurile se întrec în a promova noua genera]ie de drepturi politice imensei majorit~]i a ]~rii - [i impun scriitori români precum Eugen Ionescu, Emil Cioran, m~suri economice de liberalizare sabotate ns~ de Mircea Eliade, Mihai Sebastian [i mul]i al]ii. afacerism [i nepotism. 6 | Iluzia României Mari
  • 7. THE ILLUSION OF GREATER ROMANIA Interwar Romania, also know as Greater that, unfortunately, nepotism and group interests Romania, was the most important state in the Balkans undermined. with its nearly 20 million inhabitants and 295,000 sq. Romania ranked first in Europe in point of active km. The nation state emerged after the union to the Old population, 59 percent of all the inhabitants, but most Kingdom of the eastern province of Bessarabia, the of them worked mainly in agriculture. This country also western provinces of Transylvania, Banat and Crisana, placed first in the number of births as well as deaths, the northern provinces of Bukovina and Maramures, and particularly as regards the child death rate. Per capita the southern province of southern Dobruja or the yearly income stood at 243 dollars (298 in 1914), the Quadrilateral. This was brought about by the collapse of lowest in Central and South-Eastern Europe, smaller than empires and the assertion of Wilson’s principle of the in Bulgaria (284), Poland (352) and Hungary (359), as peoples’ right to self-determination. compared to 1,069 dollars in the United Kingdom. Under the peace treaties of 1919 the new The principal exports were petroleum and frontiers came to encompass several powerful ethnic refined products (33 percent of the total), grains (29 minorities (Hungarians, Jews, Germans, Slavs, Gypsies, percent), wood (14 percent,) and cattle (6 percent). A Turks, and Tartars), with 28.5 percent of the total metric ton exported by Romania was worth 121 Swiss population of other origin than the majority, a feature Francs (between 1922-1930), while a ton of imported common to all the states in the Balkans, in Central and products was worth 815.8 Swiss Francs. In 1931, the Eastern Europe. ratio appeared downright catastrophic: 68.5 Francs per On the winning side in the First World War, in exported ton and 853.9 per imported ton. the interbellum Romania stood as part of Europe’s The tense international and domestic situation “sanitary belt” against Soviet Russia’s Bolshevism. Thus, after 1936 prompted King Carol II to pursue an in 1919, its armies occupied Hungary and Budapest in authoritarian policy: the 1923 Constitution was order to put an end to the communist experiment there, abolished, the political parties and trade unions were while between 1918 and 1934 Romania was in a state of banned, and several measures were taken to eliminate war with the Soviet Union. the Jewish population from the political economic and A sovereign from the German dynasty of social life. Nonetheless, all this could not prevent the Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, which from 1917 was collapse of Greater Romania, in 1940, mostly as a result considered “a Romanian dynasty”, ruled the country, a of the geopolitical situation. Thus, Greater Romania constitutional monarchy. In the period in point to the vanished like more than a dozen other European throne first came Ferdinand I (1914-1927), then Mihai I countries, irrespective of their political regime, falling (1927-1930, 1940-1947), and Carol II (1930-1940). Two pray to the collusive German and Soviet imperialism. important formations, the National Liberal and the The young elite of Romanian artists intuited the National Peasant Parties hogged the political stage, dire end and felt their days were numbered. So they steering the country in turn, with a series of smaller strove to create works of catholic scope in the brief parties in tow. interval after 1919. This explains the boom of the arts, of Just like in the previous period, a small elite, literature, and architecture. New exhibition halls opened, mostly Liberal, swayed the country: all in all no more than and museums welcomed more and more visitors. Various 300 persons, according to the calculations of an observer genres of theaters and concert halls drew thousands of (Petre Pandrea), a well knitted group that a political spectators, while publishing houses vied to promote the opponent (Alexandru Vaida-Voevod) called a “Mafia”. new generation of Romanian writers: Eugen Ionescu, After the war, this elite carried out an ambitious program Emil Cioran, Mircea Eliade, Mihail Sebastian, and others. – to mention only the land reform and the universal suffrage granting political rights to the majority of the population – and instituted liberal economic measures The Illusion of Greater Romania | 7
  • 8. ISTORIE ßI TRADI¥IE Realizarea statului na]iune în 1919 a împodobit cu stâlpi de lemn adeseori sculpta]i, cu resuscitat interesul pentru trecutul mai îndep~rtat sau foi[or [i cu acoperi[ în pant~; în fine, cele de munte, mai apropiat: monumentele [i siturile arheologice sunt unde predomin~ lemnul [i acoperi[urile impun~toare cercetate, restaurate, renovate sau recl~dite în spiritul de stuf sau de [indril~. Fantezia me[terilor se respectului pentru forma ini]ial~, în special cu sprijinul manifest~ în sculptura monumentalelor por]i de lemn Comisiei Monumentelor Istorice. din Maramure[ [i Oa[, iar în interior în exuberan]a M~n~stirile [i bisericile formau atunci, ca [i ]es~turilor [i a podoabelor, în special feminine. ast~zi, unul din cele mai remarcabile capitole ale Transilvaniei îi sunt specifice stilurile gotic [i baroc, civiliza]ia urban~ de tip german cu ora[e [i biserici înconjurate de ziduri [i turnuri de ap~rare ridicate împotriva pericolului otoman. Satele s~se[ti din Transilvania [i sv~be[ti din Banat difer~ puternic de cele române[ti: primele sunt de tipul a[ez~rilor de colonizare, axate pe o strad~ principal~ dreapt~ [i larg~ flancat~ de dou~ fronturi de case de zid cu cur]i îngr~dite [i ele cu zid. çn contrast, în satele române[ti domin~ habitatul de tip risipit, cu forme neregulate, gr~dini [i livezi. La rândul ei, Oltenia muntoas~ este p~str~toarea unui tip de cas~ fortificat~, cula, adev~rat turn amintind de locuin]ele fortificate ale patricienilor genovezi. Economia ]~r~neasc~ tinde c~tre autarhie - cultivarea p~mântului, cre[terea animalelor, viticultura, pomicultura [i mica industrie local~. O Tropaeum Traiani, Adamclisi Ruinele monumentului roman (109 d.Hr). seam~ de îndeletniciri ancestrale sunt pre]uite acum: sculptura în lemn, ceramica de o mare varietate, Trapaeum Trajani, Adamclisi The ruins of the Roman monument (A.D. 109) ]es~turile, toate promovate în particip~rile României la expozi]iile interna]ionale ale vremii începând cu cea de la Paris din 1867. istoriei artei române[ti. Ele reprezint~ sinteze locale ale Caracteristic~ este p~strarea costumului influen]elor bizantine [i occidentale evoluând c~tre popular de toate zilele [i de s~rb~toare (adoptat în forme specifice spa]iului românesc în ciuda special de doamnele din înalta societate sub influen]a diferen]elor regionale. Reginei Maria) cu variante regionale bine definite. Satul românesc interbelic continu~ s~ existe în Satul continu~ s~-[i p~streze caracteristicile dimensiunile sale tradi]ionale diferite între zonele de arhitecturale [i vestimentare, prea pu]in concurate câmpie, unde se întâlnesc locuin]e de tip bordei înc~ de industria or~[eneasc~. Doar satele din îngropat total sau par]ial în p~mânt; cele de deal, împrejurimile Bucure[tilor [i a unor mari ora[e din unde abunden]a materialelor de construc]ie a permis r~s~rit - Gala]i, Br~ila - cunosc un început de formarea unui stil arhitectural specific: case cu etaj, urbanizare haotic~ dar f~r~ rezultate probante. în~l]ate pe o vast~ pivni]~, cu pridvor deschis 8 | Istorie [i tradi]ie
  • 9. HISTORY AND TRADITION The establishment of the nation state in 1919 Peasant economy tended to autarchy – land rekindled the interest in the more or less remote past. cultivation, animal rearing, viticulture, pomiculture, Thus, the Commission of Historical Monuments lent its and local cottage industry. Several old skills came to be support to most of the projects that studied, restored, much appreciated: wood sculpture, highly variegated renovated or refurbished archaeological monuments ceramics, textiles, all promoted thanks to Romania’s and sites in respect of their original. participation in the time’s international exhibitions, Then, just like now, monasteries and churches starting with the 1867 Paris event. represented one of the most outstanding chapters in the history of Romanian art. A local synthesis of Byzantine and Western tradition, they evolved into specific forms of the Romanian space, despite regional differences. Interwar Romanian villages continued their life within traditional dimensions that varied function of their location: plain areas, with totally or partly buried huts; hill areas where the wealth of building materials allowed for the creation of a specific architectural style featuring storied houses with a big cellar on the basement, an open porch often adorned by sculptured wooden posts, then a turret and sloping roof; and finally mountain areas, with preeminently wooden houses topped by imposing roofs. Master craftsmen left their fantasy play freely when sculpting the monumental wooden porches of Maramures and Oas, while women artists put their genius into exuberantly Re[edin]a lui Duca Vod~ de la Cet~]uia (1672), jude]ul Ia[i woven cloth and various ornaments. The Gothic and Baroque styles, a German- The residence of Prince Duca at Cetatuia, Iasi County (1672) type civilization with towns and churches surrounded by defense walls and towers meant to cope with the Ottoman peril characterized Transylvania. The Saxon The preservation of everyday and festive folk villages of Transylvania and the Swabian villages of costumes (adopted in particular by the ladies of the Banat differed considerably from the Romanian ones high society under the influence of Queen Maria) as the former were of the colony settlement type, with represented a characteristic of the time, with well- a straight wide main street, flanked by two rows of defined regional variants. Villages stuck to their brick houses with wall-fenced yards. By contrast, the architectural and vestmental traditions, for which city Romanian villages were scattered, irregular in shape, industries put up too little competition. A chaotic start with gardens and orchards. of urban planning could be noted in the big towns of In its turn, the mountainous region of Oltenia eastern Romania – Galati, Braila – and the localities evinced the tradition of the fortified house, the so- around Bucharest, only slight results tough. called cula, actually a tower reminding of the fortified mansions of Genovese patricians. History and tradition | 9
  • 10. Biserica Olari (1687) din Curtea de Arge[ Olari Church (1687) of Curtea de Arges Biserica mare din Câineni (1807), jude]ul Vâlcea Pe fa]ad~ sunt picta]i sibile [i filosofi. The big Church of Caineni (1807) The facade features paintings with sibyls and philosophers. 10 | Istorie [i tradi]ie
  • 11. Schitul [i pe[tera Ialomi]ei Biserica (sec. XVIII) din Fildul de sus, jude]ul S~laj Construit n 1818, ars în 1940 [i ref~cut n 1942. Fidul de Sus, Salaj County. The Church (18th century) The Ialomita Cave and Skete The latter was built in 1818; it caught fire in 1940, and was remade in 1942. Biseric~ de lemn din N~da[a, jude]ul Mure[ The wooden Church of Nadasa, Targu Mures Biserica din Br~det (sec. XVI), Jude]ul Arge[ The Church of Bradet, Arges County (16th century)
  • 12.
  • 13. Biserica Fundenii Doamnei (1699), Bucure[ti Stucaturi lucrate de me[teri persani: un palat, o fântân~, glastre cu flori. Fundenii Doamnei Church, Bucharest (1699) Stucco crafted by Persian artisans: a palace, a fountain, vases with flowers. M~n~stirea Horezu (1694), jude]ul Vâlcea, Pronaosul Horezu Monastery, Valcea M~n~stirea V~c~re[ti (1722), Bucure[ti County (1694), the narthex Interiorul bisericii. Cea mai întins~ din Europa (180.000 m2), demolat~ în 1986. Vacaresti Monastery, Bucharest (1722) Interior of the church, the largest in Europe (180,000 sq. m.) demolished in 1986. History and tradition | 13
  • 14. M~n~stirea Cozia (1388), jude]ul Vâlcea Locuin]a egumenului, vedere din pridvor. Cozia Monastery, Valcea County (1388) The abbot’s house, view from the porch. 14 | Istorie [i tradi]ie
  • 15. Patriarhul Miron Cristea îl întâmpin~ pe Regele Carol II în biserica m~n~stirii Curtea de Arge[ cu ocazia funeraliilor Reginei Maria (iulie 1938). Patriarch Miron Cristea welcoming King Carol II to the church of the Curtea de Arges Monastery on the funerals of Queen Maria (July 1938). M~n~stirea lui Neagoe Basarab (1517), Curtea de Arge[ The Monastery of Neagoe Basarab, Curtea de Arges (1517) Grup de c~lug~ri Group of monks History and tradition | 15
  • 16. Parcul palatului Reginei Maria, Balcic The park of Queen Maria’s palace, Balcic 16 | Istorie [i tradi]ie
  • 17. Printre ruine la picnic A picnic among ruins Gorunul lui Horea, ¥ebea Horea’s evergreen oak, Tebea History and tradition | 17
  • 18. Catedrala Catolic~ din Alba Iulia Sarcofagele lui Iancu de Hunedoara (†1456), Ladislau de Hunedoara, fiul s~u (†1457) [i Regelui Ioan Sigismund Zapolya (†1571). Opere influen]ate de rena[terea italian~. The Catholic Cathedral of Alba Iulia The sarcophagi of Iancu of Hunedoara (d. 1456), Ladislau of Hunedoara, his son (d. 1457), and of King Johannes Sigismund Zapolya (d. 1571), works influenced by the Italian Renaissance Biserica s~seasc~ fortificat~ din Prejmer (Tartlau), c~m~ri de provizii în curtea interioar~ (sec. XV). The Fortified Saxon Church of Prejmer (Tartlau), storehouses in the inner court (15th cen.) 18 | Istorie [i tradi]ie
  • 19. Biserica s~seasc~ fortificat~ din Cisn~die (Heltau), (sec. XV) The Fortified Saxon Church of Cisnadie (Heltau), the 15th cen History and tradition | 19
  • 20. Bra[ov, Pia]a Sfatului or~[enesc (sec. XV-XVIII): „Aici se adun~ toate popoarele învecinate ca într-o hal~ comun~ de m~rfuri“ - Giovan-Andrea Gromo Brasov, the Town Hall Square (15th-18th cen.): “Here all the neighboring folks gather like in a common market hall” Giovan Andrea Gromo (1518 – after 1567) Castelul Bran (1377) Ref~cut de Regina Maria (1930). Bran castle (1377) Refurbished by Queen Maria (1930).
  • 22. Cetatea Alb~, cetate greac~ în antichitate, mai apoi bizantin~, genovez~, t~t~reasc~, moldoveneasc~, turceasc~, ruseasc~ [i în fine româneasc~ (1919). Încorporat~ în Ucraina (1944). Cetatea Alba, a Greek stronghold in the antiquity, turned then Byzantine, Genovese, Turkish, Russian and finally Romanian (1919), to be incorporated into Ukraine later (1944). Portul Cet~]ii Albe Cetatea Alba, the Harbour
  • 23. Turnul Chindiei (1462) [i ruinele bisericii domne[ti (1583), Târgovi[te Chindia Tower (1462) Targoviste and the ruins of the princely church (1583) Castelul Hunedoara (sec. XV) Construit de Iancu de Hunedoara (1440-1446, 1447-1453) [i terminat de fiul s~u Matei Corvin (1458-1490). Hunedoara Castle (15th cen.) Started by Iancu of Hunedoara (1440- 1446, 1447-1453) and finished by his son, Matthias Corvinus (1458-1490). Casa în care s-a n~scut regele Ungariei, Matei Corvin la 23 februarie 1443 (rege între 1458-1490), Cluj The house where Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary was born on February 23, 1443 (king between 1458-1490), Cluj History and tradition | 23
  • 24. Cetatea Hotin, vedere dinspre Nistru Hotin Stronghold, view from the Dniester River Cetatea Hotin, ruinele geamiei, lâng~ biserica ortodox~ Hotin Stronghold ruins of the mosque near the Romanian Orthodox Church 24 | Istorie [i tradi]ie
  • 25. Cetatea Hotin, fortifica]iile [i curtea interioar~ Hotin Stronghold, the fortifications and the inner courtyard History and tradition | 25
  • 26. Ada-Kaleh, bazarul Ada-Khaleh, the bazaar Ada-Kaleh Cl~direa comandamentului construit~ de austrieci (1720), transformat~ în geamie dup~ 1730. Ada Kaleh General headquarters building, erected by the Austrians (1720) and turned into a mosque after 1730. 26 | Istorie [i tradi]ie
  • 27. Ada-Kaleh Insul~ fortificat~ pe Dun~re, înghi]it~ de lacul de acumulare Por]ile de Fier în 1970. Geamia [i fortifica]iile. Ada Kaleh A fortified island on the Danube swallowed by the Iron Gates storage lake in 1970. The mosque and the fortifications. Vedere general~ General view History and tradition | 27
  • 28. Troi]~ monoxil~, Foc[ani One-wood road altar, Focsani Cimitir turcesc, Balcic Turkish graveyard, Balcic 28 | Istorie [i tradi]ie
  • 29. Cimitir din S~tâlnea[, Dobrogea The cemetery of Satalneas, Dobruja Cimitir din Deleni, nord de Ia[i The cemetery of Deleni (north of Iasi) History and tradition | 29
  • 30.
  • 31. Femei la sfat n ¥ara Mo]ilor Women’s get-together in „Ascult~ de la mine c~-s mai b~trân!“ Motzi land “Believe me, I’ve been there!” History and tradition | 31
  • 32. „Nu mai exist~ tâlhari în Carpa]i!“ “There’re no bandits left in the Carpathians!” Cariatide în drum spre târg, Dr~goeni, jude]ul Gorj Caryatids: Peasant women going to the fair, Dragoeni, Gorj County Negustori de opinci: „un model, toate m~rimile” ¥~rani din Maramure[ în fa]a bisericii Vendors of strapped moccasins: “One model, all sizes!” Peasants from Maramures in front of the church 32 | Istorie [i tradi]ie
  • 33. Haute couture în Bucovina, Oa[ [i Gorj Haute couture, Bukovina, Oas, and Gorj style Descul]e, dar g~tite Barefoot, yet dolled up History and tradition | 33
  • 34. Cas~ cu coloane n Burila, jude]ul Mehedin]i House with columns, Burila, Mehedinti County O moar~ pe râu în jos A mill down on the river 34 | Istorie [i tradi]ie
  • 35. Arhitectur~ ]~r~neasc~ Peasant architecture History and tradition | 35
  • 36. Cas~ din S~li[te cu mândrii ei proprietari House in Saliste and its proud owners 36 | Istorie [i tradi]ie
  • 37. Cas~ din zona N~s~ud, interior House in the Nasaud area, interior ßez~toare Social of village women History and tradition | 37
  • 38. La târgul de oale pe muntele G~ina Secui din Tome[ti, Miercurea Ciuc At the pottery fair on Gaina Mount Szecklers from Tomesti, Miercurea Ciuc „Am pus-o de m~m~lig~“ “I’ve really got into hot water with this polenta!” 38 | Istorie [i tradi]ie
  • 39. ¥~ranc~ din Muscel Countrywoman from Muscel „Ziua bun~ am dat”... “Should I say Hello again?” History and tradition | 39
  • 40. Copii la altar din Ghinda Children at the altar of Ghina çn drum spre biseric~, V~li[oara On the way to the church, Valisoara Coafur~ de s~rb~toare Festive hairdo Joc ]~r~nesc n Drag, jude]ul Cluj Country-dance at Drag, Cluj County
  • 41. Doamne ajut~! La Maglavit Loc de pelerinaj ini]iat de Petrache Lupu. “God help us!” Maglavit, a pilgrimage spot initiated by Petrache Lupu çn drum spre biseric~, Viscri, jude]ul Bra[ov Going to church, Viscri, Brasov County History and tradition | 41
  • 42. „Paparud~-rud~, vino de ne ud~!“ Rain invocation: “Paparuda, break the bain/ Paparuda, let it rain!” Bivoli vara, F~g~ra[ Buffalos in summer, Fagaras
  • 43. Ne a[teapt~ nunta Let’s start the wedding party La Turtucaia At Turtucaia
  • 44. Zi de târg în Arge[ Târgul de fete de pe muntele G~ina Fair day in Arges The girl fair on Gaina Mount 44 | Istorie [i tradi]ie
  • 45. ¥igani nomazi în B~r~gan Nomad Gypsies in the Baragan Coloni[ti macedo- români în Dobrogea Macedo-Romanian colonists in Dobruja History and tradition | 45
  • 46. PRODUC¥IE ßI CONSUM Structura economiei române[ti s-a diversificat hranei [i 5-10% b~uturilor alcoolice. Consumul de dup~ Primul R~zboi mondial: noile teritorii erau extrem carne anual pe cap de locuitor eviden]ia o enorm~ de bogate în p~duri, animale de ras~, z~c~minte de diferen]~ între mediul rural (3 kg) [i cel urban (52 kg). c~rbuni, fier, aur, argint, cupru. Vechiul Regat exploata ¥~ranul român avea un consum extrem de redus de numai sarea [i petrolul a c~rui produc]ie urc~ de la un zah~r (2 kg anual de familie), în schimb consumau pân~ milion de tone la 1920 la 8,7 milioane în 1936. la 3 kg de m~m~lig~ pe zi pe cap de locuitor în Vechiul Industriile care au cunoscut o puternic~ dezvoltare erau Regat [i în Basarabia. Alimenta]ia frugal~ [i s~rac~ în cea extractiv~, metalurgic~, de prelucrare a lemnului, a calorii se explic~ [i prin reducerea drastic~ a p~[unilor în materialelor de construc]ie, chimic~, alimentar~, textil~, favoarea culturilor cerealiere destinate exportului a hârtiei, piel~riei, sticl~riei [i ceramicii. În 1930, (subven]ionat masiv de stat) [i avea drept consecin]~ România avea 140.000 întreprinderi industriale cu r~spândirea bolilor nutri]ionale ca pelagra specifice 600.000 de muncitori, dintre care îns~ 130.000 erau zonelor de monocultur~ (în special porumb) nu numai mici ateliere cu 1-5 persoane. ¥ara avea un important din România, ci [i din sudul Statelor Unite. poten]ial economic, dar ducea lips~ de capitaluri [i Toate statisticile privind locuin]a, asisten]a investi]ii care s~-l valorifice. De[i România ocupa locul medical~, educa]ia [i analfabetismul (43% din totalul întâi în Europa în privin]a ponderii popula]iei active popula]iei) dovedesc c~ ]~ranul român avea unul din (59% din totalul popula]iei), aceasta era concentrat~ în standardele de via]~ cele mai joase din Europa. agricultur~. Doar 7,2% din români lucrau în industrie [i O situa]ie abia mai bun~ avea muncitorimea. 14% în servicii, iar valoarea produc]iei unui ]~ran Absen]a unor programe de construc]ii de locuin]e român era de zece ori mai mic~ decât aceea furnizat~ ieftine, sl~biciunea sindicatelor [i paternalismul de un muncitor industrial. De[i crescuse, produc]ia la patronilor au dus la proletarizarea acestei clase sociale hectar la cereale era inferioar~ celei a tuturor statelor care î[i p~stra vechile tradi]ii doar în Transilvania, balcanice cu excep]ia Greciei, iar valoarea inventarului Bucovina [i Banat, regiuni în care votul social-democrat agricol pe cap de locuitor era de 15 ori mai redus~ [i socialist era cel mai puternic. În Vechiul Regat, lipsit~ decât cea a Germaniei. de aceste tradi]ii, ea a fost mult mai sensibil~ la Venitul pe cap de locuitor al României era cel propaganda extremei drepte legionare din Bucure[ti [i mai redus din Europa r~s~ritean~ [i balcanic~, existând Ia[i, iar implica]iile politice dezastruoase nu s-au l~sat mari discrepan]e între mediul rural [i cel urban. Astfel, mult a[teptate. bugetul ]~r~nesc era consacrat în propor]ie de 65-70% „Mun]ii no[tri aur poart~”, b~ie[i din Mun]ii Apuseni “Our mountains, rich in gold”. Gold washers in Apuseni Mountians 46 | Produc]ie [i consum
  • 47. PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION The Romanian economy diversified after the First consumption in the rural (3 kg) and in the urban World War as the new territories boasted plenty of woods, environment (52 kg). Likewise, Romanian peasants used thoroughbred animals, coal, iron, gold, silver and copper an extremely small amount of sugar (2 kg per family ores. In the Old Kingdom only salt and petroleum were yearly), instead they ate 3 kg of polenta per day in the Old tapped, the production of the latter rising from one million Kingdom and in Bessarabia. The scanty malnutritious food, tons in 1920 to 8.7 million in 1936. The mining, poor in calories, can be explained also by the drastic metallurgical, wood processing, building material, reduction of the pastureland in favor of grain cultures for chemical, food, textile, paper, leather, glassware and exports (massively subsidized by the state). The ceramics industries greatly flourished. In 1930, Romania consequence thereof were ever more numerous cases of numbered 140,000 industrial enterprises with 600,000 nutrition diseases, such as pellagra, specific for one-crop employees, of which 130,000 were small workshops areas (in particular maize), not only in Romania but also in manned by 1-5 workers. The country posted a the south of the United States. considerable economic potential but lacked capital and All statistics with regard to accommodation, investment to turn it to good account. Romania ranked medical assistance, education and illiteracy (43 percent of first in Europe in point of active persons (59 percent of the the total population) indicate that the Romanian peasants total population) but they were employed mainly in had one of the poorest living standards in Europe. agriculture. Only 7.2 percent of the Romanians worked in The working class fared just a little better. The industry and 14 percent in services, and a peasant absence of inexpensive housing projects, the inconsistency produced ten times less than an industrial worker. Per of trade unions and the paternalism of employers hectare grain yield, although on the rise, was smaller than triggered the proletarization of this social class that that in the other Balkan states with the exception of managed to preserve its old traditions only in Transylvania, Greece, and the value of the per capita farming stock was Bukovina and Banat, regions where the social-democrat 15 times lower than Germany’s. and the socialist electorate was stronger. In the Old Romania’s per capita income was the most Kingdom, deprived of such traditions, the workers proved diminutive in Eastern Europe and in the Balkans, with much more open to the propaganda of the extreme right considerable discrepancies between the provinces and the Iron Guard in Bucharest and in Iasi. The disastrous towns. Thus, 65-70 percent of a peasant household aftermath of this situation ensued promptly. budget went on food, and 5-10 percent on alcoholic beverages. There was a big difference between meat Catedrala subteran~ Pu]urile de iod de la Pucioasa de sare de la Sl~nic The iodine wells of Pucioasa The underground salt cathedral at Slanic Production and consumption | 47
  • 48. Torent de lemne Torrents of wood 48 | Produc]ie [i consum
  • 49. Depozit de lemne la ßugag Timber yard at Sugag Valea Sebe[ului Sebe[ Valley
  • 50. Rafin~riile Astra Român~ Astra Romana refineries Furnalele de la Re[i]a The furnaces of Resita
  • 51. Sonde de petrol în Prahova Oil wells in Prahova valley 80 de cai putere versus un m~gar putere 80 HP vs. 1-donkey power
  • 52. Hal~ [i atelier din uzinele Malaxa Bay and workshop at the Malaxa Works
  • 53. Re[i]a, uzina de locomotive Resita: The Locomotive Plant Bucure[ti, Gara de Nord Bucharest, North Railway Station Production and consumption | 53
  • 54. Via]a în vremea recoltei Life during harvest 54 | Produc]ie [i consum
  • 55. Treieratul, mai mult sau mai pu]in mecanizat More or less mechanized trashing Plug mecanic experimental Experimental mechanical plough
  • 56. Din vie, în teasc [i apoi în sticle From vineyard into press and then in bottles 56 | Produc]ie [i consum
  • 57. „Bate vântul, moara- nvârte“... “Blows the wind, turns the mill”… ...în Dobrogea... ...[i la bâlci... …in Dobruja... …at the fair...
  • 58. Le train, “...comme à la guerre!”
  • 59.
  • 60. Delfinul, primul submarin al flotei române The Dolphin, the first Romanian submarine Distrug~toare române[ti în portul Constan]a (1938) Membri ai familiei regale în Romanian destroyers context nautic (1938) in Constanta harbor (1938) Members of the Royal Family in a maritime milieu (1938) 60 | Produc]ie [i consum
  • 61. Nave acostate la Br~ila ... Ships moored at Braila… ... [i la Mangalia. ... and at Mangalia. Production and consumption | 61
  • 62. BUCUREßTI Capitala unei ]~ri de 20 de milioane de locuitori, În vremea [i dup~ criza economic~ din anii 1929- Bucure[tii au devenit o metropol~ european~ puternic 1933, capitalurile retrase din b~nci sunt reinvestite marcat~ de originile sale. Considerat cel mai de seam~ din majoritar în construc]ii, valori sigure. Din imobilele sud-estul Europei dup~ Istanbul, ora[ul se întindea pe o realizate, 75% sunt locuin]e. Cele mai reu[ite dintre ele suprafa]~ de 7000 ha iar popula]ia sa s-a triplat în 20 de sunt casele-vil~ realizate de arhitec]ii Horia Creang~, Octav ani, de la 350.000 de locuitori la aproape un milion. Doicescu, Marcel Iancu [i Duiliu Marcu într-un stil care ]ine Fa]a ora[ului s-a schimbat considerabil în aceast~ cont de revolu]ia estetic~ realizat~ de mi[carea Bauhaus. În epoc~. Sistematizarea din anii '30 a deschis pie]e largi [i paralel, se constat~ o adev~rat~ campanie de construc]ii de noi bulevarde. Regiuni întinse din suburbii las~ locul unui blocuri de 6 pân~ la 11 etaje cu apartamente de închiriat. brâu de lacuri, parcuri [i spa]ii expozi]ionale în zonele de Cl~dirile realizate de stat sau de institu]ii na]ionale nord [i est. Vechi gropi de gunoaie, fabrici dezafectate, prezint~ [i ele caracteristicile modernit~]ii: palatul mahalale insalubre sunt înlocuite de cartiere de vile. ßi Telefoanelor, cel al Ministerului de Externe, Biblioteca totu[i Bucure[tii r~mân un ora[ al contrastelor, întocmai ca Academiei Române sau palatul Patriarhiei sunt exemple Parisul pre-haussmanian [i Londra victorian~: opulen]ei definitorii. afi[ate în firmele luminoase [i vitrinele elegante din centru Arhitectura industrial~ p~[e[te [i ea hot~rât pe i se opune aspectul pauper al mahalalelor unde satul [i calea moderniz~rii: Bucure[tii v~d astfel ridicându-se uzine ora[ul se întâlneau într-o stranie coexisten]~. somptuoase ca Malaxa (1929-1930, 1933) sau Ford din Arhitectura centrului istoric [i comercial poseda cartierul Floreasca. virtualit~]i care ar fi putut s~ evolueze în pas cu urbanismul Simbol al transform~rilor prin care trece ora[ul modern. Din p~cate, modernizarea for]at~ a înlocuit multe este Arcul s~u de Triumf, construc]ie din o]el [i marmur~ din aceste cl~dirile istorice cu construc]ii în stil neoclasic de ridicat~ între 1936-1938 care înlocuia o alta provizorie. influen]~ francez~. Stilul neoromânesc ini]iat de arhitectul Gr~dinile de var~, restaurantele, cafenelele, Ion Mincu domin~ perioada 1920-1928 când majoritatea parcurile [i terasele, plimb~rile cu tr~sura sau cu ma[ina la arhitec]ilor se str~duiesc s~ defineasc~ acest stil cu ßosea, spectacolele de teatru, conferin]ele, mitingurile rezultate mai pu]in concludente în cazul marilor cl~diri politice - adev~ratul ritual al vie]ii burgheze - toate acestea administrative [i de locuit, dar care impresioneaz~ pl~cut reprezentau ritmul de via]~ al lumii capitalei interbelice [i când e vorba de locuin]e. f~ceau din Bucure[ti, „micul Paris“, un ora[ râvnit de cei care î[i doreau o via]~ în pas cu modele timpului.
  • 63. BUCHAREST The capital of a 20-million inhabitants country, constructions, safe assets. Seventy-five per cent of the Bucharest was turning into a European metropolis, though constructions undertaken represented housing projects. The still marked by its origins. Considered the most remarkable most accomplished are the villa-homes created by architects in southeastern Europe after Istanbul, the city stretched over Horia Creanga, Octav Doicescu, Marcel Iancu, and Duiliu 7,000 hectares, and its population trebled in a 20-year span, Marcu, in a style that included the aesthetic revolution from 350,000 to nearly one million. achieved by the Bauhaus movement. In parallel, a brisk The looks of Romania’s major city changed construction spree could be noted of blocks of flats six to considerably in that period. The town development eleven stories high. undertaken in the 1930s opened up wide plazas and new The buildings sponsored by the state or by national boulevards. A belt of lakes, parks and exhibition areas in the institutions also featured elements of modernity: to mention northern and eastern zones emerged in the suburbs. thus the Telephone Palace, the Palace of the Ministry of Districts of villas replaced old dumps and dismantled plants. Foreign Affairs, the Library of the Romanian Academy, and Still, Bucharest remained a city of contrasts, just like pre- the Patriarchy Palace. Haussman Paris or Victorian Britain: the opulence exuded by Industrial architecture also took the path of elegant stores with bright signs downtown contraposed the modernization: thus, Bucharest saw the elevation of the pauper slums where village and town coexisted. sumptuous plants Malaxa (1929-1930, 1933) and Ford in The architecture of the historic and commercial the Floreasca district. center had potential, which could have allowed for An epitome of the transformations undergone by development in step with modern city planning. the city was the Arch of Triumph, a steel and marble Unfortunately, forced upgrading replaced many of its construction erected between 1936 and 1938 to replace a historical buildings of French neo-classical extraction. The makeshift one. neo-Romanian style masterminded by architect Ion Mincu Summer gardens, restaurants, cafes, parks, dominated the period 1920-1928, when most architects terraces, carriage rides on the Promenade, theater shows, strove to define it with more or less conclusive results in the conferences, political meetings – here are some of the case of big administrative constructions, and with often landmarks of bourgeois life in the inter-war Romanian impressing results in the case of dwellings. capital of Bucharest, “the Paris of the east”, craved after by During and after the economic crisis of 1929-1933, all who wanted to live fashionably. the capital withdrawn from banks was mostly reinvested in Vedere de pe Dealul Mitropoliei cu statuia repozi]ionat~ a Lupoaicei View from the Metropolitan Hill with the repositioned statue Vedere din avion a of the She-Wolf Bucure[tiului: amenajare n curs a bulevardului Br~tianu. Bird’s eye view of Bucharest. Bratianu Blvd. under arrangement.
  • 64. Cu muscalul la promenad~ Going for a ride in a brougham Intrarea Teatrului Na]ional Entrance of the National Theater
  • 65. Primul ministru Alexandru Vaida Voevod [i concurentele pentru Miss România Prime Minister Alexandru Vaida Voevod and participants in the Miss Romania pageant Cl~direa Cercului Militar Construit~ în stil Empire. The Military Club built in Empire style
  • 66. Pia]a „8 Iunie“ (1936), Pia]a Unirii de azi The 8 iunie Plaza, present-day Unirii (1936) Pia]a Bibescu Vod~ cu Spitalul Brâncovenesc în fundal Bibescu Voda market with the Brancovenesc Hospital in the background 66 | Bucure[ti
  • 67. Strada Lipscani Lipscani street Bucharest | 67
  • 68. Evacuare for]at~ Forced eviction Pompieri în ac]iune cu ma[ini moderne Firefighters and their modern cars in action 68 | Bucure[ti
  • 69. Tramvai cu un cal; la urcu[ se mai înh~mau doi cai „pr~[tieri“ One-horse tramway: on going up two additional horses were used Calea Mo[ilor [i noile tramvaie electrice Mosilor Road and the new electric trams
  • 70. „Braga dir, Luther mir“ “Braga dir and Luther beer” Reclama, „sufletul comer]ului” Advertising brings in customers
  • 71. B~c~nia, „La leu“ Calea Victoriei, cu biserica Doamnei, „Fiat lux!” Bec cu gaz Auer palatul Nifon [i Casa Greceanu At the Lion’s Grocery “Fiat lux!” Auer-gas lamp Victoriei Road, Doamnei Church, Nifon Palace and Greceanu Mansion Papagalul Coco [i fla[neta Pe cheiul Dâmbovi]ei, „anticarii“ Parrott Coco and the hurdy-gurdy Antiquarians on Dambovita’s banks Bucharest | 71
  • 72. Bulevardul Br~tianu, victim~ a dou~ cutremure [i a sistematiz~rii Bratianu Blvd., shook up by two earthquakes and one zoning project
  • 73. …[i dinspre nord … its northern side Pia]a I.C. Br~tianu Vedere dinspre sud. I.C. Bratianu Circle View from the south. Pia]a I.C. Br~tianu Vedere aerian~. I.C. Bratianu Circle Bird’s eye view. Bucharest | 73
  • 74. Bursa The Stock Exchange Strada Edgar Quinet, Universitatea [i Institutul de Arhitectur~ Blocul Societ~]ii Adriatica Edgar Quinet Street, the University, and the Architecture Institute The Adriatica Society Building
  • 75. „Doi lei, domnilor, ocaziune, domnilor!“ “Only two lei, gents, a real bargain!” Strada Eugeniu Carada în cartierul b~ncilor Eugeniu Carada Street in the banking district Bucharest | 75
  • 76. Monumentul Take Ionescu Bulevardul I.C. Br~tianu Blocul ARO (Asigurarea Detaliu. Instantanee. Româneasc~) [i Hotel Ambasador The Take Ionescu Monument I.C. Bratianu Boulevard The ARO Building (Romanian Detail. Snapshot. Insurance) and Ambasador Hotel Blocul Malaxa pe Bulevardul I.C. Br~tianu. Malaxa Building on I.C. Bratianu Blvd. 76 | Bucure[ti
  • 77. Bucharest | 77
  • 78. Cartierul Prim~verii, blocuri în construc]ie Primaverii District, apartment buildings under construction Pia]a Aviatorilor Aviatorilor Circus 78 | Bucure[ti
  • 79. Monumentul infanteriei, azi disp~rut Monument of the Infantry, now gone Palatul Sturdza, Ministerul Afacerilor Externe, demolat în 1945 Sturdza Palace, headquarters of the Foreign Ministry, demolished in 1945 Bucharest | 79
  • 80. Aeroportul B~neasa Instantanee. Baneasa Airport Snapshots. Automobilul n trei ipostaze Automobiles in three versions 80 | Bucure[ti
  • 81. Mar[ul de protest al negustorilor olteni Protest march of Oltenia peddlers Amazoan~ de la Circul Sidoli Amazon at the Sidoli Circus Trei leoaice Three Lionesses Cinema la minut Instant cinema Bucharest | 81
  • 82. Piscina Lido ¥igareta de ora cinci Lido swimming pool Five o’clock cigarette ßtrandul Kisseleff Kiseleff recreation facility 82 | Bucure[ti
  • 83. La balul de sâmb~t~ seara Saturday night ball Extragerea lozului cel mare The great lottery draw
  • 84. PEISAJE CITADINE Un procent de 21% din popula]ia României pia]~ [i automobilele, un lux din ce în ce mai accesibil interbelice locuia în mediul urban în cele 172 de ora[e (45.000 în 1941, adic~ unu la 430 locuitori). Un [trand ale ]~rii. Douazeci dintre ele au fost declarate municipii, la periferie - de obicei pe malul unui râu - câte un teatru iar [ase aveau peste 100.000 de locuitori. În ele era (ref~cut acum ca cel din Timi[oara), circurile ambulante concentrat 45% din totalul întreprinderilor industriale. [i cafenelele, cinematografele care adopt~ rapid Marile uzine cu sute sau mii de muncitori, pu]ine la instala]iile pentru filme vorbite, sunt tot atâtea locuri de num~r, se aflau în zona Transilvaniei [i la Bucure[ti. sociabilitate care constituie marea atrac]ie a ora[elor, Ponderea redus~ a muncitorimii [i a burgheziei, adev~rate oaze în mijlocul unui peisaj predominant rural. concentrate în ora[e, conferea acestora un aspect tradi]ional în care num~rul func]ionarilor, al intelectualilor [i al inactivilor dep~[ea pe cel al popula]iei active. O caracteristic~ general~ a ora[elor României interbelice este tendin]a de racordare la moda [i spiritul european al epocii. Arhitectura urban~ se modific~ Palatul Colegiului Academic, Cluj treptat gra]ie investi]iilor de capital [i talentului The Palace of the Academic College, Cluj arhitec]ilor. O aten]ie special~ este acordat~ ora[elor Transilvaniei în care statul dore[te s~-[i imprime caracterul s~u românesc într-un mediu dominant unguresc [i german. Enormele catedrale ortodoxe de la Alba Iulia (1922), Cluj (1923-1925) [i Timi[oara sunt expresia cea mai clar~ a acestui demers, ca [i construc]ia de palate culturale [i cl~diri administrative în centrul ora[elor. Al~turi de ele, vile somptuoase, blocuri elegante în diverse stiluri marcheaz~ efortul de urbanizare. Se generalizeaz~ mai apoi iluminatul public, transportul în comun [i serviciile de salubritate; o lege din 1929 oblig~ toate ora[ele s~-[i conceap~ planuri de urbanism pe zece ani, o ini]iativ~ pozitiv~ cu urm~ri inegale îns~. Cu toate acestea, în 1930, 74 de a[ez~ri urbane erau lipsite de alimentare cu ap~, 123 nu aveau re]ele de canalizare, iar suburbiile r~mân în continuare în mizerie sau cu un accentuat caracter agrar. Marea majoritate a ora[elor României î[i p~streaz~ înc~ nota provincial~ de centre administrative [i pie]e pentru produsele agricole sau industriale. Peste tot aceea[i strad~ principal~, cu vitrine [i pr~v~lii, loc de plimbare, dar [i vad comercial în care se îngr~m~desc vânz~torii de ziare sau negustorii ambulan]i, birjele de 84 | Peisaje citadine
  • 85. CITYSCAPES Twenty-one percent of Romania’s interwar a swimming pool at the outskirts or a similar facility on population lived in the country’s 172 towns. Twenty of the banks of a river, a theater (refurbished, like the them were considered municipalities, and six had over Timisoara one), a traveling circus, cafes, cinema theaters 100,000 inhabitants. They concentrated 45 percent of quickly geared up with talking movie equipment. All the total industrial enterprises. The big plants with these were as many attractive places of socialization, as hundreds or even thousands of workers, few in number, many oases in the midst of a prevailingly rural stood in Transylvania and in Bucharest. The small weight landscape. of workers and bourgeois in towns accounted for their traditional aspect, with clerks, intelligentsia and inactive population exceeding the number of those engaged in work. All of Romania’s interwar towns tended to keep abreast of the time’s fashion and spirit in Europe. Urban architecture was gradually changing thanks to capital investment and the talent of architects. Special attention Teatrul Na]ional din Cluj went to the towns of Transylvania where the state The National Theater of Cluj wanted to impress its Romanian character on an environment mostly Hungarian and German. The large Romanian Orthodox cathedrals of Alba Iulia (1922), Cluj (1923-1925), and Timisoara clearly expressed this intention, just like the cultural palaces and administrative buildings put up in the center of towns. To this added sumptuous villas, elegant apartment blocs in various styles, underlining a definite endeavor of town planning. Public lightening, public transportation and sanitation services developed, a law of 1929 compelling all towns to devise planning projects for ten years, a positive initiative with odd results. In 1930 though, 74 urban settlements had no drinking water or sewage system, while suburbs continued their miserable, basically agricultural life. Most Romanian cities preserved a provincial air of administrative centers or markets for farming or industrial products. Every single one featured a main street with stores and nice windows and signs, a fine place for a stroll and at the same time a commercial knot, teeming with news vendors and peddlers, carriages and cars – an ever more affordable luxury (45,000 in 1941, that is one per 430 inhabitants). Then Cityscapes | 85
  • 86. Cluj, vedere general~ (1933) General view, Cluj (1933) Gr~dina Botanic~ din Cluj Botanical Gardens, Cluj 86 | Peisaje citadine
  • 87. Pia]a Unirii din Oradea Union Square, Oradea Palatul „Vulturul Negru“, Oradea The Black Eagle Palace, Oradea Cityscapes | 87
  • 88. Bulevardul Regele Ferdinand înainte de construc]ia Catedralei Ortodoxe, Timi[oara King Ferdinand Blvd. before the Romanian Orthodox Cathedral was built, Timisoara Bulevardul Regele Ferdinand, Timi[oara King Ferdinand Boulevard, Timisoara 88 | Peisaje citadine
  • 89. Intrarea în Sala Unirii din Alba Iulia Entrance to the Union Hall Dup~ slujba de of Alba Iulia duminic~ After the Sunday mass Bulevardul Regele Ferdinand, Arad Teatrul or~[enesc din Deva King Ferdinand Boulevard, Arad The town theater, Deva Cityscapes | 89
  • 90. Sibiu, Ora[ul vechi The old town, Sibiu Pia]a Regele Ferdinand, Sibiu King Ferdinand Plaza, Sibiu 90 | Peisaje citadine
  • 91. Sighi[oara, târgul de duminic~ Sunday fair, Sighisoara
  • 92. Media[, zi de târg Fair day in Medias Catedrala Ortodox~, Târgu Mure[ The Romanian Orthodox Cathedral, Targu Mures 92 | Peisaje citadine
  • 93. Bulevardul Regele Ferdinand [i Sfatul Or~[enesc din Bra[ov King Ferdinand Blvd. and the City Council, Brasov Bra[ov, vedere de pe Tâmpa View from Tampa Mount, Brasov Cityscapes | 93
  • 94. Târgu Jiu, centrul Coloana f~r~ sfâr[it în construc]ie, numit~ de Downtown Targu Jiu ]~rani „sula lui Titulescu“ Podul peste Jiu Under construction: The Endless Column, which the peasants called “Titulescu’s rod” Bridge across the Jiu River
  • 95. Teatrul din Turnul Severin, v~zut de la Monumentul Eroilor The Theater of Turnul Severin seen from Teatrul Na]ional din Caracal C~l~ra[i, strada ßtirbey Vod~ the Monument of the Heroes The National Theater of Caracal Stirbey Voda Street, Calarasi Cityscapes | 95
  • 96. Craiova, Calea Unirii Union Road, Craiova Hai-hui, prin Craiova Strolling in Craiova 96 | Peisaje citadine
  • 97.
  • 98. Halele Centrale, Gara [i Centrul din Ploie[ti The central market halls, the railway station and the center, Ploiesti
  • 99. Portul Gala]i The harbor, Galati Strada Domneasc~ [i statuia lui Costache Negri, Gala]i Princely Street and the statue of Costache Negri, Galati Cityscapes | 99
  • 100. 100 | Peisaje citadine
  • 101. Centrul [i Prim~ria ora[ului Chi[in~u The center and the town hall, Chisinau Buz~u, Palatul comunal The Town Palace, Buzau Boto[ani, Prim~ria The City Hall, Botosani Chi[in~u, vedere general~ General view, Chisinau Cityscapes | 101
  • 102.
  • 103. Ia[i, Pia]a Unirii Union Circle, Iasi Ia[i, Palatul administrativ, vedere aerian~ The Administrative Palace of Iasi, bird’s eye view Palatul lui Al.I. Cuza din Ia[i Fotografie din 1938, an n care a fost transformat n muzeu dup~ ce servise [i altor scopuri, printre care [i cel de bordel. The Al.I. Cuza Palace, Iasi Photo from 1938, when, after having served various purposes including that of a brothel, the construction turned into a museum. Taxiul cu patru ro]i sau cel cu patru picioare n centrul Ia[iului Four-wheeled or four-legged cabs downtown Iasi Cityscapes | 103
  • 104. TURISMUL BALNEAR ßI DE AGREMENT Caracteristic~ perioadei interbelice este apari]ia primelor forme de organizare oficial~ a turismului na]ional: Touring-Clubul României (1926), Automobil Clubul Regal Român [i Oficiul Na]ional de Turism (1936), precum [i a unui mare num~r de asocia]ii [i societ~]i locale, regrupate în Federa]ia Societ~]ilor de Turism din România. Cele mai multe dintre sta]iunile montane de agrement sunt concentrate pe Valea Prahovei [i sunt frecventate în special de turi[tii veni]i din capital~. Sporturile alpine cap~t~ o popularitate crescând~: schiul, bobul [i alpinismul au tot mai mul]i adep]i începând cu familia regal~, ca [i avia]ia [i cursele de ma[ini, vân~toarea [i pescuitul. Românii continu~ totu[i s~ practice cu entuziasm vechile sporturi na]ionale, azi Cazinoul [i statuia Reginei complet abandonate, oina (echivalent perfect al Carmen Sylva din Constan]a baseball-ului) [i poarca (cricket-ul românesc). The Casino and the statue of Izvoarele de ap~ mineral~ au dus la apari]ia a Queen Carmen Sylva, Constanta zeci de noi sta]iuni balneo-climaterice în zona montan~ [i submontan~, organizate în adev~rate or~[ele cu case de vilegiatur~ [i tratament, utilate mai mult sau mai pu]in modern. societate de camping înfiin]at~ în 1930) fac mari eforturi Sta]iunile î[i fac apari]ia [i pe litoralul M~rii de cazare [i agrement. Acum se construiesc marile Negre, lung de 400 de kilometri de la limanul Nistrului hoteluri Rex [i Bellona de la Mamaia, Continental de la pân~ la Coasta de argint. Bugaz, Budachi, Sobalat [i Constan]a, cazinouri [i tot felul de instala]ii care fac Burnas în Basarabia, Mamaia, Carmen Sylva, Techirghiol, deliciul unei clientele cosmopolite. Dar cei mai asidui Caliacra [i Balcic mai în sud sunt martorele vizitatori ai litoralului sunt pictorii [i arti[tii care democratiz~rii turismului pentru care statul român [i transform~ Mangalia [i Balcicul în adev~rate colonii de diferitele institu]ii [i organiza]ii (cum ar fi Prietenii M~rii, crea]ie de tipul celei de la Barbizon. În ajunul celui de-al Doilea R~zboi Mondial, turismul era pe cale de a se transforma într-o important~ industrie a României. Dup~ r~zboi turismul î[i va relua dezvoltarea, dar în cu totul al]i parametri. Pia]a Independen]ei din Constan]a Independence Square, Constanta
  • 105. SPA AND RECREATION TOURISM The first forms of official national tourist Burnas in Bessarabia, Mamaia, Carmen Sylva, organization emerged in the interwar period: Touring Techirghiol, Caliacra, and Balcic to the south. They stood Club Romania (1926), Romanian Royal Club and the proof of the democratization of tourism, pursued with National Tourism Office (1936), as well as numerous great efforts – to provide accommodation and relaxation associations and local societies grouped in the – by the Romanian state and various institutions and Federation of Tourism Societies in Romania. organizations (such as The Friends of the Sea, a camping Most of the mountain resorts were society set up in 1930). In the respective period were concentrated in the Prahova Valley and received mostly commissioned the impressive hotels Rex and Bellona of tourists from the capital city. Gradually, winter sports Mamaia, Continental of Constanta, as well as casinos gained ever more buffs. To mention only skiing, and all sorts of installations that delighted the bobsledding and mountaineering, which had fans in the cosmopolitan clientele. The most steadfast visitors of the royal family, too. Also aviation and car racing, hunting sea coast, painters and artists, turned Mangalia and and fishing. The Romanians continued to indulge in their Balcic into art and creation schools like that of Barbizon. national sports, today completely forgotten, oina (a On the eve of the Second World War, tourism was quasi perfect equivalent of baseball) and poarca (a sort turning into an important industry for Romania. After of cricket). the flare-up, tourism resumed its development in Mineral water sources favored the emergence completely different conditions. of many new spas in the mountain and sub-mountain areas, organized as small towns of recreation and treatment, with more or less top-of-the line equipment. Along the 400 kilometers of the Black Sea coast, from the Dniester firth to the Silver Coast, numerous resorts shot up: Bugaz, Budachi, Sobalat and Centrul [i moscheea Regele Carol II, Constan]a The center and the King Carol II Mosque, Constanta
  • 106. Peisaj polar la Constan]a Polar landscape, Constanta Constan]a, pesc~ria Constanta fishery 106 | Turismul balnear [i de agrement
  • 107. Nava [coal~ Training ship Serb~rile marinei, Constan]a Navy-day celebrations, Constanta SPA and Recreation Tourism | 107
  • 108. Mamaia, restaurant pe plaj~ Restaurant on the beach, Mamaia Budachi-Cordon, faleza [i plaja Budachi-Cordon, the sea wall and the beach
  • 109. Mamaia, hotelul Rex, Cazinoul, Terasa Vraja M~rii Rex Hotel, the Casino, the Vraja Marii Terrace, Mamaia SPA and Recreation Tourism | 109
  • 110. Mamaia, terase pe plaj~ Terraces on the beach, Mamaia Noile sta]iuni Eforie [i Carmen Sylva The then posh resorts of Eforie and Carmen Sylva Carmen Sylva, plaja The beach, Carmen Sylva 110 | Turismul balnear [i de agrement
  • 111. Mamaia, Cazinoul [i toboganul Cele trei gra]ii Mamaia, the Casino and the slide The three Graces „Eu Tarzan, tu Jane” la Mamaia “Me Tarzan, you Jane” in Black Sea version
  • 112. Balcic, cas~ cu trepte de piatr~ Balcic, turcoaice la ci[mea House with stone steps at Balcic Turkish women at the water pump, Balcic Palatul Reginei Maria din Balcic The Palace of Queen Maria at Balcic
  • 113. Balcic, plaja Balcic, vedere general~ The beach, Balcic General view, Balcic
  • 114. A fost odat~ un nisetru ... Cu pluta la pescuit Once upon a time Going fishing on a raft there was a sturgeon… Livr~ri la prima or~ First-hour delivery 114 | Turismul balnear [i de agrement
  • 115. SPA and Recreation Tourism | 115
  • 116. Bugaz, vedere din port spre limanul Nistrului Bugaz: view from the harbor to the Dniester firth Podul peste Nistru, înainte [i dup~ sabotaj The bridge over the Dniester before and after being sabotaged 116 | Turismul balnear [i de agrement
  • 117. De straj~ patriei Guarding the motherland Cavarna, Coasta de Argint The Silver Coast, Cavarna SPA and Recreation Tourism | 117
  • 118. Hotel Ferdinand, B~ile Herculane Ferdinand Hotel Baile Herculane B~ile Ocna Sibiului Ocna Sibiului Baths 118 | Turismul balnear [i de agrement
  • 119. Popas la intrarea în C~lim~ne[ti Stop before going into Calimanesti C~lim~ne[ti-C~ciulata, de s~rb~toarea „Izvorul T~m~duirii“ Calimanesti-Caciulata, the Healing Source SPA and Recreation Tourism | 119
  • 120. Sanatoriul T.B.C. de la Moroieni The lungs sanatorium from Moroieni La picnic On a picnic Lacul Ursu, Sovata “Ursu” (Bear) Lake, Sovata 120 | Turismul balnear [i de agrement
  • 121. Crestele Carpa]ilor al~turi de paznicii lor Carpathian ridges and their guards
  • 122. Babele The Old Biddies Muntele Detunata The Detunata Mount 122 | Turismul balnear [i de agrement
  • 123. Vân~torii de munte Cheile Bicazului Mountain hunters The Bicaz Gorges Pe drumuri de munte Mun]ii Retezat On mountain trails Retezat Mountains
  • 124. Schi la Predeal Skiing at Predeal … [i în Mun]ii F~g~ra[ … and in the F~g~ra[ mountains Caban~ în Mun]ii Bucegi Chalet in the Bucegi mountains
  • 125. Poveste de iarn~ Winter tale
  • 126. Cazinoul din Sinaia The Casino at Sinaia Castelul Pele[ Pele[ Castle Sinaia, vedere general~ General view of Sinaia
  • 127. Valea Râ[noavei, sanatoriul Vatra Dornei Rasnoava Valley, the sanatorium The Dornei Valley SPA and Recreation Tourism | 127
  • 128. Text | Text Matei Cazacu Concep]ie grafic~ | Graphic Design TANIT DESIGN Srl. – Mihaela Dulea Mecena Consult – Adrian Sorin Georgescu Sursa imaginilor | Photograph Credits Funda]ia ARTEXPO NOI Media Print Biblioteca Academiei Române Colec]ii private DTP Gabriel Nicula Rodica Gâlea Roxana Enciu Redactare | Editing Ovidiu Morar Versiune englez~ | English version Alina Cârâc Corectur~ | Proof reading Dana Voiculescu Irina Spirescu Coordonatori proiect | Project co-ordinators Ovidiu Morar Arpad Harangozo © NOI MEDIA PRINT B-dul. Nicolae B~lcescu nr. 18 bloc Dalles, Bucure[ti Tel.: 021 222 79 72 Fax: 021 202 91 82 e-mail: nmp@nmp.ro www.nmp.ro