1. Amelia Olton

2. 1.Nationalities
2.Stem Changers
3.Para
4.Indirect Object Pronouns
5. Pronoun Placement
6.Gustar
7. Affirmative and Negative
8. Superlatives
9. Reflexives
10. Affirmative tu commands/ irregular/ pronoun placement
11. Negative tu command/irregular/pronoun placement
12. How to form Tu commands
13.Sequencing events
14. Preterite
15.Trigger Words
16.Car, Gar, Zar
17. Deber+Infinitive
18. Modal Verbs
19. Present Progressives
20. Adverbs

4. Jugar U>UE
Juego Jugamos
Juegas Jugaís
Juega Juegan
Pensar E>IE
Pienso Pensamos
Piensas Pensaís
Piensa Piensan
Pedir e>I
Pido Pedamos
Dormir O>UE
Pides Pedaís
Duermo Dormimos
Pide Pieden
Duermes Dormaís
Duerme Duerman

5. Common uses of Para: Para is often
confused with Por which is a rarely
interchanged word for for.
Where Para is used:
 To mean "in order to": When used in this
way, it is followed by an infinitive.
 To indicate purpose or need
 With estar to mean : “to be ready to”
 To mean "no later than" or "by”

6. Me Nos
Te Os
Le Les
Indirect Object Placement
1.Before the conjugated verb
2.Attached to an infinitive
3.Attached to a gerund
*The Pronouns Le and Les sometimes refer to different indirect objects. To clarify
the difference, they are accompanied by a noun, name, or pronoun .
Example:Mi madre te compró un libro. (My mother bought you a book.)

7.  1.Attach the pronoun to the infinitive
 2. Attach the pronoun to a progressive
tense
 3. Attach the pronoun to an affirmative
command.
 4. Place the pronoun before a conjugated
verb.

8. Singular
Me (Gusta) Nos (Gusta)
Te (Gusta) Os (Gusta)
Le(Gusta) Les (Gusta)
-Even if attached to more than one infinitive, it will remain singular.
You often need to read the sentence backwards: Me gusta el gato.
The cat is liked by me.
*The form of gustar matches the noun, not the speaker.
Plural
Me (Gustas) Nos (Gustas)
Te (Gustas) Os (Gustas)
Le (Gustas) Les (Gustas)

9.  Algo – something Nada-Nothing
 Alguien -Someone Nadie- No one
*Ningun/ Ninguno- None, Not
 *Algún/Alguno -some any
 Siempre -always Nunca- Never
 También- tampoco Tampoco- Neither, either
 *Alguno must match Ningun must also match the
the gender of the gender of the noun they
replace or modify.
noun they replace or
modify.
A double negative is required in
spanish when no preceeds the verb,
except if the negative word comes
before a verb, a second verb is not
needed.

10.  Isímo Isímos/Isímos Isímas
 Added to adjectives and adverbs, Equivalent
to extremely or very and is placed before an
Adjective or verb .
An adjective that is ending in –n or –r are
formed by adding cisímo
Adjectives that end in C,G or Z change spelling
to que, gu, and c. -Feliz- Felizcisimo

11.  Reflexive verbs are something that
one does to themselves such as Position of reflexives :
brushing ones teeth or hair.
 Ex: Pepa se lava el pelo. 1.. In front of conjugated verb
- Pepa washes her hair 2. Attached to infinitive
- Ex: Me levantó 3. Attached to Gerund
- I wash my self 4. Attached to infinitive
command.
- Reflexive pronouns are used with
or without reflexive verbs. When
there is no reflexive pronoun, the
person doing the act

12.  Affirmative Commands
 Give instructions or commands to someone by using Affirmative tu
commands of regular verbs
 Caminar/ Camina/ ¡Camina en el parque!
 Placement :When using an object pronoun, attach the pronoun to the end of
the command
 Cruza el parque > ¡Cruzalo!
Infinitive Tu command
 Irregular Commands Decir Di
 Primero haz los quehaceres Hacer haz
First do the chores Ir Ve
Poner Pon
Salir Sal
Tener Ten
Venir Ven

13.  Formed by: Taking you form of the present tense, dropping the o and adding the
appropriate ending.
Infinitive Yo form Negative tu
command
Hablar Hablo No Hables!
Volver Vuelvo No vuelves
Venir
Irregular (Yo Form)
Placement:
Infinitive: Dar (doy) Command: No le des
mi direccion a nadie
- Dont give my adress to anyone. Pronouns precede the verb in
negative commands
Infinitive: Estar Command: No estés triste
-don’t be sad

14.  1. Affirmatives : Drop the –s
 2. Put in Yo form, cange vowel, add-s
 3. Affirmative irregulars: Di , Haz, Ven,
Pon, Sal, Se, Ten, Ven
 Irregular Commands:
Tener No Tengas
Venir No Vengas
Dar/ Decir No des/ digas
Ir No vayas
Ser No seas
Hacer No Hagas
Saber/ Salir No sepas/ salgas

15.  Used to show what events are in what
specific order.
 Primero- First
 Entonces- after
 luego/después-/ Por Fin then/after / Finally
 Antes de/ después de- before that/ after that
 Por la mañana/ tarde/ Noche- In/ during the-(
no specific time given)
 Los lunes etc.- on Monday, or any other day

16. To conjugate regular -ar verbs in the preterite, by dropping the ending (-ar) and add
one of the following:
é
aste
ó
amos
asteis
aron
Examples:comí, comiste, comió, comimos, comisteis, comieron
To conjugate regular -er and -ir verbs in the preterite, simply drop the ending (-er or -ir)
and add one of the following:
í
iste
ió
imos
isteis
ieron
Examples: viví, viviste, vivió, vivimos, vivisteis, vivieron

17.  Un Dia
 Una Vez
 A Ver
 A Noche
 Hace Un Año
 Ya
 El Mes Pasado
 Anteayer
 Por Una Hora
 A Las
 Dos Veces

18.  These changes occur only in YO form.
 Verbs that end in -gar change g to gu
Verbs that end in -car change c to qu
Verbs that end in -zar change z to c
 Examples:
 yo jugué (jugar)
yo busqué (buscar)
yo almorcé (almorzar)

19.  Theverb Deber means should or ought to.
To say what people should do, use the
conjugated form plus an infinitive.
Deber : Ought to
Debo Debemos
Debes Debéis
Debe Deben
 Example:
En vez de sacar fotos, debes
ayudarme.

20.  When verbs are used in modal verb
combinations, the second verb is not
conjugated but rather left in the infinitive form.
You would never say no puedo nado.
 Deber- Should
 Desear- to desire
 Necesitar- to need
 Poder- can
 Querer- want
 Saber- To know
 Soler- Usually

21.  To form the present participle of regular -ar verbs, add -ando to the stem of the
verb.
 Hablando
 To form the present participle of regular -er and -ir verbs, add -iendo to the stem of
the verb.
 Serviendo
 Sometimes you have to change the spelling of a word so that it agrees with the
way it is pronounced
 creer: creyendo

22. For adjectives with o or a
endings add mente to the
feminine form. In other
words if it is in masculine
form, change to feminine.
 To help describe how something is done,
use adverbs. Many adverbs in Spanish are
made by changing an adjective.
 - When an Adjective ends in E, I , or Z ,
simply add mente to the end.
Adjective Adverbs
 Examples: Reciente – Recent Recientemente
Frecuente- frequent Frequentemente
Facíl- Easy Facílmente
Normal- Normal Normalmente
Especial- Special Especialmente